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{{short description|Union Army general and Medal of Honor recipient}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Joshua L. Chamberlain
|birth_name = Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain
|image = Joshua Chamberlain - Brady-Handy.jpg{{!}}border
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|successor2 = [[William De Witt Hyde]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1828|9|8}}
|birth_place = [[Brewer, Maine]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|1914|02|24|1828|09|08}}
|death_place = [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], Maine, U.S.
|resting_place = Pine Grove Cemetery, [[Brunswick, Maine]]
|nationality =
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|website =
|footnotes =
|nickname=''"Lion of the Round Top"
|allegiance= [[United States]] ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]])
|branch= {{plainlist|
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**[[Battle of Fredericksburg]]
**[[Battle of Gettysburg]]
***[[Little Round Top]]
**[[Battle of Cold Harbor]]
**[[Second Battle of Petersburg]]
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***[[Battle of White Oak Road]]
***[[Battle of Five Forks]]
{{tree list/end}}
|awards=[[Medal of Honor]]
}}
'''Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain''' (born '''Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain''', September 8, 1828{{spaced ndash}}February 24, 1914)<ref name=Eicher/><ref>Trulock, p. 26.</ref> was an American college [[professor]] from [[Maine]] who volunteered during the [[American Civil War]] to join the [[Union Army]]. He became a highly respected and decorated Union [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]], reaching the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] (and [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Major general (United States)|major general]]). He is best known for his gallantry at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], leading an unexpected bayonet charge, for which he was awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].
Chamberlain was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the [[20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment]] in 1862, and fought at the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]]. He became commander of the regiment in June 1863 when losses at the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] elevated the original commander, Colonel [[Adelbert Ames]], to brigade command.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-01-06|title=Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain|url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain|access-date=2020-06-22|website=American Battlefield Trust|language=en}}</ref> During the [[Battle of Gettysburg, second day|second day's fighting]] at Gettysburg on July 2, Chamberlain's regiment occupied the extreme left of the Union lines at [[Little Round Top]]. Chamberlain's men withstood repeated assaults from the [[15th Alabama Infantry Regiment]] and finally drove the Confederates away with a downhill bayonet charge. Chamberlain was severely wounded while commanding a brigade during the [[Second Battle of Petersburg]] in June 1864, and was given what was intended to be a deathbed promotion to brigadier general. In April 1865, he fought at the [[Battle of Five Forks]] and was given the honor of commanding the Union troops at the surrender ceremony for the infantry of [[Robert E. Lee]]'s [[Army of Northern Virginia|Army]] at [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox Court House]], Virginia.
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==Early life and education==
Chamberlain was born in [[Brewer, Maine]], the son of Sarah Dupee (née Brastow) and Joshua Chamberlain, on September 8, 1828.
Chamberlain was the first of five children.
On
==American Civil War==
===Early career===
{{stack|[[File:Thomas D Chamberlain.JPG
At the beginning of the [[American Civil War]], Chamberlain believed the Union needed to be supported against the Confederacy by all those willing. On several occasions, Chamberlain spoke freely of his beliefs during his class, urging students to follow their hearts in regards to the war while maintaining that the cause was just. Of his desire to serve in the War, he wrote to Maine's Governor [[Israel Washburn Jr.|Israel Washburn, Jr.]], "I fear, this war, so costly of blood and treasure, will not cease until men of the North are willing to leave good positions, and sacrifice the dearest personal interests, to rescue our country from desolation, and defend the national existence against treachery."<ref>As cited in: Thomas A. Desjardin, ''Joshua L. Chamberlain'', Greystone Communication, 1999, p. 22.</ref> Many faculty at Bowdoin did not feel his enthusiasm for various reasons and Chamberlain was subsequently granted a leave of absence (supposedly to study languages for two years in [[Europe]]). He then promptly enlisted unbeknownst to his family and those at Bowdoin. Offered the [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]]cy of the [[20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment|20th Maine Regiment]], he declined, according to his biographer, John J. Pullen, preferring to "start a little lower and learn the business first."
