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{{short description|Marginal sea between Japan, Russia and Korea}}
{{coord|40|N|135|E|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=title}}▼
{{pp-semi-indef}}
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{{Infobox transliteration
| title = Sea of Japan
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| p = Rìběn Hǎi
| kanji = 日本海
| hiragana =
| revhep = Nihon-kai
| nkhangul = {{linktext|조선|
| nkhanja = {{linktext|朝鮮|東
| nkrr = Joseon Donghae
| nkmr = Chosŏn Tonghae
| nklk = East Sea of Korea
| skhangul = {{linktext|
| skhanja = {{linktext|東
| skrr = Donghae
| skmr = Tonghae
|
| rus = [[wikt:японский|Японское]] [[wikt:море|море]]
| rusr = Yaponskoye more
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| lang1_content = {{lang|mnc|{{ManchuSibeUnicode|[[:wikt:ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ|ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ<br>ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ]]}}}}<br>''dergi mederi''
| ibox-order = zh,ja,ko3,ko4,ru}}
<!-- the Korean name is already mentioned in the #Names section. Do not add it to the lead without consensus on the talk page. -->
The '''Sea of Japan''' {{crossref
The seawater has an elevated concentration of [[Oxygen saturation|dissolved oxygen]] that results in high biological productivity. Therefore, fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of [[East Asia]]n economies.
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''Sea of Japan'' is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries.
The sea is called {{lang|ja-Latn|Nihon kai}} ({{lang|ja|日本海}}, literally 'Japan Sea') in Japan, {{lang|zh-Latn|Rìběn hǎi
===Naming dispute===
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The use of the term "Sea of Japan" as the dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name "East Sea" to be used, either instead of or in addition to "Sea of Japan;"<ref name="r1">[http://www.korea.net/news/issues/issueDetailView.asp?board_no=348 East Sea or "Sea of Japan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024171001/http://www.korea.net/News/Issues/issueDetailView.asp?board_no=348 |date=2007-10-24 }}. Korea.net. Retrieved on 21 March 2013.</ref><ref name="momaf">[http://www.forthenextgeneration.com/dokdo/eastsea_01.htm Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries 2005. The Name East Sea Used for Two Millennia.] Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Korea, 2005</ref> while North Korea prefers the name "East Sea of Korea".<ref name=fofajeffort0303>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/effort0303.html Efforts of the Government of Japan in Response to the Issue of the Name of the Sea of Japan (1) The 8th UNCSGN], The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</ref>
The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name "Sea of Japan" became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least the early 19th century,<ref name="Basic Position">{{cite web |url=http://www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/GIJUTSUKOKUSAI/nihonkai/position_eng.htm |title=Japanese Basic Position on the Naming of the "Japan Sea" |publisher=
==History==
For centuries, the sea had protected
In 1803–1806, the Russian navigator [[Adam Johann von Krusenstern]] while sailing across the globe in the ship ''Nadezhda'' also explored, in passing, the Sea of
Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the [[United States|American]] [[North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition]] (1853–1856) and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Challenger expedition]] (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since the 1920s.<ref name=brit/><ref name=bse/>
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[[File:Sea of Japan Pliocene map.svg|thumb|Map showing Japanese archipelago, Sea of Japan and surrounding part of continental East Asia in [[Middle Pliocene]] to [[Late Pliocene]] (3.5–2 Ma)]]
The Sea of Japan was landlocked when the [[land bridge]] of [[East Asia]] existed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_Hdu9QrD9YC&pg=PA16|title=Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective|first=Conrad D.|last=Totman|year=2004|publisher=BRILL |access-date=2 February 2007|isbn=978-9004136267}}</ref> The Japan Arc started to form in the [[Early Miocene]].<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> In the Early Miocene the Japan Sea started to open, and the northern and southern parts of the [[Japanese archipelago]] separated from each other.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> During the Miocene, the Sea of Japan expanded.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/>
