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| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *''[[Southern right whale|E. australis]]'' – [[Southern right whale|Southern]]<!-- Sentence case; please do not change to lowercase in this taxobox.--><br /><small>(Desmoulins, 1822)</small><ref name="iucn-australis"/>
*†''[[Eubalaena ianitrix|E. ianitrix]]'' <small>Bisconti, Lambert, and Bosselaers, 2017</small><ref>Bisconti M, Lambert O, Bosselaers M. (2017) Revision of
*''[[North Atlantic right whale|E. glacialis]]'' – [[North Atlantic right whale|North Atlantic]]<br /><small>(Müller, 1776)</small><ref name="iucn-glacialis">{{cite iucn |author=Cooke, J.G. |date=2020 |title=''Eubalaena glacialis'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41712A178589687 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41712A178589687.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
*''[[North Pacific right whale|E. japonica]]'' – [[North Pacific right whale|North Pacific]]<br /><small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1818)</small><ref name="iucn-japonica">{{cite iucn |author=Cooke, J.G. |author2=Clapham, P.J. |date=2018 |title=''Eubalaena japonica'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T41711A50380694 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T41711A50380694.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
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{{blockquote|Despite this highly plausible rationale, nobody actually knows how the right whale got its name. The earliest references to the right whale offer no indication why it was called that, and some who have studied the issue point out that the word "right" in this context might just as likely be intended "to connote 'true' or 'proper,' meaning typical of the group."|E.J. Dolin, ''Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America'', quoting a 1766 ''Connecticut Courant'' newspaper article.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America|first1=Eric Jay|last1=Dolin|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|year=2007|isbn=978-0-393-06057-7|page=22|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=KlVe8hYUpU4C|page=22}}|access-date=30 September 2012}}; (quoting {{cite news|title=Boston, August 21|newspaper=Connecticut Courant|date=1 September 1766}}); (also quoting {{cite book|first=John Randolph |last=Spears|title=The story of the New England whalers|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=kNQ1AAAAMAAJ |page=80}}|year=1908|publisher=The Macmillan Company|pages=80–81}})</ref>}}
For the [[scientific names]], the generic name ''Eubalaena'' means "good or true whales", and specific names include ''glacialis'' ("ice") for North Atlantic species, ''australis'' ("southern") for Southern Hemisphere species, and ''japonica'' ("Japanese") for North Pacific species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/eubalaena-glacialis |title=Eubalaena glacialis |publisher=[[ScienceDirect]] |date= |
==Taxonomy==
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| volume=4
| publisher = Society of Marine Mammalogy
| isbn=
}}
</ref>
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|title=Taxonomy of Australian Mammals
|publisher=Csiro Publishing
|isbn=
|page=315
|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RPznCQAAQBAJ|page=305}}
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}}</ref> The primary role of callosities has been considered to be protection against predators. Right whale declines might have also reduced barnacles.<ref name=ShimodaBarnacle>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/265049647_fig3_Fig-S3-Stranded-Pacific-right-whale-Eubalaena-japonica-at-Izu-peninsula-Shimoda|title=Fig. S3. Stranded Pacific right whale Eubalaena japonica at Izu...}}</ref>
An unusually large 40% of their body weight is [[blubber]], which is of relatively low density. Consequently, unlike many other species of whale, dead right whales tend to float.<ref name="morphology">{{cite journal|url=http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/2006jmorph.pdf |title=Morphological Specializations of Baleen Whales Associated With Hydrodynamic Performance and Ecological Niche |journal=Journal of Morphology |year=2006 |volume=267 |pages=1284–1294 |quote=The true buoyancy of a particular whale is dependent upon its body composition, particularly the relative quantities of muscle and blubber tissues. Balaenopterid whales have a higher proportion of muscle tissue and tend to be negatively buoyant while the opposite is true for right whales (Lockyer, 1976). |last1=Woodward |first1=Becky L. |last2=Winn |first2=Jeremy P. |last3=Fish |first3=Frank E. |doi=10.1002/jmor.10474 |pmid=17051544 |issue=11 |s2cid=14231425
The penis on a right whale can be up to {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} – the [[testes]], at up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length, {{convert|78|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, and weighing up to 525 kg (1157 lbs), are also by far the largest of any animal on Earth.<ref name="Feldhamer">{{cite book|last1=Feldhamer|first1=George A.|last2=Thompson|first2=Bruce C.|last3=Chapman|first3=Joseph A.|title=Wild mammals of North America
|edition=2nd|page=432}}</ref> The [[blue whale]] may be the largest animal on the planet, yet the testicles of the right whale are ten times the size of those of the blue whale. They also exceed predictions in terms of relative size, being six times larger than would be expected on the basis of body mass. Together, the testicles make up nearly 1% of the right whale's total body weight. This strongly suggests [[sperm competition]] is important in mating, which correlates to the fact that right whales are highly [[promiscuous]].<ref name=ADW>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eubalaena_glacialis.html|title=Eubalaena glacialis: North Atlantic right whale: Information|publisher=[[University of Michigan]] Museum of Zoology|work=Animal Diversity Web|year=2002|access-date=April 30, 2006|author=Crane, J.|author2=Scott, R.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brownell|first1=Robert L. Jr.|title=Potential for sperm competition in baleen whales|last2=Ralls|first2=K.|journal=Report of the International Whaling Commission|year=1986|volume=8|issue=8|pages=97–112}}</ref>
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===North Atlantic right whale===