The 20th Maine fought at the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]], suffering relatively small numbers of casualties in the assaults on Marye's Heights, but were forced to spend a miserable night on the freezing battlefield among the many wounded from other regiments. Chamberlain chronicled this night well in his diary and went to great length discussing his having to use bodies of the fallen for shelter and a pillow while listening to the bullets zip into the corpses.▼
The 20th missed the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] in May 1863 due to an outbreak of [[smallpox]] in their ranks (which was caused by an errant smallpox vaccine), keeping them on guard duty in the rear.<ref>Desjardin, pp. 4–5.</ref> Chamberlain was promoted to [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of the regiment in June 1863 upon the promotion of Ames.▼
▲The 20th Maine fought at the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]], suffering relatively small numbers of casualties in the assaults on Marye's Heights, but were forced to spend a miserable night on the freezing battlefield among the many wounded from other regiments. Chamberlain chronicled this night well in his diary and went to great length discussing his having to use bodies of the fallen for shelter and a pillow while listening to the bullets zip into the corpses.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
====Battle of Gettysburg====▼
[[File:Ellis Spear - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Capt. [[Ellis Spear]], Chamberlain's "right-hand man" on Little Round Top]]▼
[[File:Little Round Top1.png|thumb|right|250px|Chamberlain's position on Little Round Top]]▼
[[File:Little Round Top 1863.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Little Round Top, western slope, photographed by [[Timothy H. O'Sullivan]], 1863]]▼
▲The 20th missed the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] in May 1863 due to an outbreak of [[smallpox]] in their ranks (which was caused by an errant smallpox vaccine), keeping them on guard duty in the rear.<ref>Desjardin, pp. 4–5.</ref> Chamberlain was promoted to [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of the regiment in June 1863 upon the promotion of Ames.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
Chamberlain became most famous for his achievements during the [[Battle of Gettysburg]]. On July 2, the [[Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day|second day of the battle]], Union forces were recovering from initial setbacks and hastily regrouping into defensive positions on a line of hills south of the town. Sensing the momentary vulnerability of the Union forces, the Confederates began an attack against the Union left flank. Chamberlain's brigade, commanded by Col. [[Strong Vincent]], was sent to defend [[Little Round Top]] by the army's Chief of Engineers, Brig. Gen. [[Gouverneur K. Warren]]. Chamberlain found himself and the 20th Maine at the far left end of the entire Union line. He quickly understood the strategic significance of the small hill, and the need for the 20th Maine to hold the Union left at all costs. The men from Maine waited until troops from the [[15th Alabama Infantry Regiment]], commanded by Col. [[William C. Oates]], charged up the hill, attempting to flank the Union position. Time and time again the Confederates struck, until the 20th Maine was almost doubled back upon itself. With many casualties and ammunition running low, Col. Chamberlain recognized the dire circumstances and ordered his left wing (which was now looking southeast, compared to the rest of the regiment, which was facing west) to initiate a bayonet charge. From his report of the day: "At that crisis, I ordered the bayonet. The word was enough." While battlefield conditions make it unlikely that many men heard Chamberlain's order, most historians believe he initiated the charge.▼
▲====Battle of Gettysburg====
The 20th Maine charged down the hill, with the left wing wheeling continually to make the charging line swing like a hinge, thus creating a simultaneous [[frontal assault]] and [[flanking maneuver]], capturing 101 of the Confederate soldiers and successfully saving the flank. This version of the battle was popularized by the book ''[[The Killer Angels]]'' and the movie ''[[Gettysburg (1993 film)|Gettysburg]]''. Chamberlain sustained one slight wound in the battle, one when a shot hit his sword scabbard and bruised his thigh. Chamberlain also personally took a Confederate prisoner with his saber during the charge. After initiating the maneuver, he came upon a Confederate officer wielding a revolver who quickly fired, narrowly missing his face. Chamberlain remained steadfast, and with his sword at the officer's throat accepted the man's arms and surrender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scienceviews.com/parks/chamberlain.html|title = Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain & the 20th Maine at Gettysburg}}</ref> The pistol Chamberlain captured at Gettysburg can still be seen on display in the Civil War exhibit of the [[Maine State Museum]]. For his tenacity at defending Little Round Top, he was known by the sobriquet ''Lion of the Round Top.'' Prior to the battle, Chamberlain was quite ill, developing malaria and dysentery. Later, due to this illness, he was taken off active duty until he recovered.▼
