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{{Expand Japanese|topic=geo|函館市|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hakodate
| official_name =
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|函館市}}}}
| settlement_type = [[Core cities of Japan|Core city]]
| image_skyline = Hakodate montage.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from the top: [[Goryokaku]], Hakodate Orthodox Church, Night View from [[Mount Hakodate]], Goryokaku Tower, Hachiman-Zaka and Hakodate Port
| image_flag = Flag of Hakodate, Hokkaido.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = Emblem of Hakodate, Hokkaido.svg
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| image_blank_emblem =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=9}}
| image_map1 = Hakodate in Hokkaido Prefecture Ja.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = <small>Location of Hakodate in [[Oshima Subprefecture|Oshima]], [[Hokkaido]]</small>
| pushpin_map = Japan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =  
| coordinates = {{coord|41|46|07|N|140|43|44|E|region:JP-01|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Japan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of Japan|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Hokkaido]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hokkaido]] ([[Oshima Subprefecture]])
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Jun Ōizumi <small>(since April 2023)</small>
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 677.86
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Where is Hakodate, Japan? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/as/jp/01/where-is-hakodate.html |website=worldatlas.com |access-date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021045626/https://www.worldatlas.com/as/jp/01/where-is-hakodate.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total = 241747239,813
| population_as_of = JulyJanuary 31, 20232024
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Japan Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +9
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| blank_name_sec1 = Phone  number
| blank_info_sec1 = 0138-21-3111
| blank1_name_sec1 = Address
| blank1_info_sec1 = 4-13 Shinonome-chō, Hakodate-shi, Hokkaidō <br/> 040-8666
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Humid continental climate|Dfa]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/}}
| footnotes =
| module = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
| tree = [[Taxus cuspidata|Japanese yew]]
| flower = [[Azalea]]
| bird = [[Varied tit]]
| flowering_tree =
| butterfly =
| fish = [[Squid]]
| other_symbols =
}}
}}
{{Nihongonihongo|'''Hakodate'''|函館市|Hakodate-shi}} (formerly written as Hakodadi) is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] and [[seaports of Japan|port]] located in [[Oshima Subprefecture]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]]. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of JulyJanuary 31, 20232024, the city had an estimated [[population]] of 241239,747813 with 143138,221807 [[household]]s, and a [[population density]] of 357354 persons per km² (920 persons per mi²). The total area is {{convert|677.86|km2}}. The city is the third biggest in Hokkaido after [[Sapporo]] and [[Asahikawa, Hokkaido|Asahikawa]].▼
 
== History ==▼
▲{{Nihongo|'''Hakodate'''|函館市|Hakodate-shi}} (formerly written as Hakodadi) is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] and [[seaports of Japan|port]] located in [[Oshima Subprefecture]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]]. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of July 31, 2023, the city had an estimated [[population]] of 241,747 with 143,221 [[household]]s, and a [[population density]] of 357 persons per km² (920 persons per mi²). The total area is {{convert|677.86|km2}}. The city is the third biggest in Hokkaido after [[Sapporo]] and [[Asahikawa, Hokkaido|Asahikawa]].
 
▲== History==
Hakodate was Japan's first city whose port was opened to foreign trade in 1854, as a result of [[Convention of Kanagawa]], and used to be the most important port in northern Japan. Also, the city had been the biggest city in Hokkaido before [[Great Fire of Hakodate]] in 1934.
 
=== Pre-Meiji restoration ===
Hakodate (like much of other parts of Hokkaido), was originally populated by the [[Ainu people|Ainu]]. They lived in the [[Oshima Peninsula]]. The name "Hakodate" may have originated from an Ainu word, "hak-casi" ("shallow fort"). Another possibility is that it means "box" or "building" in Japanese which refers to the castle built by the Kono (Kano) clan in the fifteenth century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=1-884964-04-4 |editor-last=Schellinger |editor-first=Paul |location=Chicago |pages=317–320 |editor-last2=Salkin |editor-first2=Robert}}</ref>
 
Hakodate was founded in 1454, when Kono Kaganokami Masamichi constructed a large manor house in the [[Ainu people|Ainu]] fishing village of Usukeshi, (the word for bay in Ainu).
 