Almost all of the 400 North Atlantic right whales live in the western North Atlantic Ocean. In northern spring, summer and autumn, they feed in areas off the Canadian and northeast U.S. coasts in a range stretching from [[New York (state)|New York]] to [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. Particularly popular feeding areas are the [[Bay of Fundy]] and [[Cape Cod Bay]]. In winter, they head south towards [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Florida]] to give birth.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moore, M.|date=November 3, 2004|title=Whither the North Atlantic Right Whale?: Scientists explore many facets of whales' lives to help species on the edge of extinction|publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|access-date=August 10, 2012|url=http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=2482}}</ref> There have been a smattering of sightings further east over the past few decades; several sightings were made close to [[Iceland]] in 2003. These are possibly the remains of a virtually extinct eastern Atlantic stock, but examination of old whalers' records suggests they are more likely to be strays.<ref name="Kenney2009"/> However, a few sightings have happened between Norway, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, the Canary Islands and Italy;<ref>{{cite journal|author=Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.|author2=E. Politi|author3= A. Bayed|author4=P.-C. Beaubrun|author5=A. Knowlton|name-list-style=amp|year=1998|title=A winter cetacean survey off Southern Morocco, with a special emphasis on suitable habitats for wintering right whales|journal=Reports of the International Whaling Commission|volume=48|pages=547–550}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Martin AR, Walker FJ |title=Sighting of a right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) with calf off S. W. Portugal|date=May 16, 1996|journal=Marine Mammal Science|volume=13|issue=1|pages=139–140|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00617.x|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119947961/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110813181804/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119947961/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
===North Pacific right whale===
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The last major population review of southern right whales by the International Whaling Commission was in 1998. Researchers used data about adult female populations from three surveys (one in each of Argentina, South Africa and Australia) and extrapolated to include unsurveyed areas and estimated counts of males and calves (using available male:female and adult:calf ratios), giving an estimated 1997 population of 7,500 animals. More recent data from 2007 indicate those survey areas have shown evidence of strong recovery, with a population approaching twice that of a decade earlier. However, other breeding populations are still very small, and data are insufficient to determine whether they, too, are recovering.<ref name="iucn-australis">{{cite iucn |author=Cooke, J.G. |author2=Zerbini, A.N. |date=2018 |title=''Eubalaena australis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T8153A50354147 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T8153A50354147.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
The southern right whale spends the summer months in the far Southern Ocean feeding, probably close to [[Antarctica]]. It migrates north in winter for breeding, and can be seen around the coasts of [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Mozambique]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and [[Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern right whales of Patagonia |publisher=Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society |access-date=August 7, 2012 |url=http://www.wdcs.org/submissions_bin/southern_right_whales_patagonia_argentina.pdf
==Life history==
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===Whale watching===
{{main|Whale watching}}
The southern right whale has made [[Hermanus]], South Africa, one of the world centers for whale watching. During the winter months (July–October), southern right whales come so close to the shoreline, visitors can watch whales from strategically placed hotels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whale Watching in Hermanus at the Windsor Hotel|publisher=Windsor Hotel website|access-date=August 10, 2012|url=http://www.windsorhotel.co.za/}}</ref> The town employs a "whale crier" ([[cf.]] [[town crier]]) to walk through the town announcing where whales have been seen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hermanus Whale Crier|publisher=SA Venues.com|access-date=August 7, 2012|url=http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionswc/hermanus-whale-crier.htm}}</ref> In Brazil, Imbituba in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] has been recognized as the National Right Whale Capital and holds annual Right Whale Week celebrations in September<ref>{{cite web|title=News From Brazil|publisher=Cetacean Society International|access-date=August 10, 2012|url=http://csiwhalesalive.org/newsletters/csi04209.html
==Conservation==
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The US and Brazil added new protections for right whales in the 2000s to address the two primary hazards. While environmental campaigners were, as reported in 2001, pleased about the plan's positive effects, they attempted to force the US government to do more.<ref>{{cite news|title=Right whales need extra protection|publisher=BBC News|date=November 28, 2001|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1681532.stm|access-date=May 2, 2006}}</ref> In particular, they advocated {{convert|12|kn|km/h}} speed limits for ships within {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} of US ports in times of high right whale presence. Citing concerns about excessive trade disruption, it did not institute greater protections. The [[Defenders of Wildlife]], the [[Humane Society of the United States]] and the [[Ocean Conservancy]] sued the NMFS in September 2005 for "failing to protect the critically endangered North Atlantic Right Whale, which the agency acknowledges is 'the rarest of all large whale species' and which federal agencies are required to protect by both the [[Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972|Marine Mammal Protection Act]] and the [[Endangered Species Act]]", demanding emergency protection measures.<ref>{{cite journal|author=The Southeast United States Right Whale Recovery Plan Implementation Team and the Northeast Implementation Team|title=NMFS and Coast Guard Inactions Bring Litigation|date=November 2005|journal=Right Whale News|volume=12|issue=4|url=http://www.narwc.org/pdf/rwn/rwnov05.pdf|access-date=May 2, 2006}}</ref>
