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{{Short description|
{{Distinguish|Agana|Agunah}}
{{For|the hand-to-hand combat style known as the Haganah system|Krav Maga}}
{{pp
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name
| native_name = {{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|הַהֲגָנָה}}|rtl=yes}}
| image = Haganah Symbol.svg
| image_size = 100px
|
| dates = 1920–1948
| allegiance = [[File:Star of David.svg|15px|link=]] [[Yishuv]] (1920–1948)
| type = [[Paramilitary]]
| role = Defense of [[Palestinian Jews]] throughout the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]]
| size
| battles = {{tree list}}
| disbanded = May 28, 1948<!-- Commanders -->▼
* [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|Intercommunal conflict in Palestine]]
| commander1 =▼
** [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]]
| commander2 =▼
** [[Jaffa riots|1921 Jaffa riots]]
| commander3 =▼
** [[1929 Palestine riots]]
** [[Jaffa riots (April 1936)|1936 Jaffa riots]]
** [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab revolt]]
** [[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine|1944–1948 Jewish insurgency]]
** [[1948 Palestine war|1947–1949 Palestine War]]
*** [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|Civil War in Palestine]]
* [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
** [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] (first two weeks)
{{tree list/end}}
| country = {{flag|Israel}} (14–28 May 1948)
▲| commander1 =
▲| commander2 =
▲| commander3 =
| Website =
}}
<!-- {{hebrewterm|הגנה|haganah|defense}} -->
'''Haganah''' ({{lang-he|הַהֲגָנָה}} {{Transliteration|he|ha-Haganah}},
Formed out of previous existing militias,
▲'''Haganah''' ({{lang-he|הַהֲגָנָה}}, lit. ''The Defence'') was the main [[Zionist]]<ref>Washington Robnett, George (1976). ''Zionist Rape of the Holy Land!: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State''. Crown City Publishing Company, p. 169.</ref> [[paramilitary]] organization of the Jewish population ("[[Yishuv]]") in [[Mandatory Palestine]] between 1920 and its disestablishment in 1948, when it became the core of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF).
▲Formed out of previous existing militias, its original purpose was to defend Jewish settlements from Arab attacks, such as the riots of [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]], [[1921 Jaffa riots|1921]], [[1929 Palestine riots|1929]] and during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. It was under the control of the [[Jewish Agency]], the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]]. Until the end of the [[Second World War]], Haganah's activities were moderate, in accordance with the policy of [[havlaga]] ("self-restraint"), which caused the splitting of the more radical [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]. The group received clandestine military support from Poland. Haganah sought cooperation with the British in the event of an [[Axis powers|Axis]] invasion of Palestine through [[North African campaign|North Africa]], prompting the creation of the [[Palmach]] task force in 1941.
▲With the end of World War II and British refusal to cancel the [[1939 White Paper]]'s restrictions on Jewish immigration, the Haganah turned to [[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine|sabotage activities]] against the British authorities, including bombing bridges, rail lines, and ships used to deport illegal Jewish immigrants, as well as assisting in bringing Jews to Palestine in defiance of British policy. After the United Nations adopted a [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition plan for Palestine]] in 1947, the Haganah came into the open as the biggest fighting force among Palestinian Jews, successfully overcoming Arab forces during the [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]]. Shortly after [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|Israel's independence declaration]] and the beginning of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], the Haganah was merged with other groups and reorganized into the official army of the state.
