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{{
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Jacob Appelbaum
| image = Jacob Appelbaum-IMG 9320.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Picture of Jacob Appelbaum
| caption = Appelbaum in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|4|1}}
| citizenship =
| fields = [[Computer security]], [[Cryptography]]
| workplaces = [[University of Washington]],<ref name="tor">{{cite web |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/corepeople.html |title=Tor Project: Core People |publisher=Tor |access-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722020641/https://www.torproject.org/about/corepeople.html |archive-date=22 July 2012 }}</ref><br />[[Eindhoven University of Technology]],<ref name="phd_eindhoven">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/638735997396774912|title=Today is my first day as a PhD student with @hyperelliptic and @hashbreaker at @tue_mcs. #pqc|first=Jacob|last=Appelbaum|date=Sep 1, 2015|access-date=Sep 5, 2019|archive-date=December 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221194936/https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/638735997396774912|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Noisebridge]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/User:Ioerror |title=Noisebridge user page |publisher=Noisebridge |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227091257/https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/User:Ioerror |url-status=live }}</ref><br />[[WikiLeaks]]
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| awards = 2014 [[Henri Nannen Prize]]
}}
'''Jacob Appelbaum''' (born
Appelbaum studied at the [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] and was a core member of the [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor Project]], a [[free software]] network designed to provide online [[Anonymizer|anonymity]], until he stepped down from his position after multiple victims came forward with [[sexual abuse]] and rape allegations in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.torproject.org/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project/ | title=Jacob Appelbaum leaves the Tor Project | publisher=Tor Project | date=2 June 2016 | access-date=10 July 2022 | archive-date=10 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710180406/https://blog.torproject.org/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Farivar-2016-06-05">{{cite web | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/ | title=Tor developer Jacob Appelbaum quits after "sexual mistreatment" allegations | publisher=Conde Nast | website=[[Ars Technica]] | date=5 June 2016 | access-date=5 June 2016 | author=Farivar, Cyrus | archive-date=7 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607014123/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ioerror-denies-allegations">{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/739731362404536320 | title=Twitlonger - When you talk too much for Twitter | date=6 June 2016 | access-date=10 July 2022 | author=Abbelbaum, Jacob | archive-date=10 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710180359/https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/739731362404536320 | url-status=live }}</ref> He was among several people to work with [[NSA]] contractor [[Edward Snowden]]'s top secret documents released in 2013.<ref name="breakin"/> His journalistic work has been published in ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' and elsewhere. Appelbaum is also known for representing [[WikiLeaks]].<ref name="roll2010"/> He has displayed his art in a number of institutions across the world and has collaborated with artists such as [[Laura Poitras]], [[Trevor Paglen]], and [[Ai Weiwei]].<ref name="NYT Dissent" />
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Under the [[pseudonym]] "ioerror," Appelbaum was an active member of the [[Cult of the Dead Cow]] hacker collective from 2008<ref name="Farivar-2016-06-05"/> to 2016, when sexual abuse allegations led to him being the only person to ever be ejected from the group.<ref name=":2">{{cite press release|title=CULT OF THE DEAD COW Statement on Jacob Appelbaum / ioerror|date=6 June 2016|publisher=Cult of the Dead Cow|url=http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html|access-date=2016-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051509/http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2016/06/cult-of-the-dead-cow-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum-ioerror.html|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> He was the co-founder of the [[San Francisco]] [[hackerspace]] [[Noisebridge]] with [[Mitch Altman]]. He worked for [[Kink.com]]<ref name="Hartwell">{{cite news | first=Lane | last=Hartwell | title=So Who Wants to F**k a Robot? | url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2007/10/so-who-wants-to/ | newspaper=[[Wired.com]] | date=10 June 2007 | access-date=9 August 2013 | archive-date=31 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331081140/http://www.wired.com/2007/10/so-who-wants-to/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Greenpeace]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://weblog.greenpeace.org/intheforest/archives/001473.html |title=Geeks Love Trees, Too |date=22 June 2004 |access-date=26 January 2011 |last=Appelbaum |first=Jacob |newspaper=[[Greenpeace]] – Weblog |archive-date= 3 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803074600/http://weblog.greenpeace.org/intheforest/archives/001473.html }}</ref> and volunteered for the [[Ruckus Society]] and the [[Rainforest Action Network]].<ref name="roll2010"/>
