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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Culture of Poland}}
The '''mass media in Poland''' consist of several different types of communications media including [[Television in Poland|television]], [[radio]], [[Filmmaking|cinema]], [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s, and [[Internet in Poland|Internet]].
The media landscape is very pluralistic but highly polarized along political and ideological divides.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Annabella |date=June 2017 |title=Pluralism under attack: the assault on press freedom in Poland |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/assault-press-freedom-poland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213022413/https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/assault-press-freedom-poland |archive-date=2019-02-13 |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=FreedomHouse.org}}</ref>
==The media landscape==
According to the 2023 report by Warsaw-based media monitoring firm Instytut Monitorowania Mediów (IMM), the most quoted media outlet was [[RMF FM]] radio followed by [[Wirtualna Polska]] news portal, [[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]] daily, [[TVN24]] news station and [[Radio ZET|Radio Zet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2023 |title=Najbardziej opiniotwórcze media w Polsce (The most opinion-forming media in Poland) |url=https://www.imm.com.pl/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IMM_-raport_opiniotw%C3%B3rcze_media_-_luty_2023.pdf |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=imm.com.pl/}}</ref>[[File:POL Warsaw Prosta Street.jpg|thumb|The [[Warsaw]] building of the [[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]] daily|left]]The Internet penetration of Poland stands at around 92%. According to the Digital News Report by the [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism|Reuters Institute]], the top 5 most popular online news outlets in 2023 were: [[Onet.pl|Onet]], [[Wirtualna Polska]], [[TVN24|TVN24.pl]], [[Interia]] and [[RMF FM|RMF24.pl]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland |url=http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023/poland |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>
The government is working to increase broadband internet service. The major print, radio and television outlets have online editions. Online-only portals publishing a mix of news and entertainment content are among the country's most-visited websites .<ref name=":5" />
The reach of television is widespread. In 2016, the Poles on average watched television for over 4 hours and 20 minutes a day.<ref name=":5" /> The public television broadcaster is ''[[Telewizja Polska]]'' (TVP), which runs two main channels, one regional channel and several thematic channels. The TVP is an importante source of information for many Poles, in particular in small cities, though its popularity has been declining in recent years.<ref name=":5" /> In the private sector there are over 200 commercial TV broadcasters: the two leading one are [[Polsat]] and [[TVN (Poland)|TVN]].<ref name=":5" />
Radio is a popular medium in Poland. In addition to the public radio broadcaster, [[Polskie Radio]] (PR), there are over 200 licensed private radio outlets.<ref name=":5" />
== History and political landscape ==
{{Main|History of Polish journalism}}
[[File:Merkuriusz Polski - Dzieje wszystkiego świata w sobie zamykający dla informacji pospolitej 1661 nr 1 z 3 stycznia.jpg|thumb|[[Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny|Merkuriusz Polski]], 1661.]]
The oldest Polish newspaper was [[Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny|Merkuriusz Polski]], first published in 1661. A number of other dailies were established during the [[Polish republic|First Polish Republic]], including the [[Monitor (Polish newspaper)|Monitor]] and [[Gazeta Warszawska]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Monitor". Najważniejsze czasopismo polskiego oświecenia - Historia - polskieradio.pl |url=https://polskieradio.pl/39/156/artykul/2477390,monitor-najwazniejsze-czasopismo-polskiego-oswiecenia |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=polskieradio.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref>
[[Polskie Radio|Public radio service]] and the first [[Polish Telegraphic Agency|national news agency]] were both founded at the beginning of the 20th century. The first TV broadcaster, [[Telewizja Polska]], launched in 1952.
During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-imposed [[communist regime]] the Stalinist press doctrine dominated and controlled the media.<ref name="ter">{{cite journal |last=Sasinska-Klas |first=Teresa |year=1994 |title=The transition of mass media in Poland: The road to liberalization |url=http://www.cios.org/EJCPUBLIC/004/1/00411.HTML |url-status=dead |journal=Ejc/Rec |volume=4 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016172039/http://www.cios.org/EJCPUBLIC/004/1/00411.HTML |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> However the country instituted [[freedom of press]] since the fall of [[communism]].
