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=== Pests ===
{{further|List of cassava diseases}}<!--not main, that'd mean this was a summary of that article-->
[[File:Thailand 19 lo (4039130033).jpg|thumb|An agronomist examines a diseased cassava crop in Thailand.]]
Cassava is subject to pests from multiple taxonomic groups, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. All cause reductions in yield, and some cause serious losses of crops. ▼
▲Cassava is subject to pests from multiple taxonomic groups, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. All cause reductions in yield, and some cause serious losses of crops. <ref name="Alvarez 2012"/>
; Viruses
; Fungi
{{anchor|Rust of cassava}}
Several fungi bring about significant crop losses, one of the most serious being cassava root rot; the [[pathogen]]s involved are species of ''[[Phytophthora]]'', the genus which causes potato blight. Cassava root rot can result in losses of as much as 80 percent of the crop.<ref name="Alvarez 2012">{{cite book|last1=Alvarez |first1=Elizabeth |author2=Llano, Germán Alberto |author3=Mejía, Juan Fernando |chapter=Cassava diseases in Latin America, Africa and Asia |title=The Cassava Handbook |page=258 |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/98098352/The_Cassava_Handbook_2011.pdf#page=266}}<!--Scholar: cassava fungal diseases--></ref>
A major pest is a [[rust (fungus)|rust]] caused by ''Uromyces manihotis''.<ref name="Rust">{{cite web |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/55848 |title=''Uromyces manihotis'' (rust of cassava) |year=2019 |website=[[Invasive Species Compendium]] (ISC) |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|CABI]] (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109225057/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/55848 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Superelongation disease, caused by ''[[Elsinoë brasiliensis]]'', can cause losses of over 80 percent of young cassava in Latin America when temperature and rainfall are high.<ref name="Alvarez 2012"/>
; Insects
[[File:A Cassava Pest of the Southeastern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|upright|Grasshoppers, here on cassava in Nigeria, are secondary pests of cassava.<ref name="Alvarez 2012"/>]]
Many species of insects contribute to serious losses, between 19% and 30%, of dried cassava in storage.<ref name="jis">{{cite journal |last1=Osipitan |first1=A. A. |last2=Sangowusi |first2=V. T. |last3=Lawal |first3=O. I. |last4=Popoola |first4=K. O. |year=2015 |title=Correlation of Chemical Compositions of Cassava Varieties to Their Resistance to ''Prostephanus truncatus'' Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) |journal=[[Journal of Insect Science (Entomological Society of America)|Journal of Insect Science]]|volume=15 |issue=1 |page=13 |doi=10.1093/jisesa/ieu173 |pmc=4535132 |pmid=25700536}}</ref> In [[Africa]], a previous issue was the cassava mealybug (''[[Phenacoccus manihoti]]'') and cassava green mite (''[[Mononychellus tanajoa]]''). These pests can cause up to 80 percent crop loss, which is extremely detrimental to the production of [[subsistence economy|subsistence]] farmers. These pests were rampant in the 1970s and 1980s but were brought under control following the establishment of the Biological Control Centre for Africa of the [[International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]] (IITA) under the leadership of [[Hans Rudolf Herren]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1995: Herren |url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711200345/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=The World Food Prize Foundation}}</ref> The Centre investigated [[biological control]] for cassava pests; two [[South America]]n natural enemies ''Anagyrus lopezi'' (a [[parasitoid]] wasp) and ''[[Typhlodromalus]] aripo'' (a predatory mite) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=1995: Herren |url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711200345/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=The World Food Prize Foundation}}</ref> ▼