The north part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented later until [[orogenesis]] of the north-eastern Japanese archipelago began in the later [[Late Miocene]].<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The south part of the Japanese archipelago remained as a relatively large landmass.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The land area had expanded northward in the Late Miocene.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The orogenesis of high mountain ranges in north-eastern Japan started in Late Miocene and lasted in [[Pliocene]] also.<ref name="Kameda 2011"/> The [[Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan|eastern margin]] of the sea may host an incipient [[subduction]] zone responsible for large earthquakes in [[1940 Shakotan earthquake|1940]], [[1964 Niigata earthquake|1964]], [[1983 Sea of Japan earthquake|1983]] and [[1993 Okushiri earthquake|1993]].<ref name="Tamaki85">{{cite journal |last1=Tamaki |first1=Kensaku |last2=Honza |first2=Eiichi |title=Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |date=20 October 1985 |volume=119 |issue=1–4 |pages=381–406 |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2 |bibcode=1985Tectp.119..381T |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195185900472 |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>
Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and [[Sakhalin]] island to the north, the [[Korean Peninsula]] to the west, and the
The [[Korea Strait]] is composed of the Western Channel and the [[Tsushima Strait]], on either side of [[Tsushima Island]]. The straits were formed in recent geologic periods. The oldest of them are the Tsugaru and Tsushima straits. Their formation had interrupted the migration of elephants into the Japanese islands at the end of the [[Neogene]] Period (about 2.6 million years ago). The most recent is La Perouse Strait, which formed about 60,000 to 11,000 years ago closing the path used by mammoths which had earlier moved to northern Hokkaidō.<ref name=brit/> All the straits are rather shallow, with a minimal depth of the order of 100 meters or less. This hinders water exchange, thereby isolating the water and aquatic life of the Sea of Japan from the neighboring seas and oceans.<ref name=rev/>
The sea has a surface area of about {{cvt|1050000|km2|sqmi}}, a mean depth of {{cvt|1,752|m|ft}} and a maximum depth of {{cvt|4568|m|ft}}. It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from south-west to north-east and a wide southern part narrowing toward the north. The coastal length is about {{cvt|7600|km|mi}} with the largest part ({{cvt|3240|km|mi|disp=or}}) belonging to Russia. The sea extends from north to south for more than {{cvt|2255|km|mi}} and has a maximum width of about {{cvt|1070|km|mi}}.<ref name=bse>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article128477.html Sea of Japan], [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] (in Russian)</ref>
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The Japanese coastal area of the sea consists of Okujiri Ridge, Sado Ridge, Hakusan Banks, Wakasa Ridge and Oki Ridge. Yamato Ridge is of continental origin and is composed of [[granite]], [[rhyolite]], [[andesite]] and [[basalt]]. It has an uneven bottom covered with boulders of volcanic rock. Most other areas of the sea are of oceanic origin. Seabed down to {{cvt|300|m|ft}} is of continental nature and is covered with a mixture of mud, sand, gravel and fragments of rock. The depths between {{cvt|300|and|800|m|ft}} are covered in hemipelagic sediments (i.e., of semi-oceanic origin); these sediments are composed of blue mud rich in organic matter. Pelagic sediments of red mud dominate the deeper regions.<ref name=brit/>
There are no large islands in the sea. Most of the smaller ones are near the eastern coast, except for [[Ulleungdo]] (South Korea). The most significant islands are [[Moneron Island|Moneron]], [[Rebun Island|Rebun]], [[Rishiri Island|Rishiri]], [[Okushiri Island|Okushiri]], [[Ōshima, Hokkaidō|Ōshima]], [[Sado, Niigata|Sado]], [[Okinoshima, Munakata|Okinoshima]], [[Ulleungdo]], Askold, [[Russky Island|Russky]] and Putyatin. The shorelines are relatively straight and
The largest bays are [[Peter the Great Gulf]], [[Sovetskaya Gavan]]; Vladimira Bay, [[Olga Bay|Olga]]; [[Posyet Bay]] in Russia; [[East Korea Bay]] in North Korea; and [[Ishikari Bay|Ishikari]] (Hokkaidō), [[Toyama Bay|Toyama]] (Honshū), and [[Wakasa Bay|Wakasa]] (Honshū) Bays in Japan. Prominent capes include Lazareva, Peschanyi (sandy), [[Cape Povorotny|Povorotny]], Gromova, [[Pogibi]], Tyk, and Korsakova in Russia; [[Cape Crillon|Crillon]] on [[Sakhalin]]; [[Cape Sōya|Sōya]], [[Cape Nosappu|Nosappu]], [[Cape Tappi|Tappi]], Nyuda, [[Rebun Island|Rebun]], [[Rishiri Island|Rishiri]], [[Okushiri Island|Okushiri]], [[Sado, Niigata|Daso]] and [[Oki Islands|Oki]] in Japan;<ref name=rev>A. D. Dobrovolskyi and B. S. Zalogin [http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/19.html Seas of USSR. Sea of Japan], Moscow University (1982) (in Russian)</ref><ref name=bse/> and [[Musu Dan]] in North Korea.
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:Full-orbed sunrise over East Sea in South Korea.JPG|Sunrise over the Sea of Japan filmed in South Korea
File:Январское побережье Японского моря в Хасанском районе.jpg|The Sea of Japan seen from the south of [[Slavyanka, Primorsky Krai|Slavyanka]]. From a distance, the two islands of Antipenko (left) and [[Sibiryakov Island (Primorsky Krai)|Sibiryakov]] (right).
