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The '''Nuclear Threat Initiative''', generally referred to as
NTI has four policy programs: the Global Nuclear Policy Program, Nuclear Materials Security, Scientific and Technical Affairs, and Global Biological Policy and Programs (stylized as NTI | bio).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTI Programs and Projects |url=https://www.nti.org/about/programs-projects/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Nuclear Threat Initiative |language=en}}</ref>
==Mission==
NTI's self-described mission is "to transform global security by driving systemic solutions to nuclear and biological threats imperiling humanity."<ref name="About NTI"/>
==History==
NTI was founded in 2001 by former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn and philanthropist [[Ted Turner]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Threat Initiative |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/nuclear-threat-initiative/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=New Georgia Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> The launch event was held at the [[National Press Club (United States)|National Press Club]] on January 8, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nunn |first=Sam |last2=Turner |first2=R. E. |title=2001 Annual Report |url=https://media.nti.org/pdfs/annual_report_2001.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608155129/https://media.nti.org/pdfs/annual_report_2001.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-08 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative}}</ref> An event celebrating NTI's 20th anniversary was held on April 12, 2022, with a one-year delay due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTI Celebrates 20 Years of Working to Build a Safer World |url=https://www.nti.org/news/nti-celebrates-20-years-of-working-to-build-a-safer-world/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Nuclear Threat Initiative |language=en}}</ref>
==Work==
=== Low-enriched uranium bank ===
NTI supported the development of an international low-enriched uranium bank to help prevent the proliferation of nuclear technology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Filipov |first1=David |last2=Warrick |first2=Joby |date=2017-08-29 |title=A uranium bank just opened in Kazakhstan to stop the spread of nukes |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/a-uranium-bank-just-opened-in-kazakhstan-to-stop-the-spread-of-nukes/2017/08/29/fd19fc9a-8c63-11e7-a2b0-e68cbf0b1f19_story.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> NTI advisor [[Warren Buffett]] provided $50 million to jump-start the reserve, which is owned and managed by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and located in Kazakhstan.<ref name=":0" /> The bank became fully operational in October 2019 after receiving its first shipment of uranium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-17 |title=IAEA LEU Bank Becomes Operational with Delivery of Low Enriched Uranium |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/iaea-leu-bank-becomes-operational-with-delivery-of-low-enriched-uranium |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.iaea.org |language=en}}</ref>
=== Highly enriched uranium elimination ===
==== Serbia ====
In 2002, NTI provided much of the financial support for a joint US-Russian mission to remove 100 pounds of [[Highly Enriched Uranium|highly enriched uranium]] from the [[Vinča Nuclear Institute]] in [[Serbia]], to be flown to [[Russia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Warrick |first=Joby |date=August 23, 2002 |title=Risky Stash of Uranium Secured |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/08/23/risky-stash-of-uranium-secured/654a61e6-4157-4c4e-a8be-88c29d435ef3/}}</ref>
==== Kazakhstan ====
NTI provided technical and financial support to help convert 2,900 kilograms of highly enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium in Kazakhstan in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech Uranium Removed {{!}} Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005-11/czech-uranium-removed |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.armscontrol.org}}</ref> The organization committed $1.3 million for reactor safety systems.<ref name=":1" />
=== Nuclear Security Index ===
NTI has produced a biennial "Nuclear Security Index" in partnership with [[Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Impact]] since 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nuclear security is improving almost everywhere |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/09/06/nuclear-security-is-improving-almost-everywhere |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> The "NTI Index" benchmarks nuclear security conditions across 176 countries.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=About the Index |url=https://www.ntiindex.org/about-the-nti-index/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=NTI Nuclear Security Index |language=en-US}}</ref>
As part of the Index, NTI also develops and releases a Radioactive Source Security Assessment that includes recommendations on securing and eliminating radiological sources used and stored at thousands of sites across more than 100 countries.<ref name=":2" />
=== Global Health Security Index ===
The Global Health Security Index, produced by NTI, the [[Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security]], and Economist Impact, is a biennial index that assesses countries' preparedness to respond to pandemics and epidemics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthes |first=Emily |date=2021-12-08 |title=The World Is Unprepared for the Next Pandemic, Report Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/08/health/covid-pandemic-preparedness.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The GHS Index assesses 195 countries' abilities to prevent, detect, and respond to health emergencies based on publicly available information.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two years into this pandemic, the world is dangerously unprepared for the next one, report says |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/12/08/next-pandemic-global-health-security-index/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
=== World Health Organization–Nuclear Threat Initiative Emergency Outbreak Response Fund ===
In 2002, NTI partnered with the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) to create a $500,000 rapid response fund for infectious disease outbreaks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-02 |title=New WHO Fund to Probe Disease Outbreaks |url=https://www.theintelligencer.com/news/article/New-WHO-Fund-to-Probe-Disease-Outbreaks-10554199.php |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Edwardsville Intelligencer |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Global dialogue on nuclear security priorities ===
NTI regularly convenes meetings among global nuclear security experts and government officials to discuss issues related to nuclear security.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=The Role of Civil Society in Strengthening Nuclear Security • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2021/the-role-of-civil-society-in-strengthening-nuclear-security/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Global Dialogue summits have taken place in France, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Dialogue on Nuclear Security Priorities |url=https://www.nti.org/about/programs-projects/project/global-dialogue-nuclear-security-priorities/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Nuclear Threat Initiative |language=en}}</ref>
=== Establishment of new organizations ===
In 2003, NTI created the Middle East Consortium for Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS) with participation from [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], and the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leventhal |first1=Alex |last2=Ramlawi |first2=Assad |last3=Belbiesi |first3=Adel |last4=Sheikh |first4=Sami |last5=Haddadin |first5=Akhtam |last6=Husseini |first6=Sari |last7=Abdeen |first7=Ziad |last8=Cohen |first8=Dani |date=2013-01-01 |title=Enhanced Surveillance for Detection and Management of Infectious Diseases: Regional Collaboration in the Middle East |url=https://doi.org/10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19955 |journal=Emerging Health Threats Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=19955 |doi=10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19955 |pmc=3557910 |pmid=23362413}}</ref> MECIDS shares official health data and conducts infectious disease prevention training.
In 2008, NTI helped create the [[World Institute for Nuclear Security]] (WINS), in Vienna, as part of its focus to secure nuclear materials worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Broad |first=William J. |date=2008-09-29 |title=New Security Organization Will Try to Prevent Nuclear Theft |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/world/europe/29nuke.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
NTI also created Connecting Organizations for Disease Surveillance (CORDS), which launched in 2013 as an independent [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] that links international disease surveillance networks, supported by the [[World Health Organization]] and [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=S. Gresham |first1=Louise |last2=S. Smolinski |first2=Mark |last3=Suphanchaimat |first3=Rapeepong |last4=Marie Kimball |first4=Ann |last5=Wibulpolprasert |first5=Suwit |date=2013-01-01 |title=Creating a Global Dialogue on Infectious Disease Surveillance: Connecting Organizations for Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS) |url=https://doi.org/10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19912 |journal=Emerging Health Threats Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=19912 |doi=10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19912 |pmc=3557909 |pmid=23362412}}</ref>
=== Films ===
The organization produced the 2005 film, ''[[Last Best Chance]]'', a docudrama about nuclear terrorism that aired on HBO.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2005-09-26 |title=Rain and Fire |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/10/03/rain-and-fire |access-date=2022-07-05 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> NTI also produced the 2010 documentary film ''[[Nuclear Tipping Point]],'' which was screened by [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] at the [[White House]] in April 2010<ref>{{Cite news |last=Broad |first=William J. |date=2010-09-13 |title=The Bomb Chroniclers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/science/14atom.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and featured on ''The'' ''Colbert Report''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sam Nunn - The Colbert Report |date=2010-06-10 |url=https://www.cc.com/video/12z179/the-colbert-report-sam-nunn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207074321/https://www.cc.com/video/12z179/the-colbert-report-sam-nunn |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |language=en |access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref>
==Leadership==
[[Ernest Moniz|Ernest J. Moniz]] has served as chief executive officer since June
=== Board of directors ===
* [[Ernest Moniz|Ernest J. Moniz]], co-chairman and chief executive Officer, NTI
* [[
* [[
* [[Des Browne]], vice chairman, NTI
* [[Joan Rohlfing]], president, NTI
* Ambassador Hamad Alkaabi, permanent representative of the United Arab Emirates to the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and special representative for International Nuclear Cooperation
* Ambassador [[Brooke D. Anderson]], president of Pivotal Ventures
* Dr. [[Alexey Arbatov]], head, Center for International Security at Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences
* [[Jerry Brown|Edmund G. Brown Jr.]], former Governor of California
* Ambassador [[Rolf Ekeus]], chairman emeritus of the board, [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]
* Gideon Frank, former director general of the [[Israel Atomic Energy Commission]]
* [[Margaret Hamburg|Margaret A. Hamburg]], M.D., former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
* Ambassador [[Jon Huntsman Jr.|Jon M. Huntsman, Jr.]], former U.S. Ambassador to Russia, China, and Singapore
* [[Igor S. Ivanov]], former minister of foreign affairs, Russia
* [[Riaz Mohammad Khan]], former foreign secretary of Pakistan
* [[Jeong H. Kim]], former president, Bell Labs
* [[Michelle McMurry-Heath]], president and CEO, [[Biotechnology Innovation Organization]]
* Admiral [[Michael Mullen|Michael G. Mullen]], USN (ret.), 17th chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
* [[Ronald L. Olson]], Partner, Los Angeles office of [[Munger, Tolles & Olson]]
* Michael A. Peterson, chairman and chief executive Officer of the [[The Peter G. Peterson Foundation|Peter G. Peterson Foundation]]
* [[Malcolm Rifkind]], former foreign secretary, UK
* Ray Rothrock, executive chairman, RedSeal, Inc. and partner emeritus, [[Venrock]]
* Louis Salkind, president, Bright Horizon Foundation
* Laura Turner Seydel, chair of Captain Planet Foundation and director of [[Turner Foundation]]
* Dr. [[Nathalie Tocci]], director, [[Istituto Affari Internazionali]]
* Ambassador [[Alexa L. Wesner|Alexa Wesner]], former U.S. Ambassador to Austria
* Dr. Peng Yuan, president, [[China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations]]
=== Advisors to the board of directors ===
* [[Warren Buffett]], CEO of [[Berkshire Hathaway Inc.]]
* [[Siegfried S. Hecker]], co-director, [[Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation]]
=== Emeritus board ===
* [[Charles Arthur Bowsher|Charles A. Bowsher]], former comptroller general to the United States and head of the General Accounting Office
* Liru Cui, former president of China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations
* [[Charles B. Curtis]], president emeritus of NTI
* [[Susan Eisenhower]]
* HRH [[Prince Hassan bin Talal|Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan]]
* [[Pierre Lellouche]]
* [[Jessica Mathews|Jessica T. Mathews]]
* Ambassador [[Hisashi Owada]]
* [[William J. Perry]]
* [[Nafis Sadik]]
* [[Amartya Sen]]
* [[Fujia Yang]]
==
NTI receives funding from a number of sources, including foundations, individuals, non-U.S. governments, and corporations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 NTI Annual Report |url=https://media.nti.org/documents/20_NTI_AnnualReport.pdf |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative}}</ref> Funders and financial information are listed in NTI’s annual report, which is published online each year. The organization does not accept U.S. government funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financials |url=https://www.nti.org/about/financials/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Nuclear Threat Initiative |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
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