The southern right whale, listed as "endangered" by CITES and "lower risk - conservation dependent" by the IUCN, is protected in the jurisdictional waters of all countries with known breeding populations (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa and Uruguay). In Brazil, a federal [[Environmental Protection Area (Brazil)|Environmental Protection Area]] encompassing some {{convert|1560|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline in Santa Catarina State was established in 2000 to protect the species' main breeding grounds in Brazil and promote whale watching.<ref>{{cite web|title=Área de Proteção Ambiental|url=http://www.baleiafranca.org.br/area/area.htm|publisher=Projeto Baleia Franca|access-date=4 September 2012|language=pt
On February 6, 2006, NOAA proposed its Strategy to Reduce Ship Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales.<ref>NOAA. [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/shipstrike/ Proposed Strategy to Reduce Ship Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales.]</ref> The proposal, opposed by some shipping interests, limited ship speeds during calving season. The proposal was made official when on December 8, 2008, NOAA issued a press release that included the following:<ref name=noaaregs/>
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* Scientists would assess the rule's effectiveness before the rule expires in 2013.
In 2020, NOAA published its assessment and found that since the speed rule was adopted, the total number of documented deaths from vessel strike decreased but serious and non-serious injuries have increased.<ref name=NOAA2022>{{cite report|date=June 2020|title= North Atlantic Right Whale (''Eubalaena glacialis'') Vessel Speed Rule Assessment |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |url=https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2021-01/FINAL_NARW_Vessel_Speed_Rule_Report_Jun_2020.pdf?null|
===Threats===
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The leading cause of death among the North Atlantic right whale, which migrates through some of the world's busiest shipping lanes while journeying off the east coast of the United States and Canada, is being struck by ships.<ref group="note">The [[Lloyd's mirror#Underwater acoustics|Lloyd's mirror]] effect results in low frequency propeller sounds not being discernible near the surface, where most accidents occur. Combined with spreading and acoustic shadowing effects, the result is that the animal is unable to hear an approaching vessel before it has been run over or entrapped by the hydrodynamic forces of the vessel's passage.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Vanderlaan|author2=Taggart|name-list-style=amp|title=Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed|publisher=Mar. Mam. Sci|year=2007|url=http://www.phys.ocean.dal.ca/~taggart/Publications/Vanderlaan_Taggart_MarMamSci-23_2007.pdf|access-date=May 10, 2008}}</ref> At least sixteen ship-strike deaths were reported between 1970 and 1999, and probably more remain unreported.<ref name="Kenney2009"/> According to NOAA, twenty-five of the seventy-one right whale deaths reported since 1970 resulted from ship strikes.<ref name=noaaregs>{{cite web|last=NOAA|title=Press Release on Effective Date of Speed Regulations|date=December 8, 2008|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/shipstrike/pressrelease_effective.pdf|access-date=December 21, 2008}}</ref>
A second major cause of morbidity and mortality in the North Atlantic right whale is entanglement in [[ocean plastic|plastic]] [[fishing net|fishing gear]]. Right whales ingest plankton with wide-open mouths, risking entanglement in any rope or net fixed in the water column. Rope wraps around their upper jaws, flippers and tails. Some are able to escape, but others remain tangled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whales Entangled In Fishing Lines: What Can Be Done?|publisher=Science Daily|access-date=August 7, 2012|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070426143431.htm}}</ref> Whales can be successfully disentangled, if observed and aided. In July 1997, the U.S. NOAA introduced the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan, which seeks to minimize whale entanglement in fishing gear and record large whale sightings in an attempt to estimate numbers and distribution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan|publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|year=1997|url=http://www.nero.noaa.gov/whaletrp/|access-date=May 2, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924080039/http://www.nero.noaa.gov/whaletrp/|archive-date=September 24, 2008
In 2012, the U.S. Navy proposed to create a new undersea naval training range immediately adjacent to northern right whale calving grounds in shallow waters off the Florida/Georgia border. Legal challenges by leading environmental groups including the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] were denied in federal court, allowing the Navy to proceed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courthousenews.com/2012/09/10/50119.htm|title=Whale Defenders Lose Navy Training Challenge|publisher=Courthouse News Service|date=September 12, 2012|author=Strachan, Deshayla|access-date=September 20, 2012
==Notes==
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{{Commons category|Eubalaena}}
{{Wikispecies|Eubalaena}}
<!-- North Atlantic only -->* [http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/whale/index.html Right Whale Lesson Plan from Smithsonian Education]
* [http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life-ecosystems/north-atlantic-right-whale North Atlantic Right Whale on the Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
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