After his death, Masamichi's son, Kono Suemichi, and family were driven out of Hakodate into nearby [[Kameda District, Hokkaido|Kameda]] during the Ainu rebellion in 1512 and little history was recorded for the area during the next 100 years. There was constant low-level conflict in the Oshima peninsula at the time with the Ainu, as armed merchants like the Kono family, established bases to control trade in the region. This conflict culminated in an uprising from 1669 to 1672, led by Ainu warrior [[Shakushain's Revolt|Shakushain]] after which the Ainu in the region were suppressed.<ref>[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft1g50046g&brand=ucpress Capitalism from Within: Economy, Society, and the State in a Japanese Fishery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511072332/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft1g50046g&brand=ucpress |date=2020-05-11 }}, David L. Howell, University of California Press 1995, retrieved 29 June 2007</ref>
 
Hakodate flourished during the [[Hoei|Hoei period]] (1704–11), and many new temples were founded in the area. The town's fortunes received a further boost in 1741 when the [[Matsumae clan]], which had been granted nearby areas on the [[Oshima Peninsula]] as a [[marches|march fief]], moved its Kameda magistracy to Masamichi's house in Hakodate.
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</gallery>
 
=== Meiji restoration ===
The port of Hakodate was surveyed by a fleet of five U.S. ships in 1854 under the conditions of the Convention of Kanagawa, as negotiated by Commodore [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]].
 
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</gallery>
 
British merchant, naturalist and spy, [[Thomas Blakiston]], took up residence in Hakodate in the summer of 1861 to establish a saw milling business. He stayed in Hakodate until 1884, during which time he documented the local natural environment, equipped the local meteorological station and ran guns to the [[Boshin War]] rebels.<ref>Japan in Yezo, Thomas Wright Blakiston, Yokohama: Japan Gazette, 1883. [http://www.ourheritage.net/index_page_stuff/Following_Trails/Blakiston/Blakiston_Japan1.html Online excerpts] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706030904/http://ourheritage.net/index_page_stuff/following_trails/Blakiston/Blakiston_Japan1.html |date=2007-07-06 }}, retrieved 12 July 2007.</ref>
 
As one of few points of Japanese contact with the outside world, Hakodate was soon host to several overseas consulates. The Russian consulate included a chapel from where [[Nicholas of Japan]] is credited with introducing [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] to Japan in 1861 (now the [[Japanese Orthodox Church]]). The Orthodox church is neighbored by several other historical missionary churches, including [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] and [[Catholic]].
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<blockquote>The streets are very wide and clean, but the houses are mean and low. The city looks as if it had just recovered from a conflagration. The houses are nothing but tinder… Stones, however, are its prominent feature. Looking down upon it from above you see miles of grey boulders, and realise that every roof in the windy capital is "hodden doun" by a weight of paving stones.</blockquote>
 
=== 20th century to present day ===
{{See also|Great Fire of Hakodate}}
Hakodate was awarded [[city]] status on August 1, 1922. On March 21, 1934, a serious fire had destroyed around two-thirds of all the buildings in Hakodate. This event also led to many residents leaving and subsequently depopulating the city.<ref name=":0" /> The city escaped most of the ravages of World War II. Areas around Hakodate-yama were fortified and access restricted to the public. Many prisoners of war were interned in Hakodate and historians record a total of 10 camps.<ref>[http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/hokkaido/hakodate_area_camps.html Hakodate POW Camp Group: Camp Histories 1942 TO 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611101634/http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/hokkaido/hakodate_area_camps.html |date=2007-06-11 }}, ''Center for Research Allied Pows under the Japanese'', loaded 29 June 2007.</ref> The city was subjected to two Allied bombing raids on 14 and 15 July 1945. Around 400 homes were destroyed on the western side of Hakodate-yama and an Aomori-Hakodate ferry was attacked with 400 passengers killed.
 