The main features of the media system of modern Poland are the product of the country's socio-political and economic post-communist transition. These features include: the privatisation of the press sector; the transformation of the state radio and television into public broadcasting services; influx of foreign capital into the media market and European integration of audiovisual media policies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lara |first=Ania |date=2008 |title=Poland. Media landscapes |url=http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/poland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205010057/http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/poland |archive-date=5 December 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=European Journalism Centre}}</ref>[[File:Redakcja Gazety Wyborczej ul. Czerska 2014.JPG|thumb|[[Gazeta Wyborcza]] editorial office, 2014]]Since the 1990s, Poland has developed a pluralistic but highly polarized media environment.<ref name=":5" /> The media landscape comprises, in addition to the public radio and television broadcasters, a variety of private media outlets, encompassing a broad political spectrum, from socially liberal to ultraconservative.<ref name=":5" />
In the sector of print media, the newspaper with the largest circulation is ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'', founded in 1989. Its founding father was [[Adam Michnik]]- a Communist-era dissident. The daily had a critical stance towards the [[Law and Justice|Law and Justice Party]] (PiS) government. The second largest paper is ''[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]]'', which has conservative traditions.<ref name=":5" />[[File:Radio RMF FM 23.JPG|thumb|[[RMF FM]] studio and newsroom, [[Kraków]]|left]]
The two main business-oriented dailies are ''[[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna]]'' and ''[[Puls Biznesu]]'': they both have a narrow, professional readership and are typically not engaged in the country’ political conflict. The two leading tabloids are ''[[Fakt]]'', owned by the Swiss-German media conglomerate [[Axel Springer]], and [[Super Express (newspaper)|''Super Express'']], owned by ZPR Media. These tabloids have a remarkable impact on public opinion.<ref name=":5" />
In addition to national publications, there are several regional dailies: in this sector, the top competitors have sales comprised between 20,000 and 40,000 daily copies sold.<ref name=":5" />
In the recent years, sales of both national and regional dailies have been declining.<ref name=":5" />
Political polarization also characterizes the weekly newsmagazine market. On the liberal side there is ''[[Newsweek Polska]]'' (the Polish edition of the ''[[Newsweek]]''), followed by ''[[Polityka]]''. On the right side, there are newer titles''[[Sieci]]'', ''[[Do Rzeczy]]'' and the older ''[[Gazeta Polska]]''. The right-wing weeklies do not form an uniform bloc.<ref name=":5" />
==Legal framework==
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==Media polarisation==
[[File:TVN24 van satellite Mercedes.jpg|thumb|[[TVN24]] broadcasting van]]
The Polish media environment is highly polarized. Since 2015 elections, this polarization has become ever stronger. The cleavage concerns both PiS's controversial decisions and policies and diverging attitudes towards issues such as equal rights for [[LGBT]] people, refugees, the EU.<ref name=":5" />
Poland lacks the tradition of an editorially independent public service media: public and radio television broadcasters tend to favor those in power.<ref name=":5" />
Partisanship in the Polish media system goes hand in hand with bias among the journalists themselves. This bias is mirrored in the two major journalists's organizations that have different orientations: the [[Association of Polish Journalists]] (SDP), sympathetic toward the PiS government, and the [[Association of Journalists]] (TD), which is against the PiS's government.<ref name=":5" />