==History==
===Overview===
[[File:HAGANA POSTER FROM THE 1940. כרזה משנות ה-40 של אירגון ההגנה.D247-012.jpg|thumb|upright|Hagana poster from the 1940s]]
The evolution of Jewish defense
The Jewish paramilitary
▲The Jewish paramilitary organisations in the [[Yishuv|New Yishuv]] (the Zionist enterprise in Palestine) started with the [[Second Aliyah]] (1904 to 1914).<ref>{{cite web|author=Speedy |url=http://thespeedymedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/idfs-history.html#.U4ei6F4ZffM |title=The Speedy Media: IDF's History |publisher=Thespeedymedia.blogspot.com |date=2011-09-12 |access-date=2014-08-03}}</ref> The first such organization was [[Bar-Giora (organization)|Bar-Giora]], founded in September 1907. It consisted of a small group of Jewish immigrants who guarded settlements for an annual fee. It was converted to Hashomer ({{lang-he|השומר}}; "The Watchman") in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization which never had more than 100 members.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|9-781789-544633}} p.96</ref> During [[World War I]], the forerunners of the Haganah/IDF were the [[Zion Mule Corps]] and the [[Jewish Legion]], both of which were part of the British Army. After the [[1920 Palestine riots|Arab riots]] against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuv's leadership saw the need to create a nationwide underground defense organization, and the Haganah was founded in June of the same year. The Haganah became a full-scale defense force after the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]] with an organized structure, consisting of three main units—the [[Hish (Haganah corps)|Field Corps]], [[Guard Corps (Haganah)|Guard Corps]], and the [[Palmach]] strike force. During World War II the successor to the Jewish Legion of World War I was the [[Jewish Brigade]], which was joined by many Haganah fighters. During the 1947–48 civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities in what was still Mandatory Palestine, a reorganised Haganah managed to defend or wrestle most of the territory it was ordered to hold or capture. At the beginning of the ensuing 1948–49 full-scale conventional war against regular Arab armies, the Haganah was reorganised to become the core of the new Israel Defense Forces.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
After the
In addition to guarding Jewish communities, the role of the Haganah was to warn the residents of and repel attacks by Palestinians. In the period between 1920 and 1929, the Haganah lacked a strong central authority or coordination. Haganah "units" were very localized and poorly armed: they consisted mainly of Jewish farmers who took turns guarding their farms or their kibbutzim.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
▲===1920 and 1921 Arab riots===
▲After the 1920 [[1920 Palestine riots|Arab riots]] and 1921 [[Jaffa riots]], the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British, to whom the [[League of Nations]] had given a mandate over Palestine in 1920, had no desire to confront local Arab gangs that frequently attacked Palestinian Jews.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/defense.html|title=The Role of Jewish Defense Organizations in Palestine (1903–1948)|encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idf.il/1283-19078-EN/Dover.aspx|title=Defending the nation for 65 years|date=30 May 2013|last1=Freund|first1=Gabriel|last2=Sahar|first2=Raz|publisher=IDF Spokesperson}}</ref> Believing that they could not rely on the British administration for protection from these gangs, the Jewish leadership created the Haganah to protect Jewish farms and [[kibbutz]]im. The first head of the Haganah was a 28-year-old named Yosef Hecht, a veteran of the [[Jewish Legion]].<ref name="vanCreveld">{{cite book|title= The Sword And The Olive: A Critical History of the Israeli Defence Force|last= Van Creveld|first= Martin|isbn= 978-1586481551|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Public Affairs|page= 21|year= 1998}}</ref> In addition to guarding Jewish communities, the role of the Haganah was to warn the residents of and repel attacks by Palestinian Arabs. In the period between 1920 and 1929, the Haganah lacked a strong central authority or coordination. Haganah "units" were very localized and poorly armed: they consisted mainly of Jewish farmers who took turns guarding their farms or their kibbutzim.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
Following the [[1929 Palestine riots]], the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements, as well as thousands of members from the cities. It also acquired foreign arms and began to develop workshops to create [[
===1931 Irgun split===
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===1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 10 8e21a3d5fd8f5022e61517a641db6fa1.JPG|thumb|Haganah fighters guarding [[Migdal Tzedek]], 1936|alt=]]
During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], the Haganah worked to protect British interests and to quell
===Support from
During the interwar period, as part of its policy of supporting a Jewish state in Palestine in order to facilitate mass Jewish emigration from its territory, the [[Second Polish Republic]] provided military training and weapons to Zionist paramilitary groups, including Haganah.<ref>A Marriage of Convenience: The New Zionist Organization and the Polish Government 1936-1939 Laurence Weinbaum ''In 1936, an agreement was reached between the Polish government and the Haganah in the person of its emissary, Arazi,''</ref> Envoys from Haganah headed by [[Yehuda Arazi]] received dozens of shipments with military supplies, including 2750 Mauser rifles, 225 RKM machine guns, 10,000 hand grenades, two million bullets for rifles and machine guns, and a large number of pistols with ammunition. The British exerted heavy pressure on the Polish government to stop these deliveries. One of the last purchases of Arazi were two airplanes and two gliders. When he fled Poland to France, around 500 rifles were abandoned in a Warsaw warehouse.<ref>The Road to September 1939: Polish Jews, Zionists, and the Yishuv on the Eve of World War II (Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry) Brandeis University Press 2018 page 57-59</ref> Members of the Haganah were also trained in a military camp in [[Rembertow]] along with [[Betar]] members between the years 1931 and 1937; it is estimated that training courses at the camp were attended by around 8,000 to 10,000 participants during their existence.<ref>[http://www.polska-zbrojna.pl/home/articleshow/26945?t=Betar-Hagana-i-Irgun-w-polskiej-szkole#] Betar, Hagana i Irgun w polskiej szkole Polska Zbrojna 25.11.2018</ref>