{{stack|
▲[[File:Gettysburg Little Round
▲[[File:Little Round Top 1863.jpg|thumb
}}▼
▲{{stack|[[File:Ellis Spear - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb
▲Chamberlain became most famous for his achievements during the [[Battle of Gettysburg]]. On July 2, the [[Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day|second day of the battle]], Union forces were recovering from initial setbacks and hastily regrouping into defensive positions on a line of hills south of the town. Sensing the momentary vulnerability of the Union forces, the Confederates began an attack against the Union left flank. Chamberlain's brigade, commanded by Col. [[Strong Vincent]], was sent to defend [[Little Round Top]] by the army's Chief of Engineers, Brig. Gen. [[Gouverneur K. Warren]]. Chamberlain found himself and the 20th Maine at the far left end of the entire Union line. He quickly understood the strategic significance of the small hill, and the need for the 20th Maine to hold the Union left at all costs. The men from Maine waited until troops from the [[15th Alabama Infantry Regiment]], commanded by Col. [[William C. Oates]], charged up the hill, attempting to flank the Union position. Time and time again the Confederates struck, until the 20th Maine was almost doubled back upon itself. With many casualties and ammunition running low, Col. Chamberlain recognized the dire circumstances and ordered his left wing (which was now looking southeast, compared to the rest of the regiment, which was facing west) to initiate a bayonet charge. From his report of the day: "At that crisis, I ordered the bayonet. The word was enough." While battlefield conditions make it unlikely that many men heard Chamberlain's order, most historians believe he initiated the charge.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
▲The 20th Maine charged down the hill, with the left wing wheeling continually to make the charging line swing like a hinge, thus creating a simultaneous [[frontal assault]] and [[flanking maneuver]], capturing 101 of the Confederate soldiers and successfully saving the flank. This version of the battle was popularized by the book ''[[The Killer Angels]]'' and the movie ''[[Gettysburg (1993 film)|Gettysburg]]''. Chamberlain sustained one slight wound in the battle,
For his "daring heroism and great tenacity in holding his position on the Little Round Top against repeated assaults, and carrying the advance position on the Great Round Top", Chamberlain was awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].
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====Siege of Petersburg====
▲{{unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}
In April 1864, Chamberlain returned to the Army of the Potomac and was promoted to brigade commander shortly before the [[Siege of Petersburg]] and given command of the 1st Brigade, First Division, V Corps. In a major action on June 18, during the [[Second Battle of Petersburg]], Chamberlain was shot through the right hip and groin, the bullet exiting his left hip. Despite the injury, Chamberlain withdrew his sword and stuck it into the ground in order to keep himself upright to dissuade the growing resolve for retreat. He stood upright for several minutes until he collapsed and lay unconscious from loss of blood. The wound was considered mortal by the division's surgeon, who predicted he would perish; Chamberlain's incorrectly recorded death in battle was reported in the Maine newspapers, and Lt. Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]] gave Chamberlain a battlefield promotion to the rank of brigadier general after receiving an urgent recommendation on June 19 from corps commander Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren: "He has been recommended for promotion for gallant and efficient conduct on previous occasion and yesterday led his brigade against the enemy under most destructive fire. He expresses the wish that he may receive the recognition of his services by promotion before he dies for the gratification of his family and friends." Not expected to live, Chamberlain displayed surprising will and courage, and with the support of his brother Tom, was back in command by November. Although many, including his wife Fanny, urged Chamberlain to resign, he was determined to serve through the end of the war.