On 7 December 2020 state-owned petroleum refinery and distributor [[PKN Orlen]] acquired media and press company "Polska Press" controlling large number of regional media portals and several regional newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orlen.pl/PL/BiuroPrasowe/Strony/PKN-ORLEN-przejmuje-Polska-Press-.aspx|title=PKN Orlen przejmuje Polska Press |access-date=2021-01-06|archive-date=2021-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110141304/https://www.orlen.pl/PL/BiuroPrasowe/Strony/PKN-ORLEN-przejmuje-Polska-Press-.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/polskapress-m-a-pknorlen/poland-uses-state-owned-refiner-to-buy-regional-media-firm-idUKKBN28H277|title=Poland uses state-owned refiner to buy regional media firm|newspaper=Reuters|date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/poland-state-run-oil-company-buys-leading-media-group/a-55859592|title = Poland: State-run oil company buys leading media group |date=2020-12-08 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orlen.pl/EN/PressOffice/Pages/PKN-ORLEN-to-take-over-Polska-Press.aspx|title=PKN Orlen to take over Polska Press |access-date=2021-01-18|archive-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118052407/https://www.orlen.pl/EN/PressOffice/Pages/PKN-ORLEN-to-take-over-Polska-Press.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Together with previous acquisition of Polish newspaper distributor RUCH it creates a situation where regional media are owned and distributed by state-owned company raising concerns of media neutrality in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rpo.gov.pl/pl/content/rpo-o-zagrozeniach-wolnosci-prasy-po-kupnie-polska-press|title=Zakup Polska Press przez PKN Orlen. Rzecznik o zagrożeniach dla wolności słowa |website=Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich}}</ref> On April 8, 2021, a Polish court has suspended the purchase of Polska Press by PKN Orlen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tilles|first=Daniel|date=2021-04-12|title=Court suspends Polish state oil giant's media takeover|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/04/12/court-suspends-polish-state-oil-giants-media-takeover/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Notes From Poland|language=en-US}}</ref>
==Media ownership==
[[File:Polsat 3.jpg|thumb|[[Polsat]] television building in [[Warsaw]]]][[File:Alma Tower, 10 Pilotów street, Kraków, Poland.jpg|thumb|[[Onet.pl|Onet]] news portal headquarters in [[Kraków]]|left]]
Foreign companies hold a dominant position in the Polish media market. This fact entered into the political debate, in particular since the PiS government took office. To contrast this, [[Jarosław Kaczyński]], founder of the PiS and former Prime Minister, called for the media to be "repolonized" <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-05 |title='Repolonization': Poland again hints at limiting foreign media ownership |url=https://ipi.media/repolonization-poland-again-hints-at-limiting-foreign-media-ownership/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=International Press Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> PiS politicians argued that foreign-owned media outlets pursue deliberately unfavorable coverage of the PiS's government with the aim of undermining it.<ref name=":5" />
Polish print media and radio outlets are mainly private and diversified in terms of ownership, however foreign owners control around three-quarters<ref>{{
Foreign ownership is very strong also in the regional media which are largely owned by the German Polska Press.<ref name=":5" />
To counter foreign ownership in Polish media, in 2021, the PiS government submitted a bill that would ban non-European-Union citizens and companies from possessing a controlling stake in Polish media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/poland-parliament-votes-in-favor-of-controversial-media-bill/a-58828433|title=Poland: Parliament votes in favor of controversial media bill
==Media freedom and pluralism==
[[File:Interia main page.jpg|thumb|[[Interia]] news portal main page, 2024]]
In recent years, according to [[Reporters Without Borders]], in particular since the PiS went to power in 2015 and ended in 2023, media freedom in Poland has been significantly deteriorating.
