Content deleted Content added
TNstingray (talk | contribs) |
Fireafy6789 (talk | contribs) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
(9 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
Line 4:
[[File:Mars symbol.svg|thumb|The symbol of the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] (god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet [[Mars]] and is the [[alchemical symbol]] for [[iron]].]]
'''Male''' ([[
In humans, the word ''male'' can also be used to refer to [[gender]], in the social sense of [[gender role]] or [[gender identity]].<ref name=palazzani/>{{Better source needed|reason=The source does not directly state this information, and only uses the terms in passing.|date=April 2023}} The use of "male" in regard to sex and gender has been subject to [[Sex–gender distinction|discussion]].
Line 18 ⟶ 17:
== Evolution ==
{{See also|Evolution of sexual reproduction|Sex#Evolution of sex}}
The [[Anisogamy#Evolution|evolution of anisogamy]] led to the evolution of male and female function.<ref name=Bachtrogetal>{{Cite journal|last1=Bachtrog|first1=Doris|last2=Mank|first2=Judith E.|last3=Peichel|first3=Catherine L.|last4=Kirkpatrick|first4=Mark|last5=Otto|first5=Sarah P.|last6=Ashman|first6=Tia-Lynn|last7=Hahn|first7=Matthew W.|last8=Kitano|first8=Jun|last9=Mayrose|first9=Itay|last10=Ming|first10=Ray|last11=Perrin|first11=Nicolas|date=2014-07-01|title=Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?|journal=PLOS Biology|language=en|volume=12|issue=7|pages=e1001899|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899|issn=1545-7885|pmc=4077654|pmid=24983465 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Before the evolution of anisogamy, [[mating type]]s in a species were [[Isogamy|isogamous]]: the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types.<ref name=Sawada/>{{rp|216}} In anisogamy, the mating type is called a gamete. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete, and usually mobile.<ref name="Kumar-20192">{{Cite encyclopedia|entry=Anisogamy|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior|publisher=Springer International Publishing|place=Cham |date=2019|pages=1–5|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1|isbn=978-3-319-47829-6 |vauthors=Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P|title=Anisogamy |veditors=Vonk J, Shackelford T}}</ref> Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in a few species.<ref name="Togashi-2011">{{Cite book |last1=Togashi |first1=Tatsuya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eOvRTIuLXMC&pg=PA1 |title=The Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection |last2=Cox |first2=Paul Alan |date=2011-04-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50082-1 |pages=1–15 |language=en}}</ref> Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example, female [[Volvocales]] (a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type.<ref name="Togashi-2011" /><ref name=Sawada>{{Cite book |last1=Sawada |first1=Hitoshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Adm6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 |title=Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants |last2=Inoue |first2=Naokazu |last3=Iwano |first3=Megumi |date=2014-02-07 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-4-431-54589-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|222}} Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when males evolved.<ref name="PB-2000">{{cite journal|last=Butterfield|first=Nicholas J.|date=2000|title=Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes|url=http://mr.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2|journal=[[Paleobiology (journal)|Paleobiology]]|volume=26|issue=3|page=386|doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2000Pbio...26..386B |s2cid=36648568 |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> One theory suggests male evolved from the dominant mating type (called mating type minus).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Togashi|first1=Tatsuya|last2=Bartelt|first2=John L.|last3=Yoshimura|first3=Jin|last4=Tainaka|first4=Kei-ichi|last5=Cox|first5=Paul Alan|date=2012-08-21|title=Evolutionary trajectories explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=109|issue=34|pages=13692–13697|doi=10.1073/pnas.1203495109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3427103|pmid=22869736|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913692T|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Symbol, etymology, and usage <span class="anchor" id="Symbol and usage"></span>==
Line 30 ⟶ 29:
=== Usage ===
In humans, the word ''male'' can be used in the context of [[gender]], such as for gender role or gender identity of a [[man]] or [[boy]].<ref name=palazzani>{{cite book |last1=Palazzani |first1=Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8bbP6D7U2UC&pg=PA5 |title=Gender in Philosophy and Law |last2=Bailes |first2=Victoria |last3=Fella |first3=Marina |publisher=Dordrecht : Springer |year=2012 |isbn=9789400749917 |series=SpringerBriefs in law |page=v |quote='gender' means human gender, male/female gender}} (eBook)</ref> For example, according to Merriam-Webster, "male" can refer to "having a gender identity that is the opposite of female".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of MALE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/male |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=
''Male'' can also refer to [[gender of connectors and fasteners|a shape of connectors]].<ref>{{cite book| author =J. Richard Johnson | title= How to Build Electronic Equipment | year =1962 | page=167 | quote=To minimize confusion, the connector portions with projecting prongs are referred to as the 'male' portion, and the sockets as the 'female' portion.| publisher = Rider | location = New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author =Richard Ferncase | title =Film and Video Lighting Terms and Concepts | year=2013 | page=96 | quote= female[:] Refers to a socket type connector, which must receive a male connector | isbn= 9780240801575 | publisher = Hoboken Taylor and Francis}}</ref>
== Males across species ==
Species that are divided into females and males are classified as [[Gonochorism|gonochoric]] in animals, as [[Dioecy|dioecious]] in [[seed plants]]<ref name=Fusco2019/> and as [[
Males can coexist with hermaphrodites, a [[sexual system]] called [[androdioecy]]. They can also coexist with females and hermaphrodites, a sexual system called [[trioecy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Janet L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems |date=2019-05-21 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-94139-4 |pages=1–3 |language=en}}</ref>
Line 48 ⟶ 47:
=== Genetic determination ===
Most [[mammal]]s, including [[human]]s, are genetically determined as such by the [[XY sex-determination system]] where males have XY (as opposed to XX
The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome, the [[SRY]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reference|first=Genetics Home|title=SRY gene|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SRY|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en}}</ref> The SRY activates [[Sox9]], which forms feedforward loops with [[FGF9]] and [[PGD2|PGD<sub>2</sub>]] in the [[gonad]]s, allowing the levels of these genes to stay high enough in order to cause male development;<ref name="Moniot">{{cite journal | last1=Moniot | first1=Brigitte | last2=Declosmenil | first2=Faustine | last3=Barrionuevo | first3=Francisco | last4=Scherer | first4=Gerd | last5=Aritake | first5=Kosuke | last6=Malki | first6=Safia | last7=Marzi | first7=Laetitia | last8=Cohen-Solal | first8=Ann | last9=Georg | first9=Ina | last10=Klattig | first10=Jürgen | last11=Englert | first11=Christoph | last12=Kim | first12=Yuna | last13=Capel | first13=Blanche | last14=Eguchi | first14=Naomi | last15=Urade | first15=Yoshihiro | last16=Boizet-Bonhoure | first16=Brigitte | last17=Poulat | first17=Francis | year=2009 | title=The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation| journal=Development| volume=136| issue=11| pages=1813–1821| pmid = 19429785 | doi=10.1242/dev.032631| pmc=4075598 }}</ref> for example, Fgf9 is responsible for development of the [[spermatic cord]]s and the multiplication of [[Sertoli cell]]s, both of which are crucial to male sexual development.<ref>{{Cite journal
Line 73 ⟶ 72:
}}</ref>
The [[ZW sex-determination system]], where males have
=== Environmental determination ===
Line 91 ⟶ 90:
== See also ==
* [[Male pregnancy]]
* [[Masculinity]]
* [[Gentleman]]
Line 113 ⟶ 108:
[[Category:Male| ]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Sex]]
[[Category:Men]]
[[Category:Boys]]
|