In 1976, a defecting [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] pilot named [[Viktor Belenko]] flew his plane into the civilian airport in Hakodate.
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</gallery>
 
== Geography ==
[[File:Evening view of Hakodate city from Mount Hakodate.jpg|thumb|Evening view from [[Mount Hakodate]]]]
 
[[Mount Hakodate]] was originally an island that was formed by volcanic eruptions millions of years ago.<ref name="hakodate-travel"/> During the course of history a sand bar formed between Mount Hakodate and the peninsula.<ref name="hakodate-travel"/> This landform, which is an example of a [[tombolo]], finished forming in circa 1000 BCE.<ref name="hakodate-travel"/> The tombolo connects the former Hakodate island with the main island [[Hokkaido]] to the north.<ref name="hakodate-travel"/> The main central area of Hakodate city is located on the sandbar.<ref name="hakodate-travel">{{cite web |title=Travel Hakodate, History |date=February 15, 2017 |website=Hakodate.travel |url=https://www.hakodate.travel/en/about/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024065234/https://www.hakodate.travel/en/about/history.html |archive-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref>
 
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The former [[Goryōkaku]] fort is now used in as a public park and is popular in Hokkaido for ''[[hanami]]'' (cherry blossom viewing). Since April 2006, the park has also featured the tall, white Goryōkaku Tower. Resembling an air traffic control tower, the structure offers a panoramic view of the park, including mainland Japan across the [[Tsugaru Strait]] on clear days.
 
=== Nearby cities and towns ===
* [[Hokuto, Hokkaido|Hokuto]] to the west
* [[Nanae, Hokkaido|Nanae]] to the north
* [[Shikabe, Hokkaido|Shikabe]] to the north east
 
=== Mountains ===
[[File:Hakodate from sky.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Hakodate with [[Mount Hakodate]] on the left side (2012)]]
* [[Mount E]] ({{cvt|618|m}}): Hokkaido's southernmost volcano
* [[Mount Hakodate]] ({{cvt|334|m}})
 
=== Rivers ===
* {{nihongo|Kameda River|亀田川|Kameda-gawa}}
* {{nihongo|Matsukura River|松倉川|Matsukura-gawa}}
* {{nihongo|Shiodomari River|汐泊川|Shiodomari-gawa}}
 
=== Cityscape ===
Hakodate has a cityscape that covers the center of the Kameda peninsula. A narrow land area separates Hakodate Bay to the west from [[Tsugaru Strait]] in the south-east side. It is best viewed from the top of [[Mount Hakodate]].
{{wide image|Panorama-Hakodate-City-10-July-2015.png|800px|Panoramic view of Hakodate (10 July 2015)}}
 
=== Demographics ===
The population of Hakodate increased by 402% from 28,825 to 144,749 between 1873 till 1920. Hakodate's population peaked in 1980 at 320,154, but has been gradually [[Aging of Japan|in decline]] due to aging since then.<ref name="e-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/GL02100104.do?tocd=00200521 |title=Statistics Bureau (Japan) |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2017-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013032914/https://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/GL02100104.do?tocd=00200521 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
{{Historical populations
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}}
 
=== Climate ===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Hakodate's climate is [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dfb'') of warm summer and winters with regular intense [[blizzard]]s. With an alternate definition, using the {{cvt|-3|°C}} isotherm, Hakodate falls in the rare [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') of the east coast of the continents due to the warm current of Tsushima. The warmest month has an average temperature of {{cvt|22|°C}}. And so the city is the limit of hot summer climates for a city on the immediate coast in [[Japan]] (''Cfa''/''Dfa''), although appearing in other interior regions of the province.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://portais.ufg.br/up/68/o/Classifica____o_Clim__tica_Koppen.pdf |title=Koppen Climate Classification |access-date=2018-10-08 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412021303/https://portais.ufg.br/up/68/o/Classifica____o_Clim__tica_Koppen.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakodate has snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Winters are cold for the latitude but milder than much of Hokkaido.
 
Hakodate features four distinct seasons. The city sees a substantial amount of snowfall during the course of the year, averaging roughly {{cvt|380|cm|in}} of snow annually. Spring typically begins with some snowfall, but sees a gradual warming trend as the season progress. Summers are generally warm but not hot, with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) hovering around {{cvt|26|°C}}. Fall initially is warm but becomes increasingly colder as the season progress. It is not uncommon to see snowfall in the latter parts of the fall season.
{{Weather box
|collapsed = Y
|location = Hakodate (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1872−present)▼
|single line = Y
|metric first = Yy
▲|location = Hakodate (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1872−present)
|Jan record high C = 12.5
|Feb record high C = 13.6
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| Dec uv =1
|source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php?prec_no=23&block_no=47430&year=&month=&day=&view= |script-title=ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]| access-date=May 19, 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/hakodate-climate|title = Hakodate, Japan – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher = Weather Atlas|access-date = 5 August 2022}}</ref>}}
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/hakodate-climate
|title = Hakodate, Japan – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast
|publisher = Weather Atlas
|access-date = 5 August 2022}}</ref>}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
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}}
 