[[Reporters Without Borders]] in its 2019 assessment of Poland stated that the public media "have been transformed into government propaganda mouthpieces."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/poland|title=Poland|website=Reporters Without Borders|date=2019}}</ref> Poland is rated "Partly Free" in Freedom House's 2017 "Freedom of the Press" report.<ref name=":0" /> It is ranked 62 out of 180 countries in the 2020 World Press Freedom index by Reporters Without Borders, down from 18th in 2015.<ref name=rsf2019>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2019|title=2019 World Press Freedom Index|website=Reporters with Borders}}</ref>
===
[[File:Minęła 20.JPG|left|thumb|[[TVP Info]] live broadcast]]
After winning parliamentary elections in October 2015, the PiS party replaced the management positions at the public television and radio broadcasters. This effort was not limited to public broadcasters since the party leadership tried to control also private media outlets for instance by advancing a proposal to restrict reporters’ access to the parliament.<ref name=":5" />
In December 2015 the so-called "small media law" prepared by PiS was sent to the Polish parliament. The proposal, which was conceived as a temporary measure before the adoption of a more comprehensive media law, provided for the termination of the mandates of the current members of the national television and radio broadcasters’ management and supervisory boards and their replacement through the direct appointment by the treasury minister. The law created great turmoil in public media: the directors of several public channels left their position in protest. Public protests occurred across Poland as well as abroad in the environment connected the community of Poles living abroad.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Sygnały Dnia PR1 (1).JPG|thumb|[[Polskie Radio Program I|Polish Radio Channel 1]] broadcast studio]]
The staffing changes were not limited to the managing positions. According to the Association of Journalists, 225 journalists left the public media during 2016, due to either layoffs or resignations.<ref name=":5" /> The new law and its effects were widely criticized also abroad: the [[European Federation of Journalists]], the [[European Broadcasting Union]], the [[Association of European Journalists]], [[Reporters Without Borders]], the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] and [[Index on Censorship]] denounced this decision. In January 2016, the [[European Commission]] discussed the "small media law" in the frame of its assessment of the situation in Poland under the [[Rule of Law Framework]].<ref name=":5" />
In December 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal declared parts of the "small media law" unconstitutional, calling for the need to constitutional rules on the KRRiT which should have played a decisive role in appointing its management and supervisory boards.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Grubson i Jarecki w Czwórce.jpg|left|thumb|A music concert organized at [[Polskie Radio Program IV|Polish Radio Channel 4]] in 2017]]
In the first months of 2016 the PiS's government worked on a "big media law", a more comprehensive reform of the media system. In April 2016, a draft Law on National Media was presented to the Parliament. The draft wanted to transform the public radio and television broadcasters into "national media", thus shifting away from the model of editorially independent public service. The bill obliged the public media to disseminate the views of the prime minister, the president, and the speakers of the parliament and stated that the public media should preserve national traditions, patriotic and Christian values and strengthen the national community. The [[Council of Europe]] criticized the draft, describing it a move towards a "State broadcasters".<ref>{{Cite journal|date=6 June 2016|title=Opinion of Council of Europe experts on the three draft acts regarding Polish public service media|url=https://rm.coe.int/168065e9eb|journal=Council of Europe}}</ref> The law was not adopted: the government decided to pursue a less ambitious approach and proposed the Parliament a "bridge law" to go into force at the expiration of the "small media law". The "bridge law" was approved in June 2016: the law stated that a newly established National Media Council have to be responsible for the appointment of the management and supervisory boards of the public media. The arrangement established by the law effectively guarantees the rule party a key role in appointing the members of the national Media Council.<ref name=":5" /> The law also does not forbid the new council's members from belonging to political party.<ref name=":5" />
