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{{Short description|Zionist paramilitary organization (1920–1948)}}
{{Distinguish|Agana|Agunah}}
{{For|the hand-to-hand combat style known as the Haganah system|Krav Maga}}
{{pp
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Haganah
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<!-- {{hebrewterm|הגנה|haganah|defense}} -->
'''Haganah''' ({{lang-he|הַהֲגָנָה}} {{Transliteration|he|ha-
▲'''Haganah''' ({{lang-he|הַהֲגָנָה}} {{Transliteration|he|ha-Ganah}}, {{Literal translation|The Defense}}) was the main [[Zionist political violence|Zionist paramilitary organization]] that operated for the [[Yishuv]] in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]].<ref>Washington Robnett, George (1976). ''Zionist Rape of the Holy Land!: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State''. Crown City Publishing Company, p. 169.</ref> It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the region, and was formally disbanded in 1948, when it became the core force integrated into the [[Israel Defense Forces]] shortly after the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]].
Formed out of previous existing militias, Haganah's original purpose was to [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|defend Jewish settlements against Arab attacks]]; this was the case during the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]], the [[Jaffa riots|1921 Jaffa riots]], the [[1929 Palestine riots]], the [[Jaffa riots (April 1936)|1936 Jaffa riots]], and the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], among others. The paramilitary was under the control of the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the British era. Until the end of [[World War II]], Haganah's activities were moderate, in accordance with the strategic policy of ''[[havlagah]]'' ({{Literal translation|self-restraint}}), which caused the breakaway of the more radical paramilitaries: [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]]. Haganah militants received clandestine military support from [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and sought cooperation with the [[United Kingdom]] in the event of an [[Axis powers|Axis]]-led invasion of Palestine through [[North African campaign|North Africa]], prompting the creation of the [[Palmach]], their elite fighting force, in 1941.
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The evolution of Jewish defense organizations in Palestine and later Israel went from small self-defense groups active during [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, to ever larger and more sophisticated ones during the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]], leading through the Haganah to the national army of Israel, the IDF. The evolution went step by step from [[Bar-Giora]], to [[Hashomer]], to Haganah, to IDF.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The Jewish paramilitary organizations in the [[Yishuv|New Yishuv]] (the Zionist enterprise in Palestine) started with the [[Second Aliyah]] (1904 to 1914).<ref>{{cite web |author=Speedy |url=http://thespeedymedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/idfs-history.html#.U4ei6F4ZffM |title=The Speedy Media: IDF's History |publisher=Thespeedymedia.blogspot.com |date=2011-09-12 |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327205050/http://thespeedymedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/idfs-history.html#.U4ei6F4ZffM |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first such organization was [[Bar-Giora (organization)|Bar-Giora]], founded in September 1907. It consisted of a small group of Jewish immigrants who guarded settlements for an annual fee. It was converted to Hashomer ({{lang-he|השומר}}; "The Watchman") in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization which never had more than 100 members.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|9-781789-544633}} p.96</ref> During [[World War I]], the forerunners of the Haganah/IDF were the [[Zion Mule Corps]] and the [[Jewish Legion]], both of which were part of the British Army. After the [[1920 Palestine riots|Arab riots]] against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuv's leadership saw the need to create a nationwide underground defense organization, and the Haganah was founded in June of the same year. The Haganah became a full-scale defense force after the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]] with an organized structure, consisting of three main units—the [[Hish (Haganah corps)|Field Corps]], [[Guard Corps (Haganah)|Guard Corps]], and the [[Palmach]] strike force. During World War II the successor to the Jewish Legion of World War I was the [[Jewish Brigade]], which was joined by many Haganah fighters. During the 1947–48 civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities in what was still Mandatory Palestine, a reorganized Haganah managed to defend or wrestle most of the territory it was ordered to hold or capture. At the beginning of the ensuing 1948–49 full-scale conventional war against regular Arab armies, the Haganah was reorganized to become the core of the new Israel Defense Forces.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
===1920 Palestine riots and 1921 Jaffa riots===
After the
In addition to guarding Jewish communities, the role of the Haganah was to warn the residents of and repel attacks by Following the [[1929 Palestine riots]], the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements, as well as thousands of members from the cities. It also acquired foreign arms and began to develop workshops to create [[
===1931 Irgun split===
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===1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 10 8e21a3d5fd8f5022e61517a641db6fa1.JPG|thumb|Haganah fighters guarding [[Migdal Tzedek]], 1936|alt=]]
During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], the Haganah worked to protect British interests and to quell
===Support from the Second Polish Republic===
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===1939 White Paper===
By 1939, the British had issued the [[White Paper of 1939|White Paper]], which severely restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine, deeply angering the Zionist leadership. [[David Ben-Gurion]], then chairman of the [[Jewish Agency]], set the policy for the Zionist relationship with the British: "We shall fight the war against Hitler as if there were no White Paper, and we shall fight the White Paper as if there were no war."<ref>{{
In reaction to the White Paper, the Haganah built up the [[Palmach]] as the Haganah's elite strike force and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. Approximately 100,000 Jews were brought to Palestine in over one hundred ships during the final decade of what became known as [[Aliyah Bet]]. The Haganah also organized demonstrations against British immigration quotas.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
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==== "The Saison" post-assassination of Lord Moyne ====
In 1944, after the assassination of [[Lord Moyne]] (the British Minister of State for the Middle East)
Many Jewish youth, who had joined the Haganah in order to defend the Jewish people, were greatly demoralized by operations against their own people.<ref name=Bell>Bell, Bowyer J.: ''Terror out of Zion''</ref> The Irgun, paralyzed by the Saison, were ordered by their commander, [[Menachem Begin]], not to retaliate in an effort to avoid a full blown civil war. Although many Irgunists objected to these orders, they obeyed Begin and refrained from fighting back. The Saison eventually ended due to perceived British betrayal of the Yishuv becoming more obvious to the public and increased opposition from Haganah members.<ref name=Bell/>
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=== Post–World War II ===
[[File:Haganah.jpg|thumb|Haganah members in training (1947)]]
[[File:Hagana Ship - Jewish State at Haifa Port (1947).jpg|thumb|Haganah ship ''Jewish State'' carrying illegal Jewish immigrants from Europe at the [[Port of Haifa|Haifa Port]] (1947)]]
The Saison officially ended when the Haganah, Irgun and the Lehi formed the [[Jewish Resistance Movement]], in 1945. Within this new framework, the three groups agreed to operate under a joint command. They had different functions, which served to drive the British out of Palestine and create a [[Jewish state]].