== Economy ==
Prior to its dissolution, [[Air Hokkaido]] was headquartered in Hakodate.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20040611163619/http://www.adk.ana-g.com/kaisya.htm 会社案内]." ''[[Air Hokkaido]]''. June 11, 2004. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.</ref> In January 2006, the regional airline [[Airtransse]] was headquartered in Hakodate.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060106224259/http://www.airtransse.com/company.html 会社概要]." ''[[Airtransse]]''. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.</ref>
 
== Culture and landmarks ==
[[File:Hakodate-Shio-Ramen.png|thumb|Hakodate shio (salt) ramen]]
[[File:Hakodate Squid Manhole Cover.jpg|thumb|A Manhole cover]]
[[File:中空土偶.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hollow Dogū]], the only [[National Treasure (Japan)|National Treasure]] in Hokkaidō, is exhibited at the [[Hakodate Jōmon Culture Center]]]]
In Funami-cho there is the Koryu-ji temple. It's the oldest Buddhist temple (affiliated with the [[Sōtō|Soto]] school) in the region which was built in 1633. It was badly damaged during the [[Boshin War]] and moved to its current location in 1879. The existing main building was built in 1900.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hakodate.travel/en/sightseeing_spots/shrine-temple-church/koryu-ji-temple |title=Koryu-ji Temple |website=hakodate.travel |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031044051/https://www.hakodate.travel/en/sightseeing_spots/shrine-temple-church/koryu-ji-temple |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mij-only.com/buildings/en/koryuji.html?cv=Temples |title=Koryu-ji Shows the Boshin War in Silence |last=Youhei |first=Misaka |date=8 April 2018 |website=Made in Japan Only |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924231646/https://mij-only.com/buildings/en/koryuji.html?cv=Temples |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The city is well known for seafood and [[sushi]]. Hakodate shio (salt) [[ramen]] is also a famous specialty of the city. Shio ramen has a pale, clear, broth made with plenty of salt and any combination of chicken, pork bone, vegetables, fish, and [[seaweed]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/10/07/food/hokkaidos-hakodate-heaven-gourmands-stripes/#.XdcBUeyIa00 |title=Hokkaido's Hakodate is heaven for gourmands of all stripes |last=Young |first=Davey |date=7 October 2017 |website=The Japan Times |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114013819/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/10/07/food/hokkaidos-hakodate-heaven-gourmands-stripes/#.XdcBUeyIa00 |url-status=live }}</ref> On a similar note, Hakodate's city fish is the squid. Hakodate is famous for the restaurant Ikkatei Tabiji, which serves a dish called "dancing squid": - a recently deceased squid is served with soy sauce, the sodium of whichthe soy sauce causes a [[cadaveric spasm]] when it is poured over the squid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-12 |title=WATCH: How Is This Dead Squid Dancing? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dancing-squid-dead-cuttlefish-soy-sauce_n_2663377 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>
 
Every year (August) the city gets together for the Hakodate Port Festival. Many citizens gather in the streets to dance a wiggly dance known as the ''Ika-odori'' (Squid Dance), the name of which describes the dance appropriately. The glowing lights of squid-catching boats can be seen in the waters surrounding the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://taiken.co/single/the-squid-dance-of-hakodate/ |title=The Squid Dance of Hakodate |date=20 March 2015 |website=Taiken Japan |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929082237/https://taiken.co/single/the-squid-dance-of-hakodate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hokkaido-labo.com/en/hakodate-summer-festival-18511 |title=4 charming summer festivals in Hakodate and southern Hokkaido |date=6 July 2017 |newspaper=Hokkaido-Labo |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031092359/https://hokkaido-labo.com/en/hakodate-summer-festival-18511 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bell of Haristos Orthodox Church is one of the [[100 Soundscapes of Japan]].
 