File:Бухта Сибирякова.jpg|A bay at [[Sibiryakov Island (Primorsky Krai)|Sibiryakov Island]], {{cvt|50|km|mi}} south from Vladivostok
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[[File:Von Karman vortices off Rishiri Island, Japan.jpg|thumb|[[Kármán vortex street|Von Kármán vortices]] off the coast of [[Rishiri Island]]<ref name=nasa>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010626154042/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-100/html/sts100-710-182.html STS-100 Shuttle Mission Imagery], NASA, 19 April – 1 May 2001</ref>]]
The sea climate
The coldest months are January and February, with
In summer the wind weakens to {{cvt|2|-|7|m/s}} and reverses its direction, blowing warm and humid air from the North Pacific onto the Asian mainland. The warmest month is August, with
A peculiar turbulent cloud pattern, named [[Kármán vortex street|von Kármán vortices]], is sometimes observed over the Sea of Japan. It requires a stable field of low clouds driven by the wind over a small (isolated) and tall obstacle, and usually forms over small mountainous islands.<ref name=nasa/> The Sea of Japan meets these conditions as it has frequent winds and cloudy skies, as well as compact, tall islands such as [[Rishiri Island|Rishiri]] ({{cvt|1721|m|ft|disp=or}}), [[Ulleungdo]] ({{cvt|984|m|ft|disp=or}}) and [[Ōshima, Hokkaidō|Ōshima]] ({{cvt|732|m|ft|disp=or}}).
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Water temperature is mostly affected by exchange with the atmosphere in the northern part of the sea and by the currents in the southern part. Winter temperatures are {{convert|0|C|F}} or below in the north and {{convert|10|-|14|C|F}} in the south. In this season, there is a significant temperature difference between the western and eastern parts owing to the circular currents. So at the latitude of Peter the Great Gulf, the water temperature is about {{convert|0|C|F}} in the west and {{convert|5|-|6|C|F}} in the east. This east-west difference drops to {{convert|1|–|2|C-change}} in summer, and the temperatures rise to {{convert|18|-|20|C|F}} in the north and {{convert|25|-|27|C|F}} in the south.<ref name=rev/>
In the north the surface layer (down to {{cvt|15|m|ft|disp=or}}) may heat up to {{convert|18|-|20|C|F}}. The temperature would
The hydrological isolation of the Sea of
Thawing of ice in spring reduces water salinity in the north, but it remains high at 34.60–34.70‰ in the south, partly because of the inflow of salty water through the [[Korea Strait]]. A typical variation of salinity across the sea in summer is 31.5‰ to 34.5‰ from north to south. The depth distribution of salinity is relatively constant. The surface layer tends to be more fresh in the sea parts which experience ice melting and rains.<ref name=rev/> The average water density is 1.0270 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in the north and 1.0255 g/cm<sup>3</sup> in the south in winter. It lowers in summer to 1.0253 and 1.0215 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively.<ref name=bse/>
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[[File:Sopka Sestra and Partizanskaya River.JPG|thumb|The mouth of [[Partizanskaya River]] near [[Nakhodka]]. View from {{ill|Sopka Sestra|ru|Сестра (гора)}}.]]
Few rivers flow into the Sea of
The sea has complex [[tide]]s, which are induced by the tidal wave of the Pacific Ocean penetrating through the [[Korea Strait]] and Tsugaru strait. The tides are semi-diurnal (rise twice a day) in the Korea Strait and in the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. They are diurnal at the eastern shore of Korea, [[Russian Far East]] and the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō. Mixed tides occur in [[Peter the Great Gulf]] and Korea strait. The tidal waves have a speed of {{cvt|10|-|25|cm/s|0}} in the open sea. They accelerate in the Korea Strait ({{cvt|40|-|60|cm/s|disp=or}}), La Pérouse Strait ({{cvt|50|-|100|cm/s|disp=or|-1}}) and especially in the Tsugaru Strait ({{cvt|100|-|200|cm/s|disp=or|-1}}).
The amplitude of the tides is relatively low and
The sea waters have blue to green-blue color and a transparency of about {{cvt|10|m|ft}}. They are rich in [[dissolved oxygen]], especially in the western and northern parts, which are colder and have more [[phytoplankton]] than the eastern and southern areas. The oxygen concentration is 95% of the saturation point near the surface
==Flora and fauna==
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The sea has [[magnetite]] sands as well as [[natural gas]] and [[petroleum]] fields near the northern part of Japan and Sakhalin Island. The intensity of shipments across the sea is moderate, owing to the cold relations between many bordering countries. As a result, the largest Japanese ports are on the Pacific coast, and the significant ports on the Sea of Japan are [[Niigata (city)|Niigata]], [[Tsuruta, Aomori|Tsuruta]] and [[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]]. Major South Korean ports are [[Busan]], [[Ulsan]], and [[Pohang]] situated on the south-eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, but they also mainly target countries not bordering the Sea of Japan.
The major [[Russia]]n port of Vladivostok mainly serves inland cargos, whereas [[Nakhodka]] and [[Vostochny Port|Vostochny]] are more international and have a busy exchange with
==See also==
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* {{Commons category-inline|Sea of Japan}}
* {{wiktionary-inline|Sea of Japan}}
* [https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/maritime/japan/index.html "The Issue of Name
** MOFA, Japan (10 August 2021), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLEyi8b_yxk "Sea of Japan
{{List of seas}}
{{Authority control}}
▲{{coord|40|N|135|E|type:waterbody_scale:10000000|display=title}}
[[Category:Sea of Japan| ]]
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[[Category:Miocene Asia]]
[[Category:Pacific Coast of Russia]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia|Japan]]
[[Category:Seas of Japan|Japan]]
[[Category:Seas of North Korea|Japan]]
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