Many of these organizations, as well as his employer [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]], ended their association with Appelbaum in June 2016 following allegations of sexual abuse.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Freedom of the Press Foundation ends association.">{{cite web | url=https://freedom.press/blog/2016/06/statement-jacob-appelbaum | title=Statement on Jacob Appelbaum | publisher=Freedom of the Press Foundation | access-date=8 June 2016 | author=Trevor, Timm | date=8 June 2016 | archive-date=8 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608220423/https://freedom.press/blog/2016/06/statement-jacob-appelbaum | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="'Sam' and 'Forest' Reveal Identities"/><ref name="blog.noisebridge.net">{{cite web|title=Noisebridge Statement on Jacob Appelbaum|url=http://blog.noisebridge.net/post/145728465358/noisebridge-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum|website=Noisebridge Blog|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614050852/http://blog.noisebridge.net/post/145728465358/noisebridge-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chaos Computer Club ban.">{{cite web | url=https://gizmodo.com/jacob-appelbaum-banned-from-prominent-hacker-conference-1782164249 | title=Jacob Appelbaum Banned From Prominent Hacker Conference Following Sexual Assault Allegations | website=Gizmodo | date=2016-06-17 | access-date=18 June 2016 | author=Turton, William | archive-date=2016-06-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617215554/http://gizmodo.com/jacob-appelbaum-banned-from-prominent-hacker-conference-1782164249 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Appelbaum Expelled from Debian">{{cite web|url=http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/73415-security-expert-appelbaum-no-longer-part-of-debian.html|title=Security expert Appelbaum no longer part of Debian|date=18 June 2016|publisher=ITWire|access-date=2 July 2016|archive-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623104201/http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/73415-security-expert-appelbaum-no-longer-part-of-debian.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After a seven-week investigation led by an outside investigator, Tor concluded that many of the allegations of misconduct were accurate.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-28 |title=Investigation confirms Jacob Appelbaum sexual misconduct at Tor Project |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-rape-investigation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329060025/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-rape-investigation/ |archive-date=2022-03-29 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Daily Dot |language=en-US}}</ref> Appelbaum has denied the allegations.<ref name="Guardian Appelbaum denial">{{cite web | last=Yadron | first=Danny | title=Digital privacy activist Jacob Appelbaum denies colleagues' assault allegations | website=the Guardian | date=6 June 2016 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/06/jacob-appelbaum-tor-denies-assault-allegations | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> Various activists and others publicly supported Appelbaum, voicing concerns about [[due process]], trial by [[social media]], and questioning the claims,<ref name="Die Presse und der Pranger">{{cite web|last1=Riegel|first1=Tobias|title=Die Presse und der Pranger|url=https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/1015075.die-presse-und-der-pranger.html|website=neues deutschland|access-date=17 June 2016|date=13 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=The press and the pillory|archive-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614120543/https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/1015075.die-presse-und-der-pranger.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="faz.net">{{cite news|last1=Alphonso|first1=Don|title=Aktivistinnen rufen zum Ende der Hetzjagd gegen Appelbaum auf|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/offener-brief-zu-vorwuerfen-ueber-jacob-appelbaum-14284019.html|newspaper=Faz.net|access-date=17 June 2016|date=13 June 2016|language=de|trans-title=Women activists call for an end to the witch-hunt against Jacob Appelbaum|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616130505/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/offener-brief-zu-vorwuerfen-ueber-jacob-appelbaum-14284019.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ourresponse.org">{{Cite web|url=https://ourresponse.org/|title=In solidarity with Jacob Applebaum and on the side of justice for all|date=Jun 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608171941/https://ourresponse.org/|access-date=Sep 5, 2019|archive-date=2017-06-08}}</ref> while others credit the incident with changing the [[information security]] community's [[MeToo movement|attitude towards sheltering known abusers]].<ref name="Bernstein"/> The affair has had repercussions in the online privacy advocacy world.<ref name="Sexual Misconduct Scandal Explodes">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/27/what-you-should-know-about-the-sexual-misconduct-scandal-that-shook-the-privacy-world/#comments | title=Jacob Appelbaum was an online privacy hero. Then a sex misconduct scandal exploded | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2016-07-28 | access-date=2016-07-30 | author=Peterson, Andrea | archive-date=2021-01-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130224215/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/27/what-you-should-know-about-the-sexual-misconduct-scandal-that-shook-the-privacy-world/#comments | url-status=live }}</ref> U.S. news media treated the allegations as credible,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and reactions in Germany were mixed.<ref name="Die Zeit Contradictions-English">{{cite news
| url=http://www.zeit.de/kultur/2016-08/jacob-appelbaum-rape-sexual-abuse-allegations/komplettansicht
| title=Jacob Appelbaum: What Has This Man Done?
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| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813160106/http://www.zeit.de/kultur/2016-08/jacob-appelbaum-rape-sexual-abuse-allegations/komplettansicht
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Boie |first=Johannes |title=Jacob Appelbaum weist Missbrauchsvorwürfe zurück |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/jacob-appelbaum-missbrauchsvorwuerfe-erschuettern-berliner-hacker-szene-1.3022341 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Süddeutsche.de |date=6 June 2016 |language=de |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318223035/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/jacob-appelbaum-missbrauchsvorwuerfe-erschuettern-berliner-hacker-szene-1.3022341 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Early life and education==
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Appelbaum is also a photographer who has contributed still photographs to film and game projects.<ref name="IMDB projects">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3335834/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 |title=Jacob Appelbaum |website=imdb.com |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013134953/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3335834/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> He exhibited his work in a solo show at NOME in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nomeproject.com/news/nome-presents-jacob-appelbaums-first-solo-show |access-date=6 June 2016 |title=NOME presents Jacob Appelbaum's first solo show |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625085031/http://nomeproject.com/news/nome-presents-jacob-appelbaums-first-solo-show |archive-date=25 June 2016 }}</ref>
Appelbaum appeared in [[Laura Poitras]]'s [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning film ''[[Citizenfour]]'' (2014),<ref name="IMDB Citizenfour">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4044364/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Citizenfour (2014) Full Cast & Crew |website=imdb.com |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013134952/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4044364/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |url-status=live }}</ref> which documents the public emergence of [[National Security Agency|NSA]] whistle-blower [[Edward Snowden]] and the political circumstances leading to his actions. Appelbaum stars in Poitras's portrait of [[WikiLeaks]] founder [[Julian Assange]], [[Risk (2016 film)|''Risk'']] (2016).<ref name="IMDB Risk">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4964772/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |title=Risk (2016) |website=imdb.com |access-date=31 July 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508074744/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4964772/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Appelbaum worked with Canadian film-maker [[Jamie Kastner]] for his documentary, "Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum." The film was screened for buyers in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benzine |first=Adam |date=2023-09-07 |title=Doc
He was an artist in residence for the art group [[monochrom]] at [[Museumsquartier]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monochrom.at/ |title=Monochrom |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=monochrom.at |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=April 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413002445/http://www.monochrom.at/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> According to her summary of the investigation, which was not released, "many people inside and outside the Tor Project have reported incidents of being humiliated, intimidated, bullied, and frightened" by Jacob Appelbaum, and that "several experienced unwanted sexually aggressive behavior from him."<ref name=":1" />
In July 2016, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' reported that allegations against Appelbaum had been known in Berlin hacker circles for years. A hacker from [[Berlin]] told the newspaper that "I can feel a huge sense of relief that the silence has at last been broke."<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2016 |title=Famed Berlin hacker linked to Wikileaks fends off rape claim |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20160606/berlin-hacker-linked-to-wikileaks-fends-off-rape-allegations |website=The Local |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318223035/https://www.thelocal.de/20160606/berlin-hacker-linked-to-wikileaks-fends-off-rape-allegations |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 August 2016, the German weekly ''[[Die Zeit]]'' published a lengthy investigation into the rape charges, including interviews with three people present at the scene of the alleged rape. None of these witnesses corroborated the claims made by the anonymous victim. The article also reports that a second falsely identified victim had demanded that her story be removed from the anonymous website.<ref name="Die Zeit Contradictions-English" /> A change in attitude in the information security community towards calling out known abusers and believing reports of sexual misconduct was partially credited to Appelbaum's precedent.<ref name="Bernstein" />
==Personal life==
Appelbaum is an [[Atheism|atheist]] of [[Jews|Jewish]] background and identifies himself as [[queer]].<ref name="roll2010"/> Politically, he is an [[Anarchism|anarchist]].<ref name="roll2010"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Jacob Appelbaum (Part 1/2) Digital Anti-Repression Workshop - April 26, 2012|website=[[YouTube]]|date=27 April 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HHoJ9pQ0cn8#at=3323|access-date=28 June 2013|quote=Like, for me, as an atheist, bisexual, Jew, I'm gonna go on, uh - oh and Emma Goldman is one of my great heroes and I really think that anarchism is a fantastic principle by which to fashion a utopian society even if we can't get there.|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017175258/https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HHoJ9pQ0cn8#at=3323|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2012, he moved to [[Berlin]]
==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist
==External links==
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[[Category:Jewish American atheists]]
[[Category:Jewish American journalists]]
[[Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Jewish anarchists]]
[[Category:LGBT Jews]]
[[Category:People associated with WikiLeaks]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Queer scientists]]
[[Category:Santa Rosa Junior College alumni]]
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