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→2020s: 6 is 27% of 22, not 45% as previously stated. |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Eastmain - 20382 |
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|1988|| [[Adelaide]], Australia || community || potting mixes || || || || <ref name = "Broadbent"/>
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|1988|| [[Westminster]], England || [[BBC]] headquarters || cooling tower at [[Broadcasting House]] || || || ||
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|1989|| [[Sydney]], Australia || bowling club || small cooling tower || || || || <ref name = "Broadbent"/>
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|1995|| [[Sydney]], Australia || shopping centre || small cooling tower at hospital || || || || <ref name = "Broadbent"/>
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| 1999 || [[Bovenkarspel]], Netherlands || [[1999 Bovenkarspel legionellosis outbreak]] || [[Hot tub]]|| {{sort|318|318}} ||{{sort|032|32}} || 10% || In March 1999, an outbreak occurred in the [[Netherlands]] during the Westfriese Flora flower exhibition in [[Bovenkarspel]]. 318 people became ill and at least 32 people died. There is a possibility that more people died from it (which might make it the deadliest recorded outbreak), but these people were interred before the ''Legionella'' infection was recognized. The source of the bacteria was a hot tub in the exhibition area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.q-net.net.au/~legion/Legionnaires
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! Year !! City !! Venue !! Source !! Cases !! Deaths !! Fatality rate || Notes
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|2000 || [[Melbourne]], Australia || [[Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium]] || [[Cooling tower]] ||{{sort|125|125}} ||{{sort|004|4}} || 3.2% || In April 2000, an outbreak of ''Legionella pnemophila'' serogroup 1 occurred in [[Melbourne]], Australia. The outbreak resulted in 125 confirmed cases of Legionnaire's disease, with 95 (76%) hospitalised. It is reported that 4 died from the outbreak. The investigation traced the source of the infection to the cooling tower at the newly opened aquarium.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Greig JE, Carnie JA, Tallis GF, Ryan NJ, Tan AG, Gordon IR, Zwolak B, Leydon JA, Guest CS, Hart WG | title = An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease at the Melbourne Aquarium, April 2000: investigation and case-control studies | journal = [[Medical Journal of Australia]]| volume = 180 | issue = 11 | pages = 566–72 | date = June 2004 | doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06093.x | pmid = 15174987 | s2cid = 15441893 | url = https://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/180_11_070604/gre10735_fm.html }}</ref> Since this outbreak, ''legionella'' infection statistics are required to be reported by the state government as a notifiable disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs2.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/F268771876D8B028CA257ACA0012BB28/$FILE/cts_ehindicators.pdf |title=Legionella pneumophila cases |publisher=Docs2.health.vic.gov.au |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204110407/http://docs2.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/F268771876D8B028CA257ACA0012BB28/$FILE/cts_ehindicators.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Regulations were introduced by the state to control legionella in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health (Legionella) Regulations 2001 S.R. No. 13/2001 |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/93eb987ebadd283dca256e92000e4069/5d04907fa02c7983ca256e5b0021a910/$FILE/01-013sr.pdf|access-date=2017-07-01|website=Legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref>
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|2000 || [[Vizela]], [[Portugal]] || Public square || Decorative fountain ||{{sort|11|11}} ||{{sort|000|0}} || 0% || In August 2000, an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurred in [[Vizela]], [[Northern Portugal]].<ref name="Porto Canal 2014">{{cite AV media |date=13 November 2014 |title=Vizela já enfrentou a legionella em Agosto de 2000 com 11 infectados |trans-title=Vizela already faced legionella in August 2000, with 11 cases |language=pt |url=http://portocanal.sapo.pt/noticia/43244 |access-date=5 March 2019 |publisher=Porto Canal }}</ref> A total of 11 persons with Legionnaires' disease were admitted to the hospital.<ref name="Correia 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Correia |first1=AM |last2=Gonçalves |first2=G |last3=Reis |first3=J |last4=Cruz |first4=JM |last5=Castro e Freitas |first5=JA |date=July 2001 |title=An outbreak of legionnaires disease in a municipality in northern Portugal. |journal=Euro Surveill |volume= 6|issue= 7|pages=121–4 |doi= 10.2807/esm.06.07.00228-en|pmid=12631957 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There were no fatalities. All patients had been in the main square of Vizela in the night of August 11–12, 2000, where the annual festivities of the municipality were being held.<ref name="Porto Canal 2014" /> Investigators traced the source of the outbreak to a decorative fountain located in the square.<ref name="Correia 2001" />
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|75%
|In January 2007 in the 2nd district specialist hospital in [[Jastrzębie-Zdrój]] two patients on the [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmic]] ward unexpectedly died. It was noted that they suddenly had a high fever, [[cough]]s and [[hallucination]]s. First they were transferred to the [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|infectious diseases]] ward for some hours with a suspicion of [[pneumonia]], later they were transferred to intensive care.
Tests showed that both patients had [[Legionnaires' disease|legionellosis]]. The disease proved to be the cause of death of one of the patients, the other also had circulatory failure. The bacteria responsible for [[Legionnaires' disease|legionellosis]] was found in four patients from this hospital.<ref>{{cite web
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|2008 || [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], New Jersey, [[United States]] ||[[Saint Peter's University Hospital]] || [[Drinking water]] ||{{sort|006|6}} ||{{sort|002|2}} || 33.3% || [[Water chlorination|Chlorination]] in the water system had dropped below effective levels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Second patient with Legionnaires' disease dies at New Brunswick hospital |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/second_patient_with_legionnair.html |newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]] |date= September 24, 2008 |access-date=2011-10-08 }}</ref>
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|2014||[[Portugal]]||[[2014 Legionella outbreak in Portugal]]|| Cooling tower<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dgs.pt/a-direccao-geral-da-saude/comunicados-e-despachos-do-director-geral/surto-de-infecao-por-legionella-pdf8.aspx |title=Joint Communication — Preliminary report of Legionnaries' disease 07 to 21 November 2014 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 November 2014 |website=[[:pt:Direção-Geral da Saúde|Direção-Geral da Saúde]] |access-date=5 March 2019 }}</ref>||{{sort|375|375}}||{{sort|012|12}}|| 3.2% || A widespread outbreak in [[Vila Franca de Xira]] district, Portugal.<ref name="rrsapo">{{cite web |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/informacao_detalhe.aspx?fid=25&did=169622 |title=Extinto o surto de legionella |date=November 21, 2014 |website=rr.sapo.pt |language= pt |access-date=November 23, 2014}}</ref>
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|2015||[[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]], [[United States]]||[[Co-op City, Bronx|Co-op City]], [[South Bronx]], and [[Morris Park, Bronx|Morris Park]]||
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|2015
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|SpringHill Suites hotel
| Swimming pool and hot tub
|6<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cbsaustin.com/news/local/sixth-case-of-legionnaires-disease-confirmed-at-round-rock-hotel|title=Sixth case of Legionnaires' disease confirmed at Round Rock hotel|last=Austin|first=CBS|work=KEYE|access-date=2017-10-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/news/local/sixth-case-legionnaires-disease-confirmed-from-round-rock-hotel/2At7rMDESHTxTTgbtSJWlM/|title=Sixth case of Legionnaires' disease confirmed from Round Rock hotel|last=Osborn|first=Claire
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|2018
|[[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
|The Sugar Hill Project (Building)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2018/pr065-18.page|title=pr065-18|website=www1.nyc.gov|access-date=2018-09-06|archive-date=2018-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124539/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2018/pr065-18.page|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/08/15/source-of-legionnaires-outbreak/|title=NYC Health Officials ID Source Of Legionnaires' Outbreak In Upper Manhattan|date=2018-08-15|access-date=2018-09-06|language=en}}</ref>
|Cooling towers<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://nytimes.com/2018/07/17/nyregion/new-york-today-a-legionnaires-disease-outbreak.html|title=New York Today: A Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak|work=The New York Times |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-18 |last1=Levine |first1=Alexandra S. }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://abc7ny.com/health/nyc-legionnaires-cluster-up-to-18-cases-1-death-reported/3777596/|title=NYC Legionnaires cluster up to 18 cases, 1 death reported|date=2018-07-17|work=ABC7 New York|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|27<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/cd/legionnaires-wash-cluster-faq.pdf|title=Notice to Residents of Lower Washington Heights|date=24 June 2018|website=NYC Department of Heath|publisher=NYC Department of Health|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
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===Regulations and ordinances===
The guidance issued by the UK government's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) now recommends that microbiological monitoring for wet cooling systems, using a [[dipslide]], should be performed weekly. The guidance now also recommends that routine testing for legionella bacteria in wet cooling systems be carried out at least quarterly, and more frequently when a system is being commissioned, or if the bacteria have been identified on a previous occasion.<ref>[http://www.hse.gov.uk/lau/lacs/46-2.htm#para8] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020031125/http://www.hse.gov.uk/lau/lacs/46-2.htm|date=2012-10-20}}</ref>
Further non-statutory UK guidance from the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme now exists for pre-heating of water in applications such as [[solar water heating]] systems.<ref name="Makin2014">{{cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Preheated Domestic Hot Water: Storage of Preheated Domestic Hot Water and Possible Growth of Legionella Bacteria |url=https://www.wras.co.uk/downloads/public_area/publications/general/preheated_water_Nov_2014.pdf |publisher=The Water Regulations Advisory Scheme |vauthors=Makin T |access-date=2017-07-01 |archive-date=2017-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108122407/https://www.wras.co.uk/downloads/public_area/publications/general/preheated_water_Nov_2014.pdf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The City of [[Garland, Texas]], [[United States]] requires yearly testing for legionella bacteria at cooling towers at apartment buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/stories/DN-legionella_01eas.ART0.East.Edition1.29739cd.html |title=The Dallas Morning News, Garland tough on bacteria |publisher=Dallasnews.com |date=2007-02-01 |access-date=2010-09-11 |archive-date=2010-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424212858/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/localnews/stories/DN-legionella_01eas.ART0.East.Edition1.29739cd.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Malta]] requires twice yearly testing for ''Legionella'' bacteria at cooling towers and water fountains. [[Malta]] prohibits the installation of new cooling towers and evaporative condensers at health care facilities and schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doi.gov.mt/EN/legalnotices/2006/01/LN5.pdf |title=299601 Legionella |access-date=2010-09-11 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130555/http://www.doi.gov.mt/EN/legalnotices/2006/01/LN5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Texas Department of State Health Services has provided guidelines for hospitals to detect and prevent the spread of [[nosocomial infection]] due to legionella.<ref>Report of the Texas Legionnaires' Disease Task Force, Texas Department of State Health Services{{full citation needed|date=July 2017}}</ref>
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