== TV stations ==
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* [[TVP Historia]] (history)
* [[TVP Parlament]]
* [[TVP Dokument]]
* TVP Kobieta
* TVP Nauka
* Alfa TVP
* Jasna Góra TV
* TVP Historia 2
* TVP Kultura 2
* TVP ABC 2
* [[TVP World]]
* TVP Wilno
* [[Belsat]] (in Belarusian language)
Line 90 ⟶ 111:
* [[Polsat News]] (24/7 news channel)
* [[Polsat News 2]]
* Polsat News Polityka
* [[Polsat 2]] (for Poles abroad)
* Polsat Rodzina
* [[Super Polsat]]
* [[Polsat Sport]] (sport channel)
* [[Polsat Sport Extra]] (sport channel)
* [[Polsat Sport News]]
* Polsat Sport Fight
* Polsat Sport Premium 1
* Polsat Sport Premium 2
* Polsat Sport Premium PPV (3-6)
* Polsat Games
* [[Polsat Café]] (health and beauty)
* [[Polsat Play]] (for men)
* [[Polsat
* [[Polsat JimJam]] - for kids
* [[Polsat
* Disco Polo Music
* Polsat Music
* [[Viasat History|Polsat Viasat History]]
* [[Viasat Explore|Polsat Viasat Explore]]
* [[Viasat Nature|Polsat Viasat Nature]]
* [[Crime & Investigation|Polsat Crime+Investigation]]
* [[Polsat Film]]
* [[TV4 (Poland)|TV4]]
Line 117 ⟶ 152:
* [[HGTV#Poland|HGTV Home&Garden]]
* [[Travel Channel]]
*[[
*[[Eurosport 2]]
*[[Discovery Travel & Living Poland|TLC]]
*[[Discovery Channel Poland|Discovery Channel]]
*[[Discovery Science Poland|Discovery Science]]
*[[Discovery Historia]] (history and documentaries)
*[[Discovery Life (Polish TV channel)|Discovery Life]]
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<br>
[[Groupe Canal+|Groupe Canal+ Poland]] (owned by [[Canal+ Group]] (51%), [[TVN Group]] (32%), [[Liberty Global]] (17%))
* [[Ale Kino+]]
* [[Canal+ Premium]]
* [[Canal+
* [[Canal+ Sport (Polish TV channel)|Canal+ Sport]]
* [[Canal
* [[
* Canal+ Seriale
* [[Canal+ Family]]
* Canal+ Dokument
* Canal+ Sport 3
* Canal+ Sport 4
* [[Canal+ Now (Poland)|Canal+ Now]]
* [[Planète+|Planete+]]
* [[Canal+ Kuchnia]]
* [[Canal+ Domo]]
* [[MiniMini+]]
* [[Teletoon+]]
*
* [[Canal+ Sport 5]]
<br>
'''Minor players:'''
Line 152 ⟶ 193:
* [[Tele 5 (Poland)|Tele 5]]
* [[Polonia 1]]
* [[Water Planet]]
* [[Novela TV]]
'''4Fun Media'''
[[4fun.tv|4Fun.tv]]
4Fun Kids
4Fun Dance
'''Lux Veritatis Foundation'''
[[Telewizja Trwam|TV Trwam]]
'''TV Puls'''
* [[TV Puls]]
* [[Puls 2]]
*many local city and community cable stations
Many major world players are also present on the market, among them:
[[HBO]], [[HBO]]2, [[MTV Poland]], [[
=== Digital TV platforms (all private) ===
* [[
* [[
* TVN24 GO (owned by [[TVN Group]]) - first online news platform in Poland giving access to [[TVN24]] and [[TVN24 BiS]]. Platform included broadcast, 29 public programs on live broadcast channels, and TV programs and programs as well as films on demand.
Line 172 ⟶ 225:
=== Polskie Radio (public broadcaster) ===
* [[Polskie Radio Program I|Program 1 (Jedynka)]] - (news, current affairs, easy listening music, focused at listeners aged
* [[Polskie Radio Program II|Program 2 (Dwójka)]] - (classical music, drama, comedy, literature) - FM, DAB+ and the Internet
* [[Polskie Radio Program III|Program 3 (Trójka)]] - (rock, alternative, Middle of the Road, focused at listeners aged
* [[Polskie Radio
* [[Polskie Radio 24]] - (news/talk) - FM, DAB+ and the Internet
* [[Audytorium 17]] - (public regional radio network) - FM, DAB+ and the Internet
* [[Radio Poland]] - (external service in English, Polish, German, Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian) - 1386 AM, FM (in selected areas abroad), DAB+ (in Poland), satellite and the Internet
* [[Polskie Radio Chopin]] - (Polish classical music) - DAB+ and the Internet
* [[Polskie Radio Dzieciom]] - (kids/learning) - DAB+ and the Internet
* [[Polskie Radio Kierowców|Polskie Radio Kierowców (Polish Radio for Drivers)]] - (road news, automotive news and rock music) - DAB+ and the Internet
* 59 thematic radio channels on [[moje.polskieradio.pl]]
=== Polish Internet Media ===
# [[Onet.pl]]
# [[Wirtualna Polska|WP.pl]]
# [[Interia|Interia.pl]]
# [[Agora (company)|Gazeta.pl]]
# [[TVN24|TVN24.pl]]
# [[Polsat News]]
# [[Gazeta Wyborcza|Wyborcza.pl]]
# [[RMF FM|RMF24.pl]]
# [[Agora (company)|Tokfm.pl]]
# [[Radio ZET|Radiozet.pl]]
# [https://zycie.news/ Zycie.news]
=== Privately owned stations ===
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* [[RMF FM]] - hot adult contemporary radio (target demographic 18-44) (nationwide)
* [[RMF
* [[RMF Classic]] - classical and film music (cross-regional station in 19 cities)
* [[Radio Gra]] - two local stations in Toruń and Wrocław.