The Hakodate Fish Market (otherwise known as the Asaichi or the Morning Market) is approximately 10-minute walk from the JR Hakodate Station. It is open daily and boasts hundreds of fish and sea food stands in addition to restaurants. Popular fares include sea urchin and calamari, the famous Japanese snow crab from the famous Hokkaido waters.
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* [[Shinoridate|Shinori-date]]
* [[Shiryōkaku]]
* [[:ja:天使の聖母トラピスチヌ修道院|VirginOur Lady of the AngelAngels Trappistine MonasteryAbbey]]
 
== Transportation ==
[[File:Hakodate Station Hokkaido Japan01s3.jpg|thumb|[[Hakodate Station]]]]
[[File:Hakodate-Airport-01.jpg|thumb|[[Hakodate Airport]]]]
[[File:Hakodate Transportation Bureau type 9600 tramcar.jpg|thumb|Hakodate tram]]
 
[[Hakodate Transportation Bureau]] operates [[tram]] ([[Light rail]]) lines.
 
The [[Hokkaido Shinkansen]] opened in March 2016. It currently runs to [[Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station]] through the [[Seikan Tunnel]] from [[Shin-Aomori Station]]. The new terminal is {{cvt|17|km}} away from Hakodate Station. There are plans to extend the Hokkaido Shinkansen north to [[Sapporo Station]] by 2030.
* [[Hokkaido Railway Company|JR Hokkaido]] station
** [[Hakodate Main Line]] : [[Hakodate Station]] - [[Goryōkaku Station]] - [[Kikyō Station]]
** [[South Hokkaido Railway Company]] : Goryōkaku Station
* [[Hakodate Airport]]
* [[Port of Hakodate]]
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=== Newspapers ===
 
* Hakodate Newspaper
 
=== Television Broadcastings ===
 
* NHK Hakodate Broadcasting Station
* HBC Hakodate Broadcasting Station
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=== Community Broadcasting ===
 
* FM Iruka
 
=== Cable TV ===
 
* NCV Hakodate Center
 
== Education ==
=== Universities ===▼
 
▲===Universities===
'''National'''
* [[Hokkaido University]], Hakodate Campus
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* [[:ja:専修学校ロシア極東大函館校|Russia Kyokutou University Hakodate school]]
 
=== Colleges ===
'''National'''
* [[Hakodate National College of Technology]]
 
=== High schools ===
==== Public ====▼
 
▲====Public====
* [[Hokkaido Hakodate Chubu High School]]
* Hokkaido Hakodate Nishi High School
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* Hakodate City High School
 
==== Private ====
* [[Hakodate La Salle Junior High School & Senior High School]]
* [[Hakodate Shirayuri Gakuen Junior High School & Senior High School]]
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* [[Yuto High School affiliated with Hakodate University]]
 
== Sister cities ==
* {{flagdeco|Canada}} [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada (since 1982)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/docs/2014013100518/ |title=Sister Cities and Friendship City of Hakodate |access-date=2015-11-15 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032639/http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/docs/2014013100518/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twin City Hakodate Japan |url=https://www.halifax.ca/about-halifax/municipal-archives/exhibits/halifax-hakodate-twinning |publisher=Halifax Municipal Archives |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Russia}} [[Vladivostok]], [[Primorsky Krai]], Russia (since 1992)
* {{flagdeco|Australia}} [[City of Lake Macquarie]], [[New South Wales]], Australia (since 1992)
* {{flagdeco|Russia}} [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]], [[Sakhalin Oblast]], Russia (since 1997)
* {{flagdeco|Singapore}} [[Singapore]], since 1992 (Treaty of Friendship)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mothership.sg/2017/12/merlion-in-japan/ |title=Merlion stands guard in Hakodate |last=T |first=G Z |date=15 December 2017 |website=mothership.sg |publisher=Mothership |access-date=11 January 2021 |quote="''Hakodate City has had a long-time friendship with Singapore, which began in 1992.''" |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200312/https://mothership.sg/2017/12/merlion-in-japan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Tianjin]], China (since 2001)
* {{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Goyang]], [[Gyeonggi-do]], South Korea (since 2011)
 
== Notable people ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2012}}
* [[Kazuo Ohno]], Butoh dancer
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* [[Gorô Naya]], voice actor
 
== References ==
<references/>
{{Reflist}}
 
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hakodate, Hokkaido}}
{{Wikivoyage|Hakodate}}
* [http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/ Official Website]
 
{{Hokkaido}}
{{Metropolitan cities of Japan}}
{{Most populous cities in Japan}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hakodate, Hokkaido}}
 
[[Category:Hakodate| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1450s]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakodate"