Sucre: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Capital of Bolivia}}

| image_flag = BanderaFlag deof Chuquisaca y& Sucre.svg

| image_skyline = {{Photomontagemultiple image

|photo4aimage1 = Sucre,Vista Boliviageneral -de (24473108879) (cropped)Sucre.jpg

|photo6acaption2 = Panorama,Gran Mariscal Sucre, Bolivia.jpgTheater

| image_caption = From top to bottom, left to right: Terracotta roofs in central Sucre, Government buildings of Chuquisaca, [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre|Sucre Cathedral]], Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Gran Mariscal Sucre Theater, Church of San Francisco, Panoramic view of historic Sucre

| founder = Pedro Anzures as “La"La Plata”Plata" in 1538

| elevation_m = 28102790

| blank_info_sec1 = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]

'''Sucre''' ({{IPA-es|ˈsukɾe|lang}}) is the ''de jure'' [[capital city]] of [[Bolivia]], the capital of the [[Chuquisaca Department]] and the [[List of cities in Bolivia|sixth most populous city]] in Bolivia. Located in the south-central part of the country, Sucre lies at an elevation of {{cvt|2,8102790|m|ft}}. This relatively high altitude gives the city a [[subtropical highland climate]] with cool temperatures year-round.

Its [[Pre-Columbian Bolivia|pre-Columbian]] name was '''Chuquisaca'''; during the [[Spanish Empire]] it was called '''La Plata'''. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the city of Chuquisaca had its own autonomy with respect to the [[Inca Empire]] (the [[Charca people|Charcas]] were the only people that did not pay the ransom for the Inca captive). Today, the region is of predominantly [[Quechua people|Quechua]] background, with some [[Aymara people|Aymara]] communities and influences.

Today Sucre remains a city ofholds major national importance and is an educational and government center, as well as the location of the [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Bolivia|Bolivian Supreme Court]]. Its pleasant climate and low crime rates{{citation_needed|date=July 2024}} have made the city popular amongst foreigners and Bolivians alike.{{citation_needed|date=July 2024}} Notably, Sucre contains one of the best preserved Hispanic colonial and republican historic city centres in the Western Hemisphere - similar to cities such as [[Cuzco]] and [[Quito]]. This architectural heritage and the millenarian history of the Charcas region has led to Sucre's designation as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The city has held an important place in Bolivian history from its place as an important center in the Real Audencia de Charcas, and later as the first capital of Bolivia before the fall of silver's importance as a global mineral commodity. Some regional tension remains from the historical transfer of capital functions to [[La Paz]], and even today the issue features an important role in local culture and political ideology.

On November 30, 1538, Sucre was founded under the name ''Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo'' (City of Silver of New Toledo) by [[Pedro Anzures]], Marqués de Campo Redondo. In 1559, the Spanish [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip II]] established the ''[[Royal Audience of Charcas|Audiencia de Charcas]]'' in La Plata with authority over an area which covers what is now Paraguay, southeastern Peru, northern Chile and Argentina, and much of Bolivia. The ''[[Real Audiencia of Charcas]]'' was a subdivision of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] until 1776, when it was transferred to the newly created [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]. In 1601 the Recoleta Monastery was founded by the Franciscans. and inIn 1609, an [[archbishopric]] was founded in the city. In 1624 [[St Francis Xavier University of Chuquisaca]] was founded.

[[File:Chuquisaca city in 1615 by Guamán Poma.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Chuquisaca -as was its colonial name- in 1615 by the [[Inca]] painter [[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|Guamán Poma]] in his work "Nueva corónica y buen gobierno". [[Royal Library, Denmark]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://poma.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/1069/en/text/?open=idm656|page=1069|year=1615|author=[[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|Guamán Poma]]|websitevia=[[Royal Library, Denmark]] website|title=Guaman Poma, Nueva corónica y buen gobierno (1615)}}</ref>]]

Very much a Spanish city during the colonial era, the narrow streets of the city centre are organised in a grid, reflecting the Andalusian culture that is embodied in the architecture of the city's great houses and numerous convents and churches. Sucre remains the seat of the Roman Catholic Church in Bolivia, and a common sight is members of religious orders dressed in traditional habit. For much of its colonial history, Sucre's temperate climate was preferred by the Spanish royalty and wealthy families involved in silver trade coming from [[Potosí]]. Testament to this is the [[Glorieta]] Castle. Sucre's University ([[University of Saint Francis Xavier|Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca]]) is one of the oldest universities in the new world.