===1939 White Paper===
By 1939, the British had issued the [[White Paper of 1939|White Paper]], which severely restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine, deeply angering the Zionist leadership. [[David Ben-Gurion]], then chairman of the [[Jewish Agency]], set the policy for the Zionist relationship with the British: "We shall fight the war against Hitler as if there were no White Paper, and we shall fight the White Paper as if there were no war."<ref>{{
In reaction to the White Paper, the Haganah built up the [[Palmach]] as the Haganah's elite strike force and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. Approximately 100,000 Jews were brought to Palestine in over one hundred ships during the final decade of what became known as [[Aliyah Bet]]. The Haganah also organized demonstrations against British immigration quotas.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
=== Bombing of the ''SS Patria''
[[File:Sinking of the Patria (1940).jpg|thumb|In 1940 a Haganah bomb sank the {{SS|Patria|1913|6}}, killing 267 people|alt=]]
In 1940 the Haganah sabotaged the [[Patria disaster|''Patria'']], an ocean liner being used by the British to deport 1,800 Jews to Mauritius, with a bomb intended to cripple the ship. However the ship sank, killing 267 people and injuring 172.<ref name="jewishmag">{{cite web |url= http://www.jewishmag.com/46mag/patria/patria.htm |title=The Story of the S/S Patria |date=August 2001 |work=Eva Feld |publisher=Jewish Magazine |access-date= 10 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=Perl>{{cite book |last=Perl |first=William R. |author-link=William R. Perl |year=1979 |title=The Four-front War: From the Holocaust to the Promised Land |location=New York |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn=0-517-53837-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fourfrontwarfrom00perl/page/250 250] |url=https://archive.org/details/fourfrontwarfrom00perl/page/250 }}</ref>
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In the first years of [[World War II]], the British authorities asked Haganah for cooperation again, due to the fear of an [[Axis powers|Axis]] breakthrough in North Africa.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} After [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]] was defeated at [[El Alamein]] in 1942, the British stepped back from their all-out support for Haganah.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} In 1943, after a long series of requests and negotiations, the British Army announced the creation of the [[Jewish Brigade|Jewish Brigade Group]]. While Palestinian Jews had been permitted to enlist in the British army since 1940, this was the first time an exclusively Jewish military unit served in the war under a Jewish flag. The Jewish Brigade Group consisted of 5,000 soldiers and was initially deployed with the 8th Army in North Africa and later in [[Italy]] in September 1944. The brigade was disbanded in 1946.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} All in all, some 30,000 Palestinian Jews served in the British army during the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Niewyk |first=Donald L. |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QQ7AAAAQBAJ&q=30%2C000+Palestinian+Jews+enlisted+in+the+British+army&pg=PA247 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |page=247 |isbn=0231112009}}</ref>
On May 14, 1941, the Haganah created the [[Palmach]] (an acronym for ''Plugot Mahatz''—strike companies), an elite commando section, in preparation against the possibility of a British withdrawal and [[Axis powers|Axis]] invasion of Palestine. Its members, young men and women, received specialist training in guerilla tactics and sabotage.<ref>Yigal Allon, ''Sword of Zion''. {{ISBN|978-0-297-00133-1}}. pp. 116, 117.</ref> During 1942 the British gave assistance in the training of Palmach volunteers but in early 1943 they withdrew their support and attempted to disarm them.<ref>Allon, pp. 125, 126.</ref> The Palmach, then numbering over 1,000, continued as an underground
===
In 1944, after the assassination of [[Lord Moyne]] (the British Minister of State for the Middle East)
Many Jewish youth, who had joined the Haganah in order to defend the Jewish people, were greatly demoralized by operations against their own people.<ref name=Bell>Bell, Bowyer J.: ''Terror out of Zion''</ref> The Irgun, paralyzed by the Saison, were ordered by their commander, [[Menachem Begin]], not to retaliate in an effort to avoid a full blown civil war. Although many Irgunists objected to these orders, they obeyed Begin and refrained from fighting back. The Saison eventually ended due to perceived British betrayal of the Yishuv becoming more obvious to the public and increased opposition from Haganah members.<ref name=Bell/>
===
[[File:Haganah.jpg|thumb|Haganah members in training (1947)]]
[[File:Hagana Ship - Jewish State at Haifa Port (1947).jpg|thumb|Haganah ship ''Jewish State'' carrying illegal Jewish immigrants from Europe at the [[Port of Haifa|Haifa Port]] (1947)]]
The Saison officially ended when the Haganah, Irgun and the Lehi formed the [[Jewish Resistance Movement]], in 1945. Within this new framework, the three groups agreed to operate under a joint command. They had different functions, which served to drive the British out of Palestine and create a [[Jewish state]].