▲ManyInsects speciessuch ofas stem borers and other beetles, moths including ''[[Chilomima clarkei]]'', scale insects , fruit flies, shootflies, [[burrower bug]]s, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, gall midges, leafcutter ants, and termites contribute to losses of cassava in the field,<ref name="Alvarez 2012"/> while others contribute to serious losses, between 19% and 30%, of dried cassava in storage.<ref name="jis">{{cite journal |last1=Osipitan |first1=A. A. |last2=Sangowusi |first2=V. T. |last3=Lawal |first3=O. I. |last4=Popoola |first4=K. O. |year=2015 |title=Correlation of Chemical Compositions of Cassava Varieties to Their Resistance to ''Prostephanus truncatus'' Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) |journal=[[Journal of Insect Science (Entomological Society of America)|Journal of Insect Science]]|volume=15 |issue=1 |page=13 |doi=10.1093/jisesa/ieu173 |pmc=4535132 |pmid=25700536}}</ref> In [[Africa]], a previous issue was the cassava mealybug (''[[Phenacoccus manihoti]]'') and cassava green mite (''[[Mononychellus tanajoa]]''). These pests can cause up to 80 percent crop loss, which is extremely detrimental to the production of [[subsistence economy|subsistence]] farmers. These pests were rampant in the 1970s and 1980s but were brought under control following the establishment of the Biological Control Centre for Africa of the [[International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]] (IITA) under the leadership of [[Hans Rudolf Herren]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1995: Herren |url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711200345/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=The World Food Prize Foundation}}</ref> The Centre investigated [[biological control]] for cassava pests; two [[South America]]n natural enemies ''Anagyrus lopezi'' (a [[parasitoid]] wasp) and ''[[Typhlodromalus]] aripo'' (a predatory mite) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=1995: Herren |url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711200345/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1995_herren/ |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=The World Food Prize Foundation}}</ref>
=== Harvesting ===
=== Biofuel ===
Cassava has been studied as a feedstock to produce [[ethanol]] as a [[biofuel]]., Inincluding theto [[Eleventhimprove Five-Year Planthe (People's Republicefficiency of China)|Eleventhconversion Five-Yearfrom Plan]]cassava inflour,<ref thename="Bakky [[People's2021">{{cite Republicjournal of|last=Bakky China]],|first=Aa a|last2=Hoque target|first2=Mr for|last3=Islam renewable|first3=Ms energy|title=Production wasof toBiofuel increasefrom theCassava production|journal=Journal of ethanolEnvironmental fuelScience fromand nongrainNatural feedstockResources to|volume=12 {{Convert|issue=1-2 |e6MTdate=11 February 2021 |abbrissn=off2408-8633 |doi=10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.52032 |pages=171–174}},</ref> and thatto ofconvert biodieselcrop toresidues {{Convert|200|e3MT|abbr=off}}such byas 2010.stems Thisand isleaves equivalentas towell as the replacementmore ofeasily {{Convert|10|e6MT|abbr=off}}processed of petroleumroots.<ref name="Sivamani 2018">{{cite webjournal |urllast=http://stuartsbrasil.blogspot.com/2009/01/aipim-mandioca-manioc-pao-de-pobre.htmlSivamani |titlefirst=Stuart'sSelvaraju Brasil|datelast2=30Chandrasekaran January|first2=Arun 2009Pandian |access-datelast3=29Balajii May|first3=Muthusamy 2015|archive-urllast4=Shanmugaprakash |first4=Muthusamy |last5=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407223440/http://stuartsbrasil.blogspot.com/2009/01/aipimHosseini-mandioca-manioc-pao-de-pobre.htmlBandegharaei |archive-datefirst5=7Ahmad April|last6=Baskar 2015}}</ref>|first6=Rajoo This|title=Evaluation pushof forthe nonpotential of cassava-grainbased ethanolresidues wasfor furtherbiofuels increasedproduction to|journal=Reviews ain goalEnvironmental ofScience and Bio/Technology {{Convert|300volume=17 |e6MTissue=3 |abbrdate=off2018 |issn=1569-1705 |doi=10.1007/s11157-018-9475-0 |pages=553–570}}</ref> ofChina cellulosichas andcreated non-grainfacilities basedto produce substantial amounts of ethanol combinedfuel byfrom 2020cassava roots.<ref name="CH15030">{{cite web |last1=Anderson-Sprecher |first1=Andrew |last2=Ji |first2=James |title=China Biofuel Industry Faces Uncertain Future |publisher=USDA Foreign Agriculture Service |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_9-3-2015.pdf |access-date=8 November 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727083130/https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_9-3-2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This has made cassava chips a major source of ethanol. In 2008, an [[ethanol fuel]] production facility in [[Beihai]], able to produce {{Convert|200|e3MT|abbr=off}} annually, and requiring some {{Convert|1.5|e6MT|abbr=off}} of cassava, was opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2229852/bio-ethanol-plant-open-china|title=Cassava bio-ethanol plant to open in China |work=businessGreen|date=5 November 2008|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420125930/https://www.businessgreen.com/news/1805711/cassava-bio-ethanol-plant-china|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Animal feed===
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