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Line 1: {{Short description\|Genus of birds}} ~~{{Taxobox~~ {{For\|the Society of Canadian Ornithologists newsletter\|Picoides (newsletter)}} {{Italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox \| name = ''Picoides'' \| image = ~~White~~Three-~~headed~~toed ~~woodpecker~~Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg \| image2 = Color key to North American birds (Page 32) BHL7583568, Picoides, three-toed.jpg ~~\| image_width = 240px~~ \| image2_caption = [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]] (''P. tridactylus''), adult male and the three-toed foot which lacks the first digit ~~\| image_caption = [[White-headed woodpecker]] (''Picoides albolarvatus'')~~ \| ~~regnum~~taxon = ~~[[Animal]]ia~~Picoides \| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède\|Lacépède]], 1799 ~~\| phylum = [[Chordate\|Chordata]]~~ \| type_species = ''[[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker\|Picus tridactylus]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web \|url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=96 \|title= Picidae \|author=<!--Not stated--> \|date= \|website= aviansystematics.org \|publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics \|access-date= 2023-07-26}}</ref> ~~\| classis = [[bird\|Aves]]~~ \| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 ~~\| ordo = [[Piciformes]]~~ ~~\| familia = [[Picidae]]~~ ~~\| subfamilia = [[Picinae]]~~ ~~\| tribus = [[Dendropicini]]~~ ~~\| genus = ''''' Picoides '''''~~ ~~\| genus_authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède\|Lacépède]], 1799~~ \| subdivision_ranks = Species \| subdivision = Line 18 ⟶ 16: }} '''''Picoides''''' is a [[genus]] of [[woodpeckers]] (family [[Picidae]]) that are native to [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]], commonly known as '''three-toed woodpeckers'''. '''''Picoides''''' is a [[genus]] of [[woodpeckers]] ([[Family (biology)\|family]] [[Picidae]]) found primarily in [[North America]]. The plumage in most species is predominantly black and white, brown and white in some southern species, with the male often having a red (or yellow) badge. Their [[beak\|bills]] are straight and chisel-shaped. Although in the four-toed species, the toes normally have a zygodactyl or yoked arrangement while on the ground, one toe can be rotated forward for climbing. Some species in this genus are three-toed. All species in this genus feed mainly on [[insect]]s. == ~~Systematics~~ Taxonomy== The genus ''Picoides'' was introduced by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799.<ref>{{ cite book \| last=Lacépède \| first=Bernard Germain de \| author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède \| year=1799 \| title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle \| chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux \| language=fr \| publisher=Plassan \| place=Paris \| page=7 \| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.</ref> The [[type species]] was subsequently designated as the [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]] (''Picoides tridactylus'') by the English zoologist [[George Robert Gray]] in 1840.<ref>{{ cite book \| last=Gray \| first=George Robert \| author-link=George Robert Gray \| year=1840 \| title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus \| place=London \| publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor \| page=54 \| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668971 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book \| editor-last=Peters \| editor-first=James Lee \| editor-link=James L. Peters \| year=1948 \| title=Check-List of Birds of the World \| volume=6 \| publisher=Harvard University Press \| place=Cambridge, Massachusetts \| page=215 \| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477648}}</ref> The genus name combines the Latin ''Picus'' for a woodpecker and the [[Classical Greek\|Greek]] ''-oidēs'' meaning "resembling".<ref>{{cite book \| last=Jobling \| first=James A. \| year=2010\| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names \| publisher=Christopher Helm \| location=London \| isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 \|page=306}}</ref> The genus ''Picoides'' formerly contained around 12 species. In 2015 a [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of nuclear and [[mitochondrial]] DNA sequences from pied woodpeckers found that three existing genera (''Picoides'', ''[[Veniliornis]]'' and ''[[Dendropicos]]'') were [[polyphyletic]]. After the resurrection of five [[monophyletic]] genera and the subsequent rearrangement in which most of the former members of ''Picoides'' were moved to ''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' and ''[[Dryobates]]'', only three of the original species remained.