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{{Short description|Literature produced by Indigenous Australians}}
{{use Australian English|date=January 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[File:David Unaipon.jpg|thumb|140px|right|[[David Unaipon]] (1872-1967), the first Aboriginal author
'''Indigenous Australian literature''' is the fiction, plays, poems, essays and other works authored by [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] and [[Torres Strait Islander]] people of Australia.
While a letter written by [[Bennelong]] to Governor [[Arthur Phillip]] in 1796 is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person, [[David Unaipon]] was the first Aboriginal author to be published, in 1924–5. Since then, the number of published and recognised Indigenous authors has grown enormously; {{as of|lc=yes |2020}},
==History==
A letter to Governor [[Arthur Phillip]] written by [[Bennelong]] in 1796 is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person.<ref>{{cite web| title = Treasure Trove: Bennelong's letter | last = Maher | first = Louise | work = 666 ABC Canberra | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url = http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/08/08/3821136.htm | date = 8 August 2013 | access-date = 6 January 2020}}</ref>
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While his father, [[James Unaipon]] (c.1835-1907), contributed to accounts of [[Ngarrindjeri]] mythology written by the missionary [[George Taplin]] in [[South Australia]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Jenkin|first=Graham|title=Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri|year=1979|publisher=Rigby|location=Adelaide}}</ref> [[David Unaipon]] (1872–1967) provided the first accounts of [[Aboriginal mythology]] written by an Aboriginal person, ''Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines'' (1924–5), and was the first Aboriginal author to be published.
The [[Yirrkala bark petitions]] of 1963 are the first traditional Aboriginal document recognised by the [[Australian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=104|title=
[[Oodgeroo Noonuccal]] (1920–1993) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: ''We Are Going'' (1964).<ref>{{in lang|en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/poetry/index.htm |title=Modern Australian poetry |publisher=Ministère de la culture |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410090353/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/poetry/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
There was a flourishing of Aboriginal literature from the 1970s through to the 1990s, coinciding with a period of political advocacy and focus on [[Indigenous Australian land rights]].<ref name=waves2021/> [[Sally Morgan (artist)|Sally Morgan]]'s 1987 memoir ''[[My Place (book)|My Place]]'' brought Indigenous stories to wider notice.<ref>{{cite book|title= Eye to Eye: Women Practising Development Across Cultures|page=210}}</ref> In the same year, [[Magabala Books]], an Indigenous-owned enterprise, published its first book. In 1988, the [[David Unaipon Award]] was established by the [[University of Queensland Press]], to reward and encourage new Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers.<ref name=waves2021>{{cite web | last=Story | first=Hannah | title=First Nations women and non-binary writers are making waves in Australian poetry | website=ABC News |publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=26 May 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-27/first-nations-poetry-flourishing-evelyn-araluen/100160654 | access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref>
However a conservative backlash occurred under [[Howard government|John Howard's government]] (1996 to 2007), causing a period of decline for Aboriginal publishing that was to last until the mid to late 2010s.<ref name=waves2021/>
==Contemporary literature==
[[File:Noel Pearson 8Feb10.jpg|thumb|right|140px|[[Noel Pearson]]
[[Wiradjuri]] writer and academic [[Anita Heiss]] has edited a collection of Aboriginal literature that spans from 1796 until 2008,<ref>[https://www.allenandunwin.com/browse/books/general-books/literature-literary-studies/Macquarie-PEN-Anthology-of-Aboriginal-Literature-Anita-Heiss-and-Peter-Minter-9781741754384 Macquarie PEN Anthology of Aboriginal Literature]</ref> as well as a guide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers.<ref>[https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/dhuuluu-yala-talk-straight/paperback Dhuuluu-Yala: To Talk Straight]</ref>
Leading Aboriginal activists [[Marcia Langton]] (''[[First Australians]]'' documentary TV series, 2008) and [[Noel Pearson]] (''Up from the Mission'', 2009) are contemporary contributors to Australian non-fiction. Other voices of [[Indigenous Australians]] include the [[playwright]] [[Jack Davis (playwright)|Jack Davis]] and [[Kevin Gilbert (author)|Kevin Gilbert]].