Until the 19th century, La Plata was the judicial, religious and cultural centre of the region. It was proclaimed provisional capital of the newly independent [[AltoUpper Peru]] (later, Bolivia) in July 1826.<ref name=DicGeo>{{Cite book |publisher=Impr. "Bolívar" de M. Pizarro |last=Sucre. |first=Sociedad Geográfica |title=Diccionario geográfico del Departamento de Chuquisaca: contiene datos geográficos, históricos y estadisticos |year=1903 |pages=296–97}}</ref> On July 12, 1839, President [[José Miguel de Velasco]] proclaimed a law naming the city as the capital of Bolivia, and renaming it in honor of the revolutionary leader [[Antonio José de Sucre]].<ref name=DicGeo/> After the economic decline of [[Potosí]] and its silver industry, the Bolivian seat of government was moved from Sucre to [[La Paz]] in 1898. Many {{who|date=October 2011}} argue Sucre was the location of the beginning of the Latin American independence movement against Spain. The first "Grito Libertario" (Shout for Freedom) in any Western Hemisphere Spanish colony is said to have taken place in Sucre in 1809.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} From that point of view, Bolivia was the last Spanish imperial territory in South America to gain its independence, in 1825. In 1991, Sucre became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].

Together with [[La Paz]], Sucre is one of two governmental centers of Bolivia: It is the seat of the judiciary, where the [[Supreme Court of Justice (Bolivia)|Supreme Court of Justice]] is located. As designated in the [[Constitution of Bolivia]], Sucre is the true capital of the nation, while La Paz is the seat of government. Sucre is also the [[capital city]] of the [[Departments of Bolivia|department]] of [[Chuquisaca department|Chuquisaca]]. The government of the City of Sucre is divided into [[executive (government)|executive]] and [[legislature|legislative]] branches. The [[Mayor of Sucre, Bolivia|Mayor of Sucre]] is the executive head of the city government, elected for a term of five years by general election. The legislative branch consists of the [[Municipal Council of Sucre, Bolivia|Municipal Council]], which elects a President, Vice President and Secretary from a group of eleven members.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

{{Weather box|width=auto

|single line =y y

|JanFeb precipitationhigh mmC = 150 21.1

|FebMar precipitationhigh mmC = 126 21.5

|MarApr precipitationhigh mmC = 108 21.5

|AprMay precipitationhigh mmC = 46 21.7

|MayJun precipitationhigh mmC = 10 21.0

|JunJul precipitationhigh mmC = 4 20.7

|JulAug precipitationhigh mmC = 2 21.8

|AugSep precipitationhigh mmC = 14 22.6

|SepOct precipitationhigh mmC = 23.2

|OctNov precipitationhigh mmC = 56 23.1

|NovDec precipitationhigh mmC = 72 22.4

|JanMar precipitationmean daysC = 15.8

|JanMar humiditylow C = 67 10.1

|FebApr humiditylow C = 70 8.8

|MarMay humiditylow C = 68 6.4

|AprJun humiditylow C = 62 4.5

|MayJul humiditylow C = 46 4.1

|JunAug humiditylow C = 43 5.4

|JulSep humiditylow C = 39 7.3

|AugOct humiditylow C = 44 9.1

|SepNov humiditylow C = 46 10.0

|OctDec humiditylow C = 47 10.5

|Nov humidityyear low C = 52 10.6

Each of the well known names represent a specific era of the city's history.:

The city also features other academic institutions such as a campus of the private university [[Universidad Privada del Valle]], also known as Univalle, the National Teachers School (Escuela Nacional de Maestros "Mariscal Sucre"), the Universidad Privada Domingo Savio, and the [[Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}