<ref>{{ cite journal \| last1=Fuchs \| first1=J. \| last2=Pons \| first2=J.M. \| year=2015 \| title=A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny \| journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \| volume=88 \| pages=28–37 \| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016 \| pmid=25818851\| bibcode=2015MolPE..88...28F }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web\| editor1-last=Gill \| editor1-first=Frank \| editor2-last=Donsker \| editor2-first=David \| title=Woodpeckers \| work= World Bird List Version 6.2 \| url= http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/woodpeckers/ \| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union\| access-date = 5 May 2016 }}</ref> The genus is in need of revision. Two species that have a somewhat different color pattern, especially on the head and neck – the [[Striped woodpecker\|striped]] and the [[checkered woodpecker]] – have turned out to belong in ''[[Veniliornis]]'', a genus most closely related to ''Picoides''. On the other hand, the [[smoky-brown woodpecker]] (''Picoides fumigatus'') seems to be an early offshoot of ''Picoides''. Its unique coloration (similar to the unrelated [[Okinawa woodpecker]]) would be an adaptation to dense forest habitat, although due to its distinctiveness it is not inconceivable that it belongs into a genus of its own and merely is a case of molecular [[convergent evolution\|convergence]]. The American three-toed woodpecker was until recently considered [[conspecific]] with the [[Eurasia]]n one (Sibley & Monroe 1990), and the [[lesser spotted woodpecker]] is often placed in the genus ''[[Dendrocopos]]''{{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}}. Indeed, that genus is sometimes merged into ''Picoides'', but this is neither generally accepted nor well supported. ==Description== Analysis of [[mtDNA]] [[Cytochrome c oxidase\|COI]] and [[cyt b\|Cyt ''b'']] [[DNA sequence\|sequences]] suggests that ''Picoides'' is really three genera (Moore et al., 2006). One is a group of small four-toed species and the Eurasian ''P. minor'', whereas the other group unites the larger species and would include the smoky-brown woodpecker. The three-toed species constitute a different lineage closer to some species of ''Dendrocopos''. The males of all three species have yellow on the crown, though this feature is also present in some other pied woodpeckers, namely [[Brown-fronted woodpecker\|brown-fronted]] and [[Yellow-crowned woodpecker\|yellow-crowned]]. The remaining color pattern of the plumage, structural features, and life habits are very similar to related woodpeckers of the ''[[Dryobates]]'' and ''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' genera.<ref name="jdel">{{cite journal \|last1=Delacour \|first1=J. \|title=The significance of the number of toes in some woodpeckers and kingfishers \|journal=The Auk \|date=January 1951 \|volume=68 \| issue = 1 \|pages=49–51 \| doi = 10.2307/4080797 \|jstor=4080797 \|url= https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v068n01/p0049-p0051.pdf \|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> The foot of all three species show an extreme adaptation to arboreal living by lacking the first digit, or hallux. It has been pointed out however that various species of pied woodpecker are similar in having a short first digit.<ref name="jdel"/> Two species of woodpecker in genus ''[[Sasia]]'' (not closely related) also lack the first digit. ==Habits== All three groups are notable for the high degree of [[convergent evolution]] in plumage patterns existing between them (Weibel & Moore, 2005; Moore et al., 2006). There are several pairs of species from different groups, which are almost alike; the most notable example is the [[Downy woodpecker\|downy]] and [[hairy woodpecker]]s, which are not closely related but independently evolved a plumage pattern that is identical down to minor details. As opposed to genus ''Dryobates'', the three species of ''Picoides'' obtain most (some 85%) of their insect prey by pecking live or dead wood. The [[hairy woodpecker]] (''Leuconotopicus villosus'') for instance, obtains only 45% of its food by pecking wood, 30% from the surface of trunks and 25% at other places.<ref name="jdel"/> ==Species== Three-toed group (''Picoides sensu stricto'') The genus contains the following three species:<ref name=ioc/> * [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]], ''Picoides tridactylus'' {{Species table \|genus= Picoides \|authority-name=[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède\|Lacépède]] \|authority-year=1799 \|species-count=three\|no-note=y\|narrow-percent=75}} [[American three-toed woodpecker]], ''Picoides dorsalis'' [[Dark-bodied woodpecker]], ''Picoides funebris''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22727144/0\|title=Picoides funebris\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> ** [[Black-backed woodpecker]], ''Picoides arcticus'' {{Species table/row * [[Grey-capped woodpecker]], ''Picoides canicapillus''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22681068/0\|title=Picoides canicapillus\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> \|name=Eurasian three-toed woodpecker \|binomial=[[Picoides tridactylus]] * [[Japanese pygmy woodpecker]], ''Picoides kizuki''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22681072/0\|title=Picoides kizuki\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> \|image=File:Three-toed Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg\|image-size=180px \|image-alt=\|image-caption=Male * [[Philippine