The Haganah was less active in the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|Jewish Rebellion]] than the other two groups, but the Palmach did carry out anti-British operations, including a raid on the [[Atlit detainee camp]] that released 208 illegal immigrants, the [[Night of the Trains]], the [[Night of the Bridges]], and attacks on [[Palestine Police Force|Palestine Police]] bases.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://info.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?levelId=42858&itemId=8697&itemType=0 |
In addition to its operations, the Haganah continued to secretly prepare for a war with the Arabs once the British left by building up its arms and munitions stocks. It maintained a secret arms industry, with the most significant facility being an underground bullet factory underneath Ayalon, a kibbutz that had been established specifically to cover it up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/remembrance-and-independence-2013/how-a-fake-kibbutz-was-built-to-hide-a-bullet-factory.premium-1.515584|title=How a Fake Kibbutz Was Built to Hide a Bullet Factory|first=Debra|last=Kamin|date=15 April 2013|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
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In July 1947, eager to maintain order with the visit of [[UNSCOP]] to Palestine and under heavy pressure from the British authorities to resume collaboration, the Jewish Agency reluctantly came into brief conflict with the Irgun and Lehi, and ordered the Haganah to put a stop to the operations of the other two groups for the time being. As Palmach members refused to participate, a unit of about 200 men from regular Haganah units was mobilized, and foiled several operations against the British, including a potentially devastating attack on the British military headquarters at Citrus House in Tel Aviv, in which a Haganah member was killed by an Irgun bomb. The Haganah also joined the search for two British sergeants abducted by the Irgun as hostages against the death sentences of three Irgun members in what became known as the [[The Sergeants affair|Sergeants' affair]]. The Jewish Agency leadership feared the damage this act would do to the Jewish cause, and also believed that holding the hostages would only jeopardize the fates of the three condemned Irgun members. The attempts to free the sergeants failed, and following the executions of the three Irgun members, the two sergeants were killed and hanged in a eucalyptus grove. However, the campaign soon disintegrated into a series of retaliatory abductions and beatings of each other's members by the Haganah and Irgun, and eventually petered out. The campaign was dubbed the "Little Season" by the Irgun.<ref name=Bell/><ref name=Hoffman>Hoffman, Bruce: ''Anonymous Soldiers'' (2015)</ref>
===
[[File:Ordre de bataille Palestine avril 48.gif|right|thumb|Theatre of Operation of each Haganah brigade.]]