Line 205 ⟶ 272:
'''[[Grupa ZPR Media]] company:'''
* [[Radio Eska]] - contemporary hit radio (
* [[Eska Rock]] - mainly rock music (local station broadcasting in Warsaw)
* [[VOX FM]] - mostly disco & dance music (cross-regional station in 18 cities)
* [[Radio SuperNova]] - only Polish music (11 local stations)
* [[Radio Plus (polish radio station)|Radio Plus]] - upbeat oldies from the
'''[[Agora SA]] company:'''
* [[TOK FM]] - rolling news, talk, current affairs (cross-regional station in 19 cities)
* [[Radio Złote Przeboje]] - mainly oldies music (Target Demographic 30-49) (23 local stations)
* [[Radio Pogoda]] - retro music (7 local stations)
* [[Rock Radio]] - classic rock music (Target Demographic 18-39) (4 local stations)
'''
* [[MUZO.FM]] - rock, indie and news station (cross-regional station in 9 cities)
* [[Radio Maryja]] - catolic (nationwide)
* [[Radio Wnet]] - universal (cross-regional station in 8 cities)
'''Independent local radio stations, broadcasting on FM'''
* Akademickie Radio Centrum (Lublin)
* Akademickie Radio Centrum (Rzeszów)
*
*
* Akademickie Radio LUZ (Wrocław)
* Białoruskie Radio Racja
* Bon Ton Radio (Chełm)
* Diecezjalne Radio Nadzieja (Łomża)
* Emaus – Katolickie Radio Poznań
* Katolickie Radio Anioł Beskidów (Bielsko-Biała)
* Katolickie Radio Podlasie (Siedlce)
* Katolickie Radio Rodzina (Wrocław)
* Katolickie Radio Zamość (Zamość)
* KRDP – Katolickie Radio Diecezji Płockiej (Ciechanów)
* KRDP – Katolickie Radio Diecezji Płockiej (Płock)
* Muzyczne Radio (Jelenia Góra)
* Nasze Radio (Sieradz)
* Nasze Radio Nostalgicznie (Zduńska Wola)
* POPradio (Pruszków)
* Radio Kaszëbë
* Radio 5 Ełk
* Radio 5 Suwałki
* Radio 7 (Mława)
* Radio Afera (Poznań)
* Radio Akadera (Białystok)
* Radio Alex (Zakopane)
* Radio Bartoszyce
* Radio Bayer FM (Suwałki)
* Radio Bielsko
* Radio Bogoria (Grodzisk Mazowiecki)
* Radio CCM
* Radio Centrum (Kalisz)
* Radio Doxa (Opole)
* Radio Elka (Głogów)
* Radio Elka (Leszno)
* Radio eM Katowice
* Radio eM Kielce
* Radio Express FM (Tychy)
* Radio Fama Kielce
* Radio Fama Słupsk
* Radio Fama Tomaszów
* Radio Fama Wołomin
* Radio Fama Żyrardów
* Radio Fara (Przemyśl)
* Radio Fest (Chorzów)
* Radio Fiat (Częstochowa)
* Radio Głos (Pelplin)
* Radio Gniezno
* Radio Hit (Włocławek)
* Radio i (Białystok)
* Radio Jard (Białystok)
* Radio Jasna Góra (Częstochowa)
* Radio Kolor (Warszawa)
* Radio Kołobrzeg
* Radio Konin FM
* Radio Kujawy (Włocławek)
* Radio Leliwa (Tarnobrzeg)
* Radio LEM FM (Gorlice/Polkowice)
* Radio Malbork
* Radio Nakło
* Radio Niepokalanów (Łódź-Warszawa)
* Radio Norda (Wejherowo)
* Radio Nysa FM
* Radio Oko (Ostrołęka)
* Radio ONY FM (Nysa)
* Radio Ostrowiec
* Radio Parada (Łódź)
* Radio Park (Kędzierzyn-Koźle)
* Radio Piekary
* Radio Płock FM
* Radio Płońsk
* Radio Puławy 24
* Radio Q (Kutno)
* Radio Radom
* Radio Rekord FM (Radom)
* Radio Rekord Mazowsze (Ciechanów)
* Radio Silesia (Zabrze)
* Radio Sochaczew
* Radio Starogard (Starogard Gdański)
* Radio Strefa FM Piotrków
* Radio SUD FM (Kępno)
* Radio Sudety 24 (Strzegom)
* Radio Super FM (Szczecin)
* Radio Tczew
* Radio UWM FM (Olsztyn)
* Radio Vanessa (Racibórz)
* Radio VIA (Rzeszów)
* Radio Victoria (Łowicz)
* Radio Warszawa
* Radio Weekend (Chojnice)
* Radio Wielkopolska
* Radio Września FM
* Radio Ziemi Wieluńskiej (Wieluń)
* Radio Żnin FM
* RDN Małopolska (Tarnów)
* RDN Nowy Sącz
* Rekord – Radio Świętokrzyskie (Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski)