In early 1865, Chamberlain regained command of the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of V Corps, and he continued to act with courage and resolve. On March 29, 1865, his brigade participated in a major skirmish on the Quaker Road during Grant's final advance that would finish the war. Despite losses, another wound (in the left arm and chest that almost caused amputation), and nearly being captured, Chamberlain was successful and brevetted to the rank of major general by President Abraham Lincoln. Chamberlain gained the name "Bloody Chamberlain" at Quaker Road. Chamberlain kept a Bible and framed picture of his wife in his left front
====Appomattox====
{{stack|[[File:Jbgordon.jpg|thumb|upright|Confederate General John B. Gordon was assigned the task to surrender all arms to Gen. Chamberlain.]]}}
On the morning of April 9, 1865, Chamberlain learned of the desire by General [[Robert E. Lee]] to surrender the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] when a Confederate staff officer approached him under a flag of truce. "Sir," he reported to Chamberlain, "I am from [[John Brown Gordon|General Gordon]]. General Lee desires a cessation of hostilities until he can hear from General Grant as to the proposed surrender."<ref>Longacre, p. 243.</ref> The next day, Chamberlain was summoned to Union headquarters where Maj. Gen. [[Charles Griffin]] informed him that he had been selected to preside over the parade of the Confederate infantry as part of their formal surrender at [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox Court House]] on April 12.<ref>Desjardins, p. 118, states that General Grant personally selected Chamberlain from all of the officers in the army. Marvel, pp. 259–60, attributes the Grant story to Chamberlain's memory in the "dim, distant light of old age." Longacre, pp. 244–47, does not connect General Grant directly to the choice of Chamberlain, and further states that "By the turn of the 20th century, after Chamberlain had commemorated the surrender parade in numerous speeches and publications, some of the Union participants would quarrel with his presentation of events. They would charge him with making it appear that his brigade alone took part in the ceremony, ignoring other elements of the Fifth Corps also present for Gordon's surrender as well as to receive the surrender of General Longstreet's corps that same afternoon. These critics would also charge Chamberlain with implying that he had received arms and flags throughout morning and afternoon instead of during only a portion of the day as evidence suggested. Other veterans would claim that General Bartlett, not Chamberlain, had been Grant's choice to preside at the parade and that Chamberlain took over only because his superior was summoned elsewhere at the last minute. Critics of a later day would even deny that Chamberlain and Gordon had exchanged salutes of honor."</ref>
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{{Election box end}}
In January 1880, there was a dispute about who was the newly elected governor of Maine, and the [[Maine State House]] was occupied by a band of armed men. The outgoing governor, [[Alonzo Garcelon]], summoned Chamberlain, the commander of the Maine Militia, to take charge. Chamberlain sent home the armed men, and arranged for the Augusta police to keep control. He stayed in the State House most of the twelve-day period until the [[Maine Supreme Judicial Court]]'s decision on the election results was known. During this time, there were threats of assassination and kidnapping, and on one occasion, he went outside to face down a crowd of 25–30 men intending to kill him, and both sides offered bribes to appoint him a United States senator. Having gratified neither side in the dispute, he did not become a senator, and his career in state politics ended.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 16, 2023 |title=The Maine Capitol Riot of 1880 |url=https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/the-maine-capitol-riot-of-1880/ |access-date=December 29, 2023 |website=New England Historical Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Swartz |first=Brian |date=March 2, 2021 |title=Joshua Chamberlain stares down the 1880 Maine rebellion (part one of two) |url=https://emergingcivilwar.com/2021/03/02/joshua-chamberlain-stares-down-the-1880-maine-rebellion-part-one-of-two/ |access-date=December 29, 2023 |website=Emerging civil War}}</ref>▼
[[File:Portrait of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain.jpg|thumb|Chamberlain's official portrait as President of Bowdoin College]]
After leaving political office, he returned to [[Bowdoin College]]. He was originally offered the presidency of the [[University of Maine|new state university in Orono]], but declined, hoping for the same position at his alma mater. That came in 1871, he was appointed president of Bowdoin and remained in that position until 1883, when he was forced to resign because of ill health from his war wounds. He also served as an ex-officio trustee of nearby [[Bates College]] from 1867 to 1871.