After "having gotten the Jews of Palestine and of elsewhere to do everything that they could, personally and financially, to help [[Yishuv]]," Ben-Gurion's second greatest achievement was his having successfully transformed Haganah from being a clandestine paramilitary organization into a true army.<ref>[[#pappé|Ilan Pappé (2000)]], p.79</ref> Ben-Gurion appointed [[Israel Galili]] to the position of head of the High Command counsel of Haganah and divided Haganah into 6 [[infantry]] brigades, numbered 1 to 6, allotting a precise theatre of operation to each one. [[Yaakov Dori]] was named Chief of Staff, but it was [[Yigael Yadin]] who assumed the responsibility on the ground as chief of Operations. Palmach, commanded by [[Yigal Allon]], was divided into 3 elite brigades, numbered 10–12, and constituted the mobile force of Haganah.<ref>[[#karsh|Efraïm Karsh (2002)]], p. 31</ref> Ben-Gurion's attempts to retain personal control over the newly formed [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
On 19 November 1947, obligatory [[conscription]] was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25. By end of March 21,000 people had been conscripted.<ref>Joseph, pp. 23, 38. Gives the date of the call-up as 5 December.</ref><ref>[[#pappé|Ilan Pappé (2000)]], p. 80</ref> On 30 March the call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later a General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40.<ref>Levin, pp. 32, 117. Pay £P2 per month. c.f. would buy 2 lbs. of meat in Jerusalem, April 1948. p. 91.</ref>
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* The 1st or [[Golani Brigade]] – was deployed in the Lower Galilee
* The 2nd or [[188th Armored Brigade|Carmeli Brigade]] – was deployed in the north and took its name after its commander, [[Moshe Carmel]]
* The 3rd or [[Alexandroni Brigade]] – headquartered in [[Netanya]], it covered the area from [[Tel Aviv]] to [[Zichron Ya'akov]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDF - Israel Defense Forces : Memories of 1948 |url=http://www.idf.il/1283-19070-en/Dover.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160819152558/http://www.idf.il/1283-19070-en/Dover.aspx |archive-date=2016-08-19 |access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=אתר הבית של חטיבת אלכסנדרוני |url=http://www.alexandroni.org/site.php?page=main |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526212544/http://www.alexandroni.org/site.php?page=main |archive-date=2005-05-26 |website=www.alexandroni.org}} </ref>
* The 4th or [[Kiryati Brigade]] – formed in 1948 in the Tel Aviv area
* The 5th or [[Givati Brigade]] – formed in December 1947. During civil war the Givati Brigade was deployed in the central region, and during the conventional war in the south as the 5th Brigade
* The 6th or [[Etzioni Brigade|Etzioni or Jerusalem Brigade]] –
To the initial six brigades, three were added later during the war:
* The [[7th Armored Brigade (Israel)|7th Brigade]], in Hebrew "Hativat Sheva" – formed in 1948, manned mainly with [[Holocaust]] survivors and including a number of [[Mahal (Israel)|Machal]] troops. Almost annihilated at Latrun, then re-formed in the north. It had tanks and mounted infantry.
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* The 12th or [[Negev Brigade]] – established in March 1948
===
{{Main|1947–1949 Palestine war|1948 Arab–Israeli War}}
[[File:Haganah fighters - 1947.jpg|thumb|Haganah fighters in 1947]]
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After the British announced they would withdraw from Palestine, and the United Nations approved the partition of Palestine, the [[1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]] broke out. The Haganah played the leading role in the Yishuv's war with the Palestinian Arabs. Initially, it concentrated on defending Jewish areas from Arab raids, but after the danger of British intervention subsided as the British withdrew, the Haganah went on the offensive and seized more territory. Following the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] and the start of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] on May 15, 1948, the Haganah, now the army of the new state, engaged the invading armies of the surrounding Arab states.<ref name=Bell />
On May 28, 1948, less than two weeks after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, the provisional government created the [[Israel Defense Forces]], merging the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, although the other two groups continued to operate independently in Jerusalem and abroad for some time after.<ref name=Bell /> The
Famous members of the Haganah included [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Ariel Sharon]], [[Rehavam Ze'evi]], [[Dov Hoz]], [[Moshe Dayan]], [[Yigal Allon]] and Dr. [[Ruth Westheimer]].
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The [[Museum of Underground Prisoners]] in Jerusalem commemorates the activity of the underground groups in the pre-state period, recreating the everyday life of those imprisoned there.
===Pal-Heib Unit for Bedouins===
Some [[Bedouin]]s had longstanding ties with nearby [[Jews|Jewish]] communities. They helped defend these communities in the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. During the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], some Bedouins of [[Tuba-Zangariyye|Tuba]] formed an alliance with the Haganah defending Jewish communities in the [[Upper Galilee]] against [[First Syrian Republic
==See also==
* [[Jewish Agency for Israel]], the organization that governed Haganah▼
* [[Sherut Avir]], the Haganah aerial service
▲* [[Jewish Agency for Israel]]
* [[
** [[Palavir]], the
** [[Palyam]], the
* [[
* [[
* [[Eliyahu Golomb]], the chief architect of
==Notes==
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{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.irgon-haagana.co.il/ Official Haganah website]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Centenary%20of%20Zionism/Lexicon%20of%20Zionism#haganah ''Lexicon of Zionism: Haganah'' (Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs)]
* [http://www.zionism-israel.com/Haganah.htm ''The Haganah: History of the Israeli Underground Defense force'', by the ZIIC]
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[[Category:Mandatory Palestine in World War II]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew]]
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