Content deleted Content added
GreenC bot (talk | contribs) Move 2 urls. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#catholicnewsagency.com |
|||
| (43 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Protestant Christian religious practise}}
{{redirect|Open table|the Restaurant Reservation System|OpenTable|the Christian LGBT+ network|Open Table Network}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{globalize|date=December 2010}}
{{Eucharist|expanded=Practices and customs}}
'''Open communion''' is the practice of some [[Protestant Church]]es of allowing members and non-members to receive the [[Eucharist]] (also called Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper).
Open communion is the opposite of [[closed communion]], where the sacrament is reserved for members of the particular church or others with which it is in a relationship of [[full communion]] or fellowship, or has otherwise recognized for that purpose. Closed communion may refer to either a particular denomination or an individual congregation serving Communion only to its own members.
== Affirmation ==
Generally, churches that offer open communion to other Christians do not require an explicit affirmation of Christianity from the communicant before distributing the elements; the act of receiving is an implicit affirmation.
Open communion is generally practiced in churches where the elements are passed through the congregation (also called
== Supporting belief ==
Those practising open communion generally believe that the invitation to receive communion is an invitation to Christ's table, and that it is not the province of human beings to interfere between an individual and Christ. Some traditions maintain that there are certain circumstances under which individuals should not present themselves for (and should voluntarily refrain from receiving) communion.
== Practitioners ==
Most [[Protestant]] churches practise open [[Protestantism#Christ's presence in the
Most churches in the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] practise their own form of open communion, offering the Eucharist to adults without receiving catechetical instruction, provided they are baptized and believe in the Real Presence.<ref name= ELCA>
The Churches of [[Church of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Church of Norway|Norway]] and [[Church of Sweden|Sweden]] are open communion churches.
Notable exceptions include the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]], the [[Catholic Church]], [[Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement|Reformed Seventh Day Adventists]], traditional [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches, and some [[Reformed churches|Reformed Protestant]] or [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] denominations (in which you must be a baptized member).
[[Churches of Christ]], though holding to a closed communion view, in practice do not prohibit visitors from taking communion, on the view that per 1 Corinthians 11:28 the visitor must "examine himself" and decide to partake or decline (i.e. it is not for the minister, elders/deacons, or members to decide who may or may not partake); thus, the practice is more akin to open communion.
Line 27 ⟶ 29:
[[Assemblies of God]], [[Baptist]] and other churches that practise [[congregational polity]], due to their autonomous nature, may (depending on the individual congregation) practise open or closed communion.
Other groups that practise open communion are the [[Moravian Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moravian.org/faith-a-congregations/rites-and-sacraments/the-sacrament-of-holy-communion.html |title=The Sacrament of Holy Communion |publisher=Moravian.org |access-date
Within the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], the [[Community of Christ]] practices open communion. The [[
Some [[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic Churches]], such as the [[American Catholic Church in the United States]],<ref name=ross>{{cite news|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/critical-mass/ |title=Critical Mass: An Austin church remakes Catholicism without the Pope, celibate priests, or most of the other rules |first=Robyn |last=Ross |access-date=4 May 2018 |newspaper=[[Texas Monthly]] |date=June 2017}}</ref> [[American National Catholic Church]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://americannationalcatholicchurch.org/faq/ |website=[[American National Catholic Church]] |access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> and [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church]]<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author) |last=Jarvis |first=Edward |title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB |publisher=Apocryphile Press |location=Berkeley CA |date=2018 |pages=69–70}}</ref> practice open communion, sometimes even allowing non-baptized and non-Christians receive commission.<ref name=ross/>
In the [[Anglican Communion]], as well as in many other traditional [[Christian denominations]], those who are not baptized may come forward in the communion line with their arms crossed over their chest, in order to receive a blessing from the priest, in lieu of Holy Communion.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Episcopal Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_s5hetFBYoC&
Within the [[Nontrinitarianism|Nontrinitarian groups]], the [[Church of God General Conference]] practices open communion, as well as many [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] and [[Universalist]] Christian churches such as [[Kings Chapel]] in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cggc.org/about/what-we-believe/about-the-lords-supper/ |title=About the Lord's Supper {{!}} CGGC |website=cggc.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207055141/http://www.cggc.org/about/what-we-believe/about-the-lords-supper/ |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref>▼
== Position of the Catholic Church ==▼
▲In the [[Anglican Communion]], as well as in many other traditional [[Christian denominations]], those who are not baptized may come forward in the communion line with their arms crossed over their chest, in order to receive a blessing from the priest, in lieu of Holy Communion.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Episcopal Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_s5hetFBYoC&pg=PA24&dq=Anglican+Cross+Arms+over+Chest+communion&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2Q7oT9L8KaPq2AXqzIyJDg&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=25 June 2012|date=1 September 2008|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc|quote=Pastoral blessings are often available for children or adults who are not communing. Simply cross your arms over your chest if you wish to receive a blessing.}}</ref> This practice is also used in the Roman Catholic church at funeral masses, where attendees frequently include non-Catholics.
The [[Catholic Church]] does not practise or recognise open communion.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 842 §1] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 675 §2]</ref> In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to baptized Catholics.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §1] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §1]</ref> Catholics can only receive Holy Communion if they are in a state of grace, this is without any mortal sin: "A person who is conscious of grave sin ([[mortal sin]]) is not to celebrate Mass or receive the body of the Lord without previous sacramental confession unless there is a grave reason and there is no opportunity to confess; in this case the person is to remember the obligation to make an act of perfect contrition which includes the resolution of confessing as soon as possible."<ref>Code of Canon Law, canon [
In lieu of Holy Communion, some parishes invite non-Catholics to come forward in the line, with their arms crossed over their chest, and receive a [[blessing]] from the priest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flader |first=John |title=Questions and Answers on the Catholic Faith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7kcK5YGvWkC&
▲Within the [[Nontrinitarianism|Nontrinitarian groups]], the [[Church of God General Conference]] practices open communion, as well as many [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] and [[Universalist]] Christian churches such as [[Kings Chapel]] in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref>http://www.cggc.org/about/what-we-believe/about-the-lords-supper/</ref>
Thus it permits [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christians]] who are not in [[full communion]] with the Catholic Church ([[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] and [[Assyrian Church of the East]]) to receive Communion from Catholic ministers, if they request it of their own accord and are properly disposed, and it applies the same rule also to some Western Churches that the [[Holy See]] judges to be in a situation similar to that of Eastern Christians with regard to the sacraments.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §3] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §3]</ref>
▲==Position of the Catholic Church==
▲The [[Catholic Church]] does not practise or recognise open communion.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 842 §1] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 675 §2]</ref> In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to baptized Catholics.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §1] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §1]</ref> Catholics can only receive Holy Communion if they are in a state of grace, this is without any mortal sin: "A person who is conscious of grave sin ([[mortal sin]]) is not to celebrate Mass or receive the body of the Lord without previous sacramental confession unless there is a grave reason and there is no opportunity to confess; in this case the person is to remember the obligation to make an act of perfect contrition which includes the resolution of confessing as soon as possible."<ref>Code of Canon Law, canon [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P39.HTM 916] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182123/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P39.HTM |date=June 28, 2011 }}</ref>
On 15 November 2015, while at [[Christuskirche, Rome|Christuskirche in Rome]] Pope Francis answered a Lutheran woman wishing to be able to participate in Holy Communion with her Catholic husband: "It is a question that each person must answer for themselves … there is one baptism, one faith, one Lord, so talk to the Lord and move forward".<ref name="Heneghan2016">{{cite web |last1=Heneghan |first1=Tom |title=Catholics and Lutherans to worship together at Reformation anniversary |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/catholics-and-lutherans-reuniting-reformation-anniversary |publisher=[[America (magazine)|America Magazine]] |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=en |date=14 January 2016|quote=When a Lutheran woman married to a Catholic asked Pope Francis about this during his visit to her church in Rome last November, he said he couldn’t decide the question but hinted strongly that he supported it. “It is a question that each person must answer for themselves … there is one baptism, one faith, one Lord, so talk to the Lord and move forward,” he told the congregation, which broke out in applause.}}</ref><ref name="Magister2016">{{cite web |last1=Magister |first1=Sandro |title=Communion For All, Even For Protestants |url=https://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1351332bdc4.html?eng=y |publisher=[[GEDI Gruppo Editoriale]] |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=1 July 2016|quote=Pope Francis is now also encouraging Protestants and Catholics to receive communion together at their respective Masses. He is doing so, as always, in a discursive, allusive way, not definitional, leaving the ultimate decision to the individual conscience. Still emblematic is the answer he gave on November 15, 2015, on a visit to the Christuskirche, the church of the Lutherans in Rome (see photo), to a Protestant who asked him if she could receive communion together with her Catholic husband. The answer from Francis was a stupefying pinwheel of yes, no, I don’t know, you figure it out. ... Of course, however, by speaking in such a “liquid” form Pope Francis has brought everything into question again, concerning intercommunion between Catholics and Protestants. He has made any position thinkable, and therefore practicable. In fact, in the Lutheran camp the pope’s words were immediately taken as a go-ahead for intercommunion. But now in the Catholic camp as well an analogous position statement has come, which presents itself above all as the authentic interpretation of the words Francis said at the Lutheran church of Rome. Acting as the pope’s authorized interpreter is the Jesuit Giancarlo Pani, in the latest issue of “La Civiltà Cattolica,” the magazine directed by Fr. Antonio Spadaro that has now become the official voice of Casa Santa Marta, meaning of Jorge Mario Bergoglio himself, who reviews and adjusts the articles that most interest him before their publication. Taking his cue from a recent joint declaration of the Catholic episcopal conference of the United States and of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Fr. Pani dedicates the entire second part of his article to the exegesis of the words of Francis at the Christuskirche in Rome, carefully selected from among those most useful for the purpose. And he draws the conclusion from them that they marked “a change” and “a progress in pastoral practice,” analogous to the one produced by “Amoris Laetitia” for the divorced and remarried. They are only “small steps forward,” Pani writes in the final paragraph. But the direction is set.}}</ref><ref name="Montagna2015">{{cite web |last1=Montagna |first1=Diane |title=Pope Francis Stirs Communion Controversy at Lutheran Gathering in Rome |url=https://aleteia.org/2015/11/16/pope-francis-stirs-communion-controversy-at-lutheran-gathering-in-rome/ |publisher=[[Aleteia]] |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=en |date=16 November 2015 |quote=On Sunday, speaking to Evangelical Lutherans in Rome, the pope responded to a question posed to him by a non-Italian Lutheran woman married to an Italian Catholic man. The Holy Father’s response suggests that while he was unprepared to pronounce with clarity on the issue, he considered the topic one that theologians such as Cardinal Walter Kasper, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (who was in attendance) might openly discuss.}}</ref> In the following year at [[Lund Cathedral]], in a joint Lutheran-Catholic service commemorating the Reformation, Pope Francis and [[Munib Younan|Bishop Munib Younan]] (the head of the [[Lutheran World Federation]]) "jointly pledged to remove the obstacles to full unity between their Churches, leading eventually to shared Eucharist."<ref name="Ivereigh2016">{{cite web |last1=Ivereigh |first1=Austen |title=Catholic and Lutheran Churches pledge to work for shared Eucharist |url=https://cruxnow.com/papal-visit/2016/10/31/catholic-lutheran-churches-pledge-work-shared-eucharist/ |publisher=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux Now]] |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=English |date=31 October 2016|archivedate=30 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630020035/https://cruxnow.com/papal-visit/2016/10/31/catholic-lutheran-churches-pledge-work-shared-eucharist/}}</ref>
▲In lieu of Holy Communion, some parishes invite non-Catholics to come forward in the line, with their arms crossed over their chest, and receive a [[blessing]] from the priest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flader|first=John |title=Questions and Answers on the Catholic Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7kcK5YGvWkC&pg=PA133&dq=cross+arms+over+chest+communion&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xQXoT8WyNK6I2gW44dTZCQ&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=cross%20arms%20over%20chest%20communion&f=false|accessdate=25 June 2012|date=16 June 2010|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mass & Communion Etiquette|url=http://www.holyfamilylawton.org/HFCC39.html|accessdate=25 June 2012|date=6 January 2012|publisher=Holy Family Catholic Church}}</ref> However, [[Canon 844]] of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] of the [[Latin Church]] and the parallel canon 671 of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]] also recognizes that in certain circumstances, by way of exception, and under certain conditions, access to these sacraments may be permitted, or even commended, for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities.
For other baptized Christians (such as [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]], [[Methodism|Methodists]] and other [[Protestantism|Protestants]]) under the jurisdiction of other episcopal conferences, the conditions are more severe. Only in danger of death or if, in the judgment of the local bishop, there is a grave and pressing need, may members of these Churches who cannot approach a minister of their own Church be invited to receive the Eucharist, if they spontaneously ask for it, demonstrate that they have the [[Catholicity|catholic]]<!-- not a typo: the source renders "catholic" in lowercase." --> faith in the Eucharist, and are properly disposed.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §4] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §4]</ref>
Catholic priests have sometimes not observed these rules, giving Holy Communion to non-Catholics sometimes unknowingly.<ref>
The Catholic Church does not allow its own faithful to receive Communion from non-catholic ministers
== Position of the Lutheran Church ==
The [[Lutheran Church]] has a variety of practices, depending on denominational polity.
Other parts of the Lutheran Church, including the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] (ELCA), The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada]], and many members of the [[Lutheran World Federation]], practice open communion and welcome all Baptized Christians
The [[Evangelical Church in Germany]], which is a federation of Lutheran and Reformed churches, has an open communion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Übertritt in die Evangelische Kirche |trans-title=Going over to the Evangelical Church |
== See also ==
* [[Excommunication]]
*[[Feeneyism]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
| |||