pygmy woodpecker]], ''Picoides maculatus''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22681046/0\|title=Picoides maculatus\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> \|image2=File:Samica dzięcioła trójpalczastego pod Luboniem Wielkim, 20210306 0853 5758.jpg\|image2-caption=Female * [[Sunda pygmy woodpecker]], ''Picoides moluccensis''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22681064/0\|title=Picoides moluccensis\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> \|authority-name=Linnaeus \|authority-year=1758 \|authority-not-original=yes * [[Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker]], ''Picoides nanus''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22681060/0\|title=Picoides nanus\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> \|range= across northern Eurasia from Norway to Korea. * [[Sulu pygmy woodpecker]], ''Picoides ramsayi''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22681052/0\|title=Picoides ramsayi\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> \|range-image=File:(Eurasian) Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus distribution in Eurasia map.png * [[Sulawesi pygmy woodpecker]], ''Picoides temminckii''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22681042/0\|title=Picoides temminckii\|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources\|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref> \|range-image-size=180px \|size= \|habitat= \|hunting= \|iucn-status= LC \|population= \|direction= \|subspecies={{Collapsible list \|expand=yes \|title=Eight subspecies \|bullets=on \| ''P. t. tridactylus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> \| ''P. t. alpinus'' <small>[[Christian Ludwig Brehm\|Brehm, CL]], 1831</small> \| ''P. t. crissoleucus'' <small>([[Ludwig Reichenbach\|Reichenbach]], 1854)</small> \| ''P. t. albidior'' <small>[[Leonhard Stejneger\|Stejneger]], 1885</small> \| ''P. t. tianschanicus'' <small>[[Sergei Buturlin\|Buturlin]], 1907</small> \| ''P. t. kurodai'' <small>[[Yoshimaro Yamashina\|Yamashina]], 1930</small> \| ''P. t. inouyei'' <small>Yamashina, 1943</small> \| ''P. t. funebris'' <small>[[Jules Verreaux\|Verreaux, J]], 1871</small> }} }} {{Species table/row ~~==References==~~ \|name= American three-toed woodpecker\|binomial=[[Picoides dorsalis]] Gorman, Gerard (2004): Woodpeckers of Europe: A Study of the European Picidae. Bruce Coleman, UK. ISBN 1-872842-05-4. \|image=File:American Three-toed Woodpecker - Picoides dorsalis (Male).jpg\|image-size=180px \|image-alt=\|image-caption=Male {{cite journal \| last1 = Moore \| first1 = William S. \| last2 = Weibel \| first2 = Amy C. \| last3 = Agius \| first3 = Andrea \| year = 2006 \| title = Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus ''Veniliornis'' (Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns \| url = http://bio.wayne.edu/profhtml/moore/PUBLICATIONS/MooreEtal2006Veniliornis.pdf \| format = PDF \| journal = [[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society\|Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]] \| volume = 87 \| issue = \| pages = 611–624 \| doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x}} \|authority-name=Baird \|authority-year=1858 \|authority-not-original= [[Charles Sibley\|Sibley]], Charles G. & [[Burt Monroe\|Monroe, Burt L., Jr.]] (1990): ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk-vyrNVAccC&pg=PA54 Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World]'' Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04969-2. \|range= western Canada, Alaska and the western United States Weibel, Amy C. & Moore, William S. (2005): Plumage convergence in ''Picoides'' woodpeckers based on a molecular phylogeny, with emphasis on convergence in downy and hairy woodpeckers. ''[[Condor (journal)\|Condor]]'' '''107'''(4): 797–809. {{DOI\|10.1650/7858.1}} (HTML abstract) \|range-image=File:American Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis distribution map 2.png \|range-image-size=180px \|size= \|habitat= \|hunting= \|iucn-status= LC \|population= \|direction= \|subspecies={{Collapsible list \|expand=yes \|title=Two subspecies \|bullets=on \|''P. d. dorsalis''. \|''P. d. fasciatus'' }} }} {{Species table/row \|name= Black-backed woodpecker\|binomial=[[Picoides arcticus]] \|image=File:Picoides arcticus -Brunswick, Vermont, USA -male-8.jpg\|image-size=180px \|image-alt=\|image-caption=Male \|image2=File:Picoides arcticus FM2.jpg\|image2-caption=Female \|authority-name=Swainson \|authority-year=1832 \|authority-not-original=yes \|range= Canada, Alaska, the north-western United States \|range-image=File:Picoides arcticus map.svg \|range-image-size=180px \|size= \|habitat= \|hunting= \|iucn-status= LC \|population= \|direction= \|subspecies= }} {{Species table/end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Cavitaves\|Pi.\|state=collapsed}} ~~== External links ==~~ {{Taxonbar\|from=Q921396}} * [http://www.itis.usda.gov:8080/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178249 Integrated Taxonomic Information System: Genus ''Picoides''] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Picoides\| ]] [[Category:Bird genera]] [[Category:Picoides\|*Dendropicini]]