The [[First Nations Australia Writers Network]] was founded in 2013 with [[Kerry Reed-Gilbert]] as inaugural chair, to support and advocate for Indigenous writers. During the early 21st century, Heiss,
Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include [[Kim Scott]], [[Alexis Wright]], [[Kate Howarth (writer)|Kate Howarth]], [[Tara June Winch]], [[Yvette Holt]] and [[Anita Heiss]]. Indigenous authors who have won Australia's [[Miles Franklin Award]] include [[Kim Scott]], who was joint winner (with [[Thea Astley]]) in 2000 for ''[[Benang]]'' and again in 2011 for ''[[That Deadman Dance]].'' [[Alexis Wright]] won the award in 2007 for her novel ''[[Carpentaria]].'' [[Melissa Lucashenko]] won the Miles Franklin Award in 2019 for her novel ''[[Too Much Lip]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perpetual.com.au/insights/2019-miles-franklin-literary-award-winner| title=2019 Miles Franklin Literary Award shortlist unveiled {{!}} Perpetual|website=www.perpetual.com.au|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women writers have also been well represented in the [[Stella Prize]] for writing by Australian women: the 2018 prize was awarded to [[Alexis Wright]] for her collective memoir, ''Tracker'';<ref>[https://giramondopublishing.com/product/tracker/ Tracker]</ref> and the shortlist has included [[Melissa Lucashenko]]’s ''Too Much Lip'' in 2019; [[Claire G. Coleman]]’s ''[[Terra Nullius (Coleman book)|Terra Nullius]]'' in 2018; [[Ellen van Neerven]]’s ''Heat and Light'' in 2015; and Alexis Wright's ''The Swan Book'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestellaprize.com.au/prize/2019-prize/|title=Announcing the Winner of the 2019 Stella Prize|website=The Stella Prize|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
==Poetry==
Poets such as [[Evelyn Araluen]], [[Ellen van Neerven]] and [[Alison Whittaker]] started rising to further prominence in 2020,
==Online repositories==
*
*The [[Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages]] contains works written in traditional languages of the [[Northern Territory]].
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*[[Melissa Lucashenko]]
*[[Noel Pearson]]
*[[Jack Davis (playwright)|Jack Davis]]
*[[Kevin Gilbert (author)|Kevin Gilbert]]
*[[Kim Scott]]
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*[[Anita Heiss]]
{{div col end}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book | author=Mudrooroo | title=Indigenous Literature of Australia: Milli Milli Wangka | publisher=Hyland House | publication-place=South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | publication-date=1997 | isbn=1864470143 | oclc=37488798 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Indigenous_Literature_of_Australia.html?id=guFiOPQ6wzQC}}
*{{cite book | editor-last=Saunders | editor-first=Mykaela | title=This All Come Back Now: An Anthology of First Nations Speculative Fiction | publisher=University of Queensland Press | publication-date=2022 | publication-place= St Lucia, Queensland, Australia| isbn=0702265667| oclc=1293838925 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/This_All_Come_Back_Now.html?id=P9lpEAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description}}
*{{cite book | editor-last=Wheeler | editor-first=Belinda | title=A Companion to Australian Aboriginal Literature | publisher=Camden House | publication-date=2013 | publication-place=Rochester, New York, USA | oclc=852158554 | isbn=1571138625 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Companion_to_Australian_Aboriginal_Lit.html?id=NX_2y2UD5-IC}}
*{{cite book | last=Althans | first=Katrin | title=Darkness Subverted: Aboriginal Gothic in Black Australian Literature and Film | series=Representations & Reflections | publisher=V&R unipress GmbH: Bonn University Press | publication-date=2010 | publication-place=Goettingen, Germany | language=English | isbn=3899717686 | oclc=505424133 | url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C794554}}
* {{cite book|title=Citizenship in Dalit and Indigenous Australian Literatures|author-last= Mukherjee|author-first=Riya|date=2024|publisher=Routledge|oclc=1381208006| doi=10.4324/9781003300892|isbn=9781003300892|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Citizenship_in_Dalit_and_Indigenous_Aust.html?id=TYbSEAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Australia|Literature}}
*[[Australian literature]]
*[[List of Indigenous Australian writers]]
*[[Contemporary Indigenous Australian art]]
*[[Indigenous music of Australia]]
*[[Tasmanian gothic]]
*[[Fijian literature]]
*[[Hawaiian literature]]
*[[New Zealand literature]]
*[[Papua New Guinean literature]]
*[[Samoan literature]]
*[[Tongan literature]]
*[[Indigenous literatures in Canada]]
*[[Native American literature]]
==References==
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==External links==
*[https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp Priority Languages Support Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021102/https://firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp |date=24 February 2021 }} (First Languages Australia)
*[https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/15517760 BlackWords], [[AustLit]]
*[https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/get-involved/awards-and-fellowships/blackwrite black&write], [[State Library of Queensland]]
{{Indigenous Australians}}
[[Category:Indigenous Australian literature| ]]
▲[[Category:Australian literature]]
▲[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia]]
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