▲In January 1880, there was a dispute about who was the newly elected governor of Maine, and the [[Maine State House]] was occupied by a band of armed men. The outgoing governor, [[Alonzo Garcelon]], summoned Chamberlain, the commander of the Maine Militia, to take charge. Chamberlain sent home the armed men, and arranged for the Augusta police to keep control. He stayed in the State House most of the twelve-day period until the [[Maine Supreme Judicial Court]]'s decision on the election results was known. During this time, there were threats of assassination and kidnapping, and on one occasion, he went outside to face down a crowd of 25–30 men intending to kill him, and both sides offered bribes to appoint him a United States senator. Having gratified neither side in the dispute, he did not become a senator, and his career in state politics ended.
==Later life==
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Chamberlain's home, located across Maine Street from the Bowdoin College campus, is now the [[Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum]] and is owned by the [[Pejepscot Historical Society]], which maintains an extensive research collection on Chamberlain. Memorabilia on display include the [[minié ball]] that almost ended his life at Petersburg, his original [[Medal of Honor]],<ref name="MedalFound">{{cite news|last=Koenig|first=Seth|title=Joshua Chamberlain's original 1893 Medal of Honor found at church sale, donated to Brunswick history group|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2013/09/09/news/state/joshua-chamberlains-original-1893-medal-of-honor-found-at-church-sale-donated-to-brunswick-history-group/|access-date=11 September 2013|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=9 September 2013|location=[[Bangor, Maine]]}}</ref> and [[Don Troiani]]'s original painting of the charge at Little Round Top.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} Tours of the home are conducted by volunteer docents from late May until mid-October.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
US Route 1A is carried across the [[Penobscot River]] between [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]] and [[Brewer, Maine|Brewer]], Maine, by the Joshua Chamberlain Bridge, a two-lane steel plate girder bridge opened on November 11, 1954.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
The village of [[Chamberlain, Maine]], in the town of Bristol, is named for him.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}
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The book ''[[The Lost Regiment]]'' and the subsequent series by author [[William R. Forstchen]] chronicle the adventures of the "35th Maine", a Union regiment from Maine having been transported to an alien planet. The regiment was based on the 20th Maine, with the main character and commander of the regiment, Andrew Lawrence Keane, also being a college professor.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
In the [[alternate history (fiction)|alternate history]] 2003 novel ''[[Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War]]'', written by Forstchen and [[Newt Gingrich]], Chamberlain is featured as a character.
A musical, ''Chamberlain: A Civil War Romance'', with book and lyrics by [[Sarah Knapp]] and music by [[Steven M. Alper]] was commissioned by [[Maine State Music Theatre]] in 1993 and received its premiere at that theatre in July, 1996. That production starred [[Mark Jacoby]] as Chamberlain and Sarah Knapp as Fannie Chamberlain. It was revived in a revised form by Maine State in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Verdino-Süllwold|first1=Carla Maria|title=BWW Interviews: Sarah Knapp and Steven M. Alper Revisit Chamberlain|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/maine/article/BWW-Interviews-Sarah-Knapp-and-Steven-M-Alper-Revisit-Chamberlain-20140623|website=Broadway World|publisher=Wisdom Digital Media|access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> According to its bookwriter, the musical is "an exploration of the perennial conflict between public duty and private devotion. This musical ... not only celebrates a great Civil War hero, but also examines a universal theme: How a person's sense of duty and destiny affect his personal life."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Knapp|first1=Sarah|title=Chamberlain: A Civil War Romance|url=http://chamberlainmusical.com|website=Chamberlain: A Civil War Romance|publisher=Knapp & Alper|access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
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Another Forstchen work, "A Hard Day For Mother", is a short story from the first volume in the variety anthology series ''[[Alternate Generals]]'' edited by [[Harry Turtledove]].<ref>''[[Alternate Generals]]'', [[Baen]], 1998, a collection of short alternate history stories, edited by [[Harry Turtledove]] and Roland J. Green.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uchronia.net/label/forshardda.html|title=Uchronia: A Hard Day for Mother}}</ref> That work is based on the premise of: "what if Chamberlain was on the Confederate side at Gettysburg?" The story assumes that a decade before the outbreak of the Civil War Chamberlain had taken a teaching job at a Virginia military academy and developed a love for the state of Virginia; that with the outbreak of war he joined the Confederate side under Robert E. Lee; that in Gettysburg he gained the Little Round Top for the Confederacy, fighting against his own brother Tom commanding the 20th Maine; that thereby Chamberlain won the battle and the entire war for the Confederacy; that he later remained in the independent Confederacy and was eventually elected its President; and that his reconciliatory attitude towards the North led to Confederacy and the United States eventually holding referendums and freely deciding to re-unite in 1914, following Chamberlain's death.
