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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{italic title}}
{{For|the Society of Canadian Ornithologists newsletter|Picoides (newsletter)}}
{{Taxobox
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Picoides''
| image = Three-toed Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg
| image2 = Color key to North American birds (Page 32) BHL7583568, Picoides, three-toed.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_captionimage2_caption = [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]] (''PicoidesP. tridactylus''), adult male and the three-toed foot which lacks the first digit
| regnumtaxon = [[Animal]]iaPicoides
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| type_species = ''[[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker|Picus tridactylus]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=96 |title= Picidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-26}}</ref>
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| ordo = [[Piciformes]]
| familia = [[Picidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Picinae]]
| tribus = [[Dendropicini]]
| genus = ''''' Picoides '''''
| genus_authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
Line 19 ⟶ 16:
}}
 
'''''Picoides''''' is a [[genus]] of [[woodpeckers]] ([[Family (biology)|family]] [[Picidae]]) that are native to [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]], commonly known as '''three-toed woodpeckers'''.
 
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Picoides'' formerly contained around 12 species. In 2015 a [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of nuclear and [[mitochondrial]] DNA sequences from pied woodpeckers (the tribe Dendropicini) found that three existing genera (''Picoides'', ''[[Veniliornis]]'' and ''[[Dendropicos]]'') were [[polyphyletic]]. After the creation of six new [[monophyletic]] genera and the subsequent rearrangement in which most of the former members of ''Picoides'' were moved to ''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' and ''[[Dryobates]]'', only three of the original species remained.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Fuchs | first1=J. | last2=Pons | first2=J.M. | year=2015 | title=A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=88 | issue= | pages=28–37 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016 | pmid=25818851}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Woodpeckers | work= World Bird List Version 6.2 | url= http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/woodpeckers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate = 5 May 2016 }}</ref> Some taxonomic authorities, including the [[American Ornithological Society]], continue to place some of the species now found in ''Dryobates'' and ''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' here.
The genus ''Picoides'' was introduced by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=fr | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.</ref> The [[type species]] was subsequently designated as the [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]] (''Picoides tridactylus'') by the English zoologist [[George Robert Gray]] in 1840.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | place=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=54 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668971 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1948 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=6 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=215 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477648}}</ref> The genus name combines the Latin ''Picus'' for a woodpecker and the [[Classical Greek|Greek]] ''-oidēs'' meaning "resembling".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=306}}</ref> The genus ''Picoides'' formerly contained around 12 species. In 2015 a [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis of nuclear and [[mitochondrial]] DNA sequences from pied woodpeckers found that three existing genera (''Picoides'', ''[[Veniliornis]]'' and ''[[Dendropicos]]'') were [[polyphyletic]]. After the resurrection of five [[monophyletic]] genera and the subsequent rearrangement in which most of the former members of ''Picoides'' were moved to ''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' and ''[[Dryobates]]'', only three of the original species remained.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Fuchs | first1=J. | last2=Pons | first2=J.M. | year=2015 | title=A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=88 | pages=28–37 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016 | pmid=25818851| bibcode=2015MolPE..88...28F }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Woodpeckers | work= World Bird List Version 6.2 | url= http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/woodpeckers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date = 5 May 2016 }}</ref>
 
==Description==
The name of the genus was introduced by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | authorlink=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=French | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=7 | chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.</ref> The word ''Picoides'' combined the Latin ''Picus'' for a woodpecker and the [[Classical Greek|Greek]] ''-oidēs'' meaning resembling.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=306}}</ref>
The males of all three species have yellow on the crown, though this feature is also present in some other pied woodpeckers, namely [[Brown-fronted woodpecker|brown-fronted]] and [[Yellow-crowned woodpecker|yellow-crowned]]. The remaining color pattern of the plumage, structural features, and life habits are very similar to related woodpeckers of the ''[[Dryobates]]'' and ''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' genera.<ref name="jdel">{{cite journal |last1=Delacour |first1=J. |title=The significance of the number of toes in some woodpeckers and kingfishers |journal=The Auk |date=January 1951 |volume=68 | issue = 1 |pages=49–51 | doi = 10.2307/4080797 |jstor=4080797 |url= https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v068n01/p0049-p0051.pdf |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> The foot of all three species show an extreme adaptation to arboreal living by lacking the first digit, or hallux. It has been pointed out however that various species of pied woodpecker are similar in having a short first digit.<ref name="jdel"/> Two species of woodpecker in genus ''[[Sasia]]'' (not closely related) also lack the first digit.
 
==Habits==
As opposed to genus ''Dryobates'', the three species of ''Picoides'' obtain most (some 85%) of their insect prey by pecking live or dead wood. The [[hairy woodpecker]] (''Leuconotopicus villosus'') for instance, obtains only 45% of its food by pecking wood, 30% from the surface of trunks and 25% at other places.<ref name="jdel"/>
 
==Species==
The genus contains the following three species:<ref name=ioc/>
{{Species table |genus= Picoides |authority-name=[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] |authority-year=1799 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
 
{{Species table/row
* [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]], ''Picoides tridactylus''
|name=Eurasian three-toed woodpecker |binomial=[[Picoides tridactylus]]
** [[Dark-bodied woodpecker]], ''Picoides tridactylus funebris''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22727144/0|title=Picoides funebris|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|access-date=2014-12-30}}</ref>
|image=File:Three-toed Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
* [[American three-toed woodpecker]], ''Picoides dorsalis''
|image2=File:Samica dzięcioła trójpalczastego pod Luboniem Wielkim, 20210306 0853 5758.jpg|image2-caption=Female
* [[Black-backed woodpecker]], ''Picoides arcticus''
|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= across northern Eurasia from Norway to Korea.
|range-image=File:(Eurasian) Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus distribution in Eurasia map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Eight subspecies |bullets=on
| ''P. t. tridactylus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
| ''P. t. alpinus'' <small>[[Christian Ludwig Brehm|Brehm, CL]], 1831</small>
| ''P. t. crissoleucus'' <small>([[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]], 1854)</small>
| ''P. t. albidior'' <small>[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger]], 1885</small>
| ''P. t. tianschanicus'' <small>[[Sergei Buturlin|Buturlin]], 1907</small>
| ''P. t. kurodai'' <small>[[Yoshimaro Yamashina|Yamashina]], 1930</small>
| ''P. t. inouyei'' <small>Yamashina, 1943</small>
| ''P. t. funebris'' <small>[[Jules Verreaux|Verreaux, J]], 1871</small>
}}
}}
 
{{Species table/row
|name= American three-toed woodpecker|binomial=[[Picoides dorsalis]]
|image=File:American Three-toed Woodpecker - Picoides dorsalis (Male).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|authority-name=Baird |authority-year=1858 |authority-not-original=
|range= western Canada, Alaska and the western United States
|range-image=File:American Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis distribution map 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''P. d. dorsalis''.
|''P. d. fasciatus''
}}
}}
 
{{Species table/row
|name= Black-backed woodpecker|binomial=[[Picoides arcticus]]
|image=File:Picoides arcticus -Brunswick, Vermont, USA -male-8.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male
|image2=File:Picoides arcticus FM2.jpg|image2-caption=Female
|authority-name=Swainson |authority-year=1832 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Canada, Alaska, the north-western United States
|range-image=File:Picoides arcticus map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}
{{Species table/end}}
 
==References==
{{reflistReflist}}
 
{{Cavitaves|Pi.|state=collapsed}}
{{taxonbar}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q921396}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Picoides| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Picoides|*Dendropicini]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picoides"