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| conflict = 1974 Cypriot coup d'état
| width =
| partof = the [[Cyprus
| place = [[Cyprus]]
| date = 15 July 1974
| result = Coup successful
* President [[Makarios III]] flees and coup leaders take charge.
* However, later the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] forces coup leaders to step down. [[Cyprus Problem|Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus]] begins
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cypriot National Guard General Staff.svg}} [[Cypriot National Guard]] <small>(rebel factions)</small> <br>{{flagicon image|EOKA_flag.svg}} [[EOKA-B]]
*[[Progressive Front]]
'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1970-1975).svg}} [[Greek junta|Greece]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Cyprus|1960}} [[Government of Cyprus|Cypriot Government]]<br>
*[[Cypriot National Guard]] <small>(factions loyal to Makarios)</small>
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| commander1 = {{flagicon|Cyprus|1960}} [[Makarios III]]<br>
{{flagicon|Cyprus|1960}} [[Vassos Lyssarides]]<br>{{flagicon|Cyprus|1960}} Pantelakis Pantatzis
| casualties1 = 1617
| casualties2 = Unknown.
}}
{{Campaignbox Cyprus dispute}}
The '''1974 Cypriot coup d'état''' was a military [[coup d'état]] executed by the [[Cypriot National Guard]] and sponsored by the [[Greek junta|Greek military junta]]. On 15 July 1974 the coup plotters removed the sitting President of Cyprus, Archbishop [[Makarios III]], from office and installed pro-[[Enosis]] nationalist [[Nikos Sampson]].<ref name=Mallinson/><ref name="TIME">{{Cite magazine |title=CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=July 29, 1974 |magazine=[[TIME]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307152514/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Cook | first = Chris |author2= Diccon Bewes | title = What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History | publisher = Routledge | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGrcgcOiXoC | isbn = 978-1-85728-533-8| page = 65 }}</ref> The Sampson regime was described as a [[puppet state]], whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Papadakis|first1=Yiannis|title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus|journal=History and Anthropology|date=2003|volume=14|issue=3|pages=253–270|doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642|s2cid=143231403|quote="[...] culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Atkin|first1=Nicholas|last2=Biddiss|first2=Michael|last3=Tallett|first3=Frank|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789|isbn=9781444390728|page=184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC|date=2011-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5|date=1996|publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University|pages=204}}</ref> in the short term, the coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".<ref>''Strategic review, Volume 5'' (1977), United States Strategic Institute, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCfcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22 p. 48].</ref><ref>Allcock, John B. ''Border and territorial disputes'' (1992), Longman Group, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6pztAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22 p. 55].</ref> The coup was viewed as illegal by the [[United Nations]].
== Background ==
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| image2 =
| width2 = 180
| footer = [[Makarios III
}}
The coup was ordered by Dimitrios Ioannidis, the shadow leader of the Greek junta, and Greek officers led the Cypriot National Guard to capture the [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]] in Nicosia.<ref name=hoff>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC | pages = 34–5 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> The building was almost entirely burned down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Palace|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en|publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425035507/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en|archive-date=2015-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to [[Paphos]], where the British managed to retrieve him in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Akrotiri]] to [[Malta]] in a [[Royal Air Force]] transport plane, and from there to London the next morning.<ref name="TIME"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Constandinos|first1=Andreas|title=America, Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calculated Conspiracy Or Foreign Policy Failure?|date=2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467887076|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOHYjyShuGIC&q=makarios+whirlwind&pg=PA206|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book | last = Mallinson | first = William | title = Cyprus: A Modern History | publisher = I. B. Tauris | date = June 30, 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA80 | isbn = 978-1-85043-580-8| page = 80 }}</ref> On 19 July, he attended a [[United Nations Security Council]] meeting in New York and gave a speech, in which he stated that Cyprus had been invaded by Greece.<ref>[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/PV.1780(OR)&Lang=S UN] The Official Record of United Nations Security Council 1780th Meeting (19.07.1974)</ref>
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In response, [[Rauf Denktaş]], the leader of the Turkish Cypriots, stated that he believed that the events were among Greek Cypriots and called for Turkish Cypriots not to go out, as well as for [[UNFICYP]] to take extensive security measures for Turkish Cypriots.<ref>{{cite news|title=Türk Birliği Alarma Geçti|publisher=Milliyet|date=16 July 1974|page=7|language=tr}}</ref> The Cypriot National Guard made no attempts to enter the [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves]], but raided Greek and Turkish Cypriot homes alike in mixed villages to confiscate weapons. The Turkish government brought claims that ammunition was being carried to Cyprus by [[Olympic Air]] to the attention of UNFICYP.<ref name=milara/> Whether the Turkish Cypriots suffered as a direct result of the coup remains controversial, but Sampson was seen as an untrustworthy figure due to his pro-enosis policies and "brutal" role against Turkish Cypriots in 1963.<ref name=hoff/>
Following the coup, the newly established junta started a crackdown on Makarios supporters, resulting in a number of deaths and a "significant number", according to Frank Hoffmeister, being detained. The number of deaths from the coup remains a disputed issue,<ref name=hoff/> as the Republic of Cyprus lists the deaths due to the coup among the missing due to the Turkish invasion. According to Haralambos Athanasopulos, at least 500 Greek Cypriots have been placed on the list of 1617 Greek Cypriot missing people and their deaths blamed on the Turks and Turkish Cypriots.<ref name="McFarland">{{cite book|last1=Athanasopulos|first1=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law|date=2001|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786450039|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&q=1974+cypriot+coup&pg=PA15}}</ref> According to ''[[Milliyet]]'' on 19 July 1974, violent clashes had broken out in [[Paphos]], and even excluding Paphos, the death toll due to Greek Cypriot infighting was about 300 civilians and 30 Greek soldiers, whose bodies were brought to Athens.<ref name=milara>{{cite news|title=Kıbrıs'ta Türk Evlerinin Aranmasını Protesto Ettik|publisher=Milliyet|date=19 July 1974|page=7|language=tr}}</ref>
== Aftermath ==
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[[Category:Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Greek junta]]
[[Category:Makarios III]]
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