On the Showtime TV series [[Homeland (TV series)|''Homeland'']], the character Nicholas Brody tells his family the story of Chamberlain, encouraging them to emulate him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailysun.bowdoin.edu/2012/01/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain%E2%80%94a-role-model-on-showtimes-homeland/
In the song "Ballad of the 20th Maine" by The Ghost of Paul Revere (Maine's official state ballad):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/local/207/207-interview/the-story-behind-ballad-of-the-20th-maine/97-3d64ef65-d50d-440d-afd3-08c153b673fa|title=The story behind "Ballad of the 20th Maine"|date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
{{poemquote|So we joined the lion of Bowdoin, Chamberlain his name
And we marched once more toward battle as the 20th of Maine}}The book [[The Sea of Monsters|Percy Jackson and the Sea Of Monsters]] by author [[Rick Riordan]] hints at Chamberlain being a demigod, stating that he single-handedly changed the course of the Civil War.
== Dates of rank ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Insignia !! Rank !! Date !! Component
|-
|[[File:Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png|75x75px]]|| [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]|| August 8, 1862 || [[United States Volunteers|Volunteers]]
|-
|[[File:Union Army colonel rank insignia.png|75px|class=noviewer]]|| [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]|| June 20, 1863 || Volunteers
|-
|[[File:Union army brig gen rank insignia.jpg|75px|class=noviewer]]|| [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]|| June 19, 1864 || Volunteers
|-
|[[File:Union army maj gen rank insignia.jpg|75px|class=noviewer]]|| [[Colonel (United States)|Brevet]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]|| March 29, 1865 || Volunteers
|}
==See also==
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* [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg]]
* [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F]]
* [[List of American Civil War generals (Union)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Biography |url=https://ehistory.osu.edu/biographies/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain |website=Ehistory |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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|access-date=July 13, 2010
|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwaral.html
|title=
|work=
|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]
|date=
|archive-date=September 2, 2012
▲}}
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902081051/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwaral.html
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Chamberlain
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* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?jaffa-colonists-from-maine-receive-government-assistance-in-1867 Joshua Chamberlain Seeks Assistance for Jaffa Adams Colonists, 1867] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://learn.bowdoin.edu/joshua-lawrence-chamberlain/ Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain Digital Archive at Bowdoin College]
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00114 Chamberlain-Adams Family Papers.] [http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles Schlesinger Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509153246/http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles |date=2012-05-09 }}, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* [http://www.joshualawrencechamberlain.com www.joshualawrencechamberlain.com] A collection of primary resources
* [http://dragoon1st.tripod.com/cw/jlc.html Index to Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain's Pages]
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[[Category:Bowdoin College alumni]]
[[Category:Bowdoin College faculty]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Historians of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:People from Brewer, Maine]]
[[Category:People of Maine in the American Civil War]]
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[[Category:Politicians from Portland, Maine]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bowdoin College]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients]]
| |||