Content deleted Content added
→1948 Arab-Israeli War: +wikilink plan Dalet |
Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
||
(17 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Zionist paramilitary organization (1920–1948)}}
{{Distinguish|Agana|Agunah}}
{{For|the hand-to-hand combat style known as the Haganah system|Krav Maga}}
{{pp
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Haganah
Line 35:
}}
<!-- {{hebrewterm|הגנה|haganah|defense}} -->
'''Haganah''' ({{lang-he|הַהֲגָנָה}} {{Transliteration|he|ha-Haganah}}, {{Literal translation|The Defense}}) was the main [[Zionist political violence|Zionist paramilitary organization]] that operated for the [[Yishuv]] in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]].<ref>Washington Robnett, George (1976). ''Zionist Rape of the Holy Land!: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State''. Crown City Publishing Company, p. 169.</ref> It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the region, and was formally disbanded in 1948, when it became the core force integrated into the [[Israel Defense Forces]] shortly after the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]].
Line 47 ⟶ 46:
The evolution of Jewish defense organizations in Palestine and later Israel went from small self-defense groups active during [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, to ever larger and more sophisticated ones during the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]], leading through the Haganah to the national army of Israel, the IDF. The evolution went step by step from [[Bar-Giora]], to [[Hashomer]], to Haganah, to IDF.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The Jewish paramilitary organizations in the [[Yishuv|New Yishuv]] (the Zionist enterprise in Palestine) started with the [[Second Aliyah]] (1904 to 1914).<ref>{{cite web |author=Speedy |url=http://thespeedymedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/idfs-history.html#.U4ei6F4ZffM |title=The Speedy Media: IDF's History |publisher=Thespeedymedia.blogspot.com |date=2011-09-12 |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327205050/http://thespeedymedia.blogspot.com/2011/09/idfs-history.html#.U4ei6F4ZffM |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first such organization was [[Bar-Giora (organization)|Bar-Giora]], founded in September 1907. It consisted of a small group of Jewish immigrants who guarded settlements for an annual fee. It was converted to Hashomer ({{lang-he|השומר}}; "The Watchman") in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization which never had more than 100 members.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|9-781789-544633}} p.96</ref> During [[World War I]], the forerunners of the Haganah/IDF were the [[Zion Mule Corps]] and the [[Jewish Legion]], both of which were part of the British Army. After the [[1920 Palestine riots|Arab riots]] against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuv's leadership saw the need to create a nationwide underground defense organization, and the Haganah was founded in June of the same year. The Haganah became a full-scale defense force after the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]] with an organized structure, consisting of three main units—the [[Hish (Haganah corps)|Field Corps]], [[Guard Corps (Haganah)|Guard Corps]], and the [[Palmach]] strike force. During World War II the successor to the Jewish Legion of World War I was the [[Jewish Brigade]], which was joined by many Haganah fighters. During the 1947–48 civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities in what was still Mandatory Palestine, a reorganized Haganah managed to defend or wrestle most of the territory it was ordered to hold or capture. At the beginning of the ensuing 1948–49 full-scale conventional war against regular Arab armies, the Haganah was reorganized to become the core of the new Israel Defense Forces.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
===1920 Palestine riots and 1921 Jaffa riots===
After the
In addition to guarding Jewish communities, the role of the Haganah was to warn the residents of and repel attacks by Following the [[1929 Palestine riots]], the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements, as well as thousands of members from the cities. It also acquired foreign arms and began to develop workshops to create [[
===1931 Irgun split===
Line 59 ⟶ 60:
===1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 10 8e21a3d5fd8f5022e61517a641db6fa1.JPG|thumb|Haganah fighters guarding [[Migdal Tzedek]], 1936|alt=]]
During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], the Haganah worked to protect British interests and to quell
===Support from the Second Polish Republic===
Line 65 ⟶ 66:
===1939 White Paper===
By 1939, the British had issued the [[White Paper of 1939|White Paper]], which severely restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine, deeply angering the Zionist leadership. [[David Ben-Gurion]], then chairman of the [[Jewish Agency]], set the policy for the Zionist relationship with the British: "We shall fight the war against Hitler as if there were no White Paper, and we shall fight the White Paper as if there were no war."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |title=The Israel-Palestine conflict: one hundred years of war |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge
In reaction to the White Paper, the Haganah built up the [[Palmach]] as the Haganah's elite strike force and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. Approximately 100,000 Jews were brought to Palestine in over one hundred ships during the final decade of what became known as [[Aliyah Bet]]. The Haganah also organized demonstrations against British immigration quotas.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
Line 80 ⟶ 81:
==== "The Saison" post-assassination of Lord Moyne ====
In 1944, after the assassination of [[Lord Moyne]] (the British Minister of State for the Middle East)
Many Jewish youth, who had joined the Haganah in order to defend the Jewish people, were greatly demoralized by operations against their own people.<ref name=Bell>Bell, Bowyer J.: ''Terror out of Zion''</ref> The Irgun, paralyzed by the Saison, were ordered by their commander, [[Menachem Begin]], not to retaliate in an effort to avoid a full blown civil war. Although many Irgunists objected to these orders, they obeyed Begin and refrained from fighting back. The Saison eventually ended due to perceived British betrayal of the Yishuv becoming more obvious to the public and increased opposition from Haganah members.<ref name=Bell/>
Line 89 ⟶ 90:
The Saison officially ended when the Haganah, Irgun and the Lehi formed the [[Jewish Resistance Movement]], in 1945. Within this new framework, the three groups agreed to operate under a joint command. They had different functions, which served to drive the British out of Palestine and create a [[Jewish state]].
The Haganah was less active in the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine|Jewish Rebellion]] than the other two groups, but the Palmach did carry out anti-British operations, including a raid on the [[Atlit detainee camp]] that released 208 illegal immigrants, the [[Night of the Trains]], the [[Night of the Bridges]], and attacks on [[Palestine Police Force|Palestine Police]] bases.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://info.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?levelId=42858&itemId=8697&itemType=0 |
In addition to its operations, the Haganah continued to secretly prepare for a war with the Arabs once the British left by building up its arms and munitions stocks. It maintained a secret arms industry, with the most significant facility being an underground bullet factory underneath Ayalon, a kibbutz that had been established specifically to cover it up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/remembrance-and-independence-2013/how-a-fake-kibbutz-was-built-to-hide-a-bullet-factory.premium-1.515584|title=How a Fake Kibbutz Was Built to Hide a Bullet Factory|first=Debra|last=Kamin|date=15 April 2013|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
Line 129 ⟶ 130:
[[File:Haganah fighters - 1947.jpg|thumb|Haganah fighters in 1947]]
[[File:Haganah command.jpg |thumb|Haganah High Command on the eve of the creation of the IDF, June 1948]]
After the British announced they would withdraw from Palestine, and the United Nations approved the partition of Palestine, the [[1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]] broke out. The Haganah played the leading role in the Yishuv's war with the Palestinian Arabs. Initially, it concentrated on defending Jewish areas from Arab raids, but after the danger of British intervention subsided as the British withdrew, the Haganah went on the offensive and seized more territory
On May 28, 1948, less than two weeks after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, the provisional government created the [[Israel Defense Forces]], merging the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, although the other two groups continued to operate independently in Jerusalem and abroad for some time after.<ref name=Bell /> The reorganization led to several conflicts between Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leadership, including what was known as [[The Generals' Revolt]] and the dismantling of the Palmach.
Line 138 ⟶ 139:
===Pal-Heib Unit for Bedouins===
Some [[Bedouin]]s had longstanding ties with nearby [[Jews|Jewish]] communities. They helped defend these communities in the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. During the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], some Bedouins of [[Tuba-Zangariyye|Tuba]] formed an alliance with the Haganah defending Jewish communities in the [[Upper Galilee]] against [[First Syrian Republic
==See also==
Line 172 ⟶ 173:
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.irgon-haagana.co.il/ Official Haganah website]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Centenary%20of%20Zionism/Lexicon%20of%20Zionism#haganah ''Lexicon of Zionism: Haganah'' (Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs)]
* [http://www.zionism-israel.com/Haganah.htm ''The Haganah: History of the Israeli Underground Defense force'', by the ZIIC]
Line 196:
[[Category:Mandatory Palestine in World War II]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew]]
|