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[[File:Fauresebastien police.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Sébastien Faure]], prominent French theorist of libertarian communism as well as atheist and freethought militant]]
The [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|revolutionary wave of 1917–1923]] saw the active participation of anarchists in Russia and Europe. Russian anarchists participated alongside the [[Bolshevik]]s in both the [[February Revolution|February]] and [[October Revolution|October]] 1917 revolutions. However, Bolsheviks in central Russia quickly began to imprison or drive underground the libertarian anarchists. Many fled to Ukraine
With the rise of [[fascism]] in Europe between the 1920s and the 1930s, anarchists began to fight fascists in Italy,<ref>Holbrow, Marnie, [http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8205 "Daring but Divided"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729114710/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8205 |date=29 July 2013 }} (''Socialist Review'', November 2002).</ref> in France during the [[6 February 1934 crisis|February 1934 riots]]<ref>Berry, David. "Fascism or Revolution." ''Le Libertaire''. August 1936.</ref> and in Spain where the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) boycott of elections led to a right-wing victory and its later participation in voting in 1936 helped bring the popular front back to power. This led to a ruling class attempted coup and the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939).<ref>Antony Beevor, ''The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, p. 46, {{ISBN|978-0297848325}}.</ref> Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze held that during the early twentieth century, the terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain ([[anarchism in Spain]]), with ''libertarian communism'' becoming the prevalent term.<ref>Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze (October 1979). [http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm "Anarchist Communism & Libertarian Communism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018191416/http://www.fdca.it/fdcaen/historical/vault/ancom-libcom.htm |date=18 October 2017 }}. ''L'informatore di parte''. '''4'''.</ref>
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[[File:Ron Paul (6811133499).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Former Congressman [[Ron Paul]], a self-described libertarian, whose presidential campaigns in [[Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign|2008]] and [[Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign|2012]] garnered significant support from youth and [[libertarian Republican]]s]]
In 1971, a small group led by [[David Nolan (libertarian)|David Nolan]] formed the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]],<ref>
Modern libertarianism gained significant recognition in academia with the publication of Harvard University professor [[Robert Nozick]]'s ''[[Anarchy, State, and Utopia]]'' in 1974, for which he received a National Book Award in 1975.<ref>National Book Foundation. [http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html "National Book Awards: 1975 – Philosophy and Religion"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909065656/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1975.html|date=9 September 2011}}</ref> In response to [[John Rawls]]' ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'', Nozick's book supported a [[Night-watchman state|minimal state]] (also called a nightwatchman state by Nozick) on the grounds that the ultraminimal state arises without violating individual rights<ref>Schaefer, David Lewis (30 April 2008). [http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia "Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170556/http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia |date=21 August 2014 }}. ''[[The New York Sun]]''.</ref> and the transition from an ultraminimal state to a minimal state is morally obligated to occur.
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