The Haganah was less active in the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|Jewish Rebellion]] than the other two groups, but the Palmach did carry out anti-British operations, including a raid on the [[Atlit detainee camp]] that released 208 illegal immigrants, the [[Night of the Trains]], the [[Night of the Bridges]], and attacks on [[Palestine Police Force|Palestine Police]] bases.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://info.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?levelId=42858&itemId=8697&itemType=0 |
In addition to its operations, the Haganah continued to secretly prepare for a war with the Arabs once the British left by building up its arms and munitions stocks. It maintained a secret arms industry, with the most significant facility being an underground bullet factory underneath Ayalon, a kibbutz that had been established specifically to cover it up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/remembrance-and-independence-2013/how-a-fake-kibbutz-was-built-to-hide-a-bullet-factory.premium-1.515584|title=How a Fake Kibbutz Was Built to Hide a Bullet Factory|first=Debra|last=Kamin|date=15 April 2013|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
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===Reorganization===
[[File:Ordre de bataille Palestine avril 48.gif|right|thumb|Theatre of Operation of each Haganah brigade.]]
After "having gotten the Jews of Palestine and of elsewhere to do everything that they could, personally and financially, to help [[Yishuv]]," Ben-Gurion's second greatest achievement was his having successfully transformed Haganah from being a clandestine paramilitary organization into a true army.<ref>[[#pappé|Ilan Pappé (2000)]], p.79</ref> Ben-Gurion appointed [[Israel Galili]] to the position of head of the High Command counsel of Haganah and divided Haganah into 6 [[infantry]] brigades, numbered 1 to 6, allotting a precise theatre of operation to each one. [[Yaakov Dori]] was named Chief of Staff, but it was [[Yigael Yadin]] who assumed the responsibility on the ground as chief of Operations. Palmach, commanded by [[Yigal Allon]], was divided into 3 elite brigades, numbered 10–12, and constituted the mobile force of Haganah.<ref>[[#karsh|Efraïm Karsh (2002)]], p. 31</ref> Ben-Gurion's attempts to retain personal control over the newly formed [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
On 19 November 1947, obligatory [[conscription]] was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25. By end of March 21,000 people had been conscripted.<ref>Joseph, pp. 23, 38. Gives the date of the call-up as 5 December.</ref><ref>[[#pappé|Ilan Pappé (2000)]], p. 80</ref> On 30 March the call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later a General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40.<ref>Levin, pp. 32, 117. Pay £P2 per month. c.f. would buy 2 lbs. of meat in Jerusalem, April 1948. p. 91.</ref>
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* The 1st or [[Golani Brigade]] – was deployed in the Lower Galilee
* The 2nd or [[188th Armored Brigade|Carmeli Brigade]] – was deployed in the north and took its name after its commander, [[Moshe Carmel]]
* The 3rd or [[Alexandroni Brigade]] – headquartered in [[Netanya]], it covered the area from [[Tel Aviv]] to [[Zichron Ya'akov]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDF - Israel Defense Forces : Memories of 1948 |url=http://www.idf.il/1283-19070-en/Dover.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160819152558/http://www.idf.il/1283-19070-en/Dover.aspx |archive-date=2016-08-19 |access-date=2015-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=אתר הבית של חטיבת אלכסנדרוני |url=http://www.alexandroni.org/site.php?page=main |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526212544/http://www.alexandroni.org/site.php?page=main |archive-date=2005-05-26 |website=www.alexandroni.org}} </ref>
* The 4th or [[Kiryati Brigade]] – formed in 1948 in the Tel Aviv area
* The 5th or [[Givati Brigade]] – formed in December 1947. During civil war the Givati Brigade was deployed in the central region, and during the conventional war in the south as the 5th Brigade
* The 6th or [[Etzioni Brigade|Etzioni or Jerusalem Brigade]] –
To the initial six brigades, three were added later during the war:
* The [[7th Armored Brigade (Israel)|7th Brigade]], in Hebrew "Hativat Sheva" – formed in 1948, manned mainly with [[Holocaust]] survivors and including a number of [[Mahal (Israel)|Machal]] troops. Almost annihilated at Latrun, then re-formed in the north. It had tanks and mounted infantry.
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===Pal-Heib Unit for Bedouins===
Some [[Bedouin]]s had longstanding ties with nearby [[Jews|Jewish]] communities. They helped defend these communities in the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. During the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], some Bedouins of [[Tuba-Zangariyye|Tuba]] formed an alliance with the Haganah defending Jewish communities in the [[Upper Galilee]] against [[First Syrian Republic
==See also==
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{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.irgon-haagana.co.il/ Official Haganah website]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Centenary%20of%20Zionism/Lexicon%20of%20Zionism#haganah ''Lexicon of Zionism: Haganah'' (Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs)]
* [http://www.zionism-israel.com/Haganah.htm ''The Haganah: History of the Israeli Underground Defense force'', by the ZIIC]
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[[Category:Mandatory Palestine in World War II]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew]]
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