* RSC Radio Skierniewice
* Studenckie Radio Żak (Łódź)
* Trendy Radio (Krosno)
* Twoja Polska Stacja (Częstochowa)
* Twoje Radio (Stargard Szczeciński)
== Press (all private) ==
Line 232 ⟶ 400:
=== Daily papers ===
* [[Gazeta Wyborcza]] (left-wing
* [[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]] (
* [[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna]] (centrist)
* [[Polska (newspaper)|Polska]] (centrist; edited in cooperation with the [[United Kingdom|British]] daily ''[[The Times]]'')
* [[Gazeta Polska Codziennie]] (right-wing to far-right)
* [[Fakt]] (tabloid
* [[Super Express (newspaper)|Super Express]] (tabloid)
* [[Nasz Dziennik]] (catholic, right-wing to far-right)
=== Weekly magazines ===
Line 245 ⟶ 413:
* [[Newsweek Polska]] (Polish edition of [[Newsweek]], left-wing. German Swiss owned. Axel-Springer)
* [[Do Rzeczy|Do rzeczy]] (right-wing)
* [[Sieci]] (right-wing to far-right)
* [[Przekrój]] (left-wing)
* [[Przegląd]] (left-wing)
* [[NIE (weekly magazine)|NIE]] (left-wing, owned by Jerzy Urban, the Polish communist government's spokesman during 1981–1989)
* [[Gazeta Polska]] (right-wing to far-right)
* [[Najwyższy Czas!]] (far-right)
* [[Tygodnik Powszechny]] (Catholic socio-cultural weekly, centre-right)
* [[Niedziela]] (Catholic,
* [[Gość Niedzielny]] (Catholic, right-wing)
* [[Tygodnik Angora|Angora]] (centrist to centre-left Polish and world press review, owned by Agora SA Cox Communications Media Development Investment Fund)
* [[
==Internet==
* [[Top-level domain]]: [[.pl]]
* [[List of countries by number of Internet users|Internet users]]: 25.0 million users, 21st in the world; 65.0% of the population, 54th in the world (2012).<ref name=NIUCalc>Calculated using penetration rate and population data from [https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"], Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013</ref><ref name=ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet>[http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"], International
* [[List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions|Fixed broadband]]: 6.4 million subscriptions, 17th in the world; 16.6% of the population, 54th in the world (2012).<ref name=NIUCalc/><ref name="FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012">[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"], Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, [[International Telecommunication Union]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
* [[List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions|Wireless broadband]]: 18.9 million subscriptions, 16th in the world; 49.3% of the population, 33rd in the world (2012).<ref name="MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012">[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"], Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, [[International Telecommunication Union]]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
Line 272 ⟶ 439:
* [[CBOS]]
* [[Open access in Poland]] to scholarly communication
* [[2023 Polish public media crisis]]
==References ==
Line 277 ⟶ 445:
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|editor1=Euromedia Research Group |editor2=Mary Kelly|display-editors=etal|title= Media in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KRfXsBUBeAC|publisher=[[
|chapter= Poland
}}
|