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| date = 22 June 1804 – 24 October 1813
| place = [[North Caucasus]], [[South Caucasus]], North [[Iran]]
| result = [[Russian Empire|Russian]] victory
[[Treaty of Gulistan]]
| territory = Persia is forced to cede what is now [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Southern [[Dagestan]], most of [[Azerbaijan]], and parts of northern [[Armenia]] to the Russian Empire.
| casus = Border dispute between [[Persia]] and [[Russia]] over eastern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ([[Kartli]], [[Kakheti]]), which had been annexed by the Russian Empire in 1801, and the Russian [[Battle of Ganja (1804)|capture]] of the Persian town of Ganja.
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Russian Empire]]
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==Origins==
{{Main|Siege of Ganja (1804)}}
[[File:Взятии штурмом крепости Гянджи.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Illustration of the [[Battle of Ganja (1804)|
The origins of the war can be traced back to the decision of Tsar [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] to annex Eastern Georgia ([[Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti|Kartli-Kakheti]]) in December 1800.{{Sfn|Daniel|2001}} Earlier, in 1783, the Georgian king [[Heraclius II of Georgia|Heraclius II]] had signed the [[Treaty of Georgievsk]] with Russia, bringing his kingdom under Russian protection and swearing allegiance to Empress [[Catherine the Great|Catherine]].{{Sfn|Kazemzadeh|1991|p=328}} While Russia had failed to protect Georgia against the assault of [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar|Agha Mohammad Khan]] in 1795, and an [[Persian expedition of 1796|expedition against Iran]] was called off by Tsar Paul, in September 1799 Russia reasserted its protectorate over Georgia at the request of the Georgian king and stationed troops there.{{Sfn|Kazemzadeh|1991|pp=329-330}} From the Iranian perspective, however, Georgia and all the South Caucasus remained integral Iranian territories,{{sfn|Pourjavady|2023}} and Iran's new shah [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar|Fath-Ali Qajar]] could not accept their loss. Russia's annexation of Georgia in December 1800 was seen as a major threat to Iran's territorial integrity.{{Sfn|Kazemzadeh|1991|pp=330-331}} After Tsar Paul's assassination on 11 March 1801, [[Alexander I of Russia|Tsar Alexander]] continued Russia's involvement in the region and sought to incorporate the [[Khanates of the Caucasus|khanates of the eastern Caucasus]]{{Efn|Iranian provinces that passed in and out of Iranian control over the course of the eighteenth century, but which were always viewed as Iranian territories.{{Sfn|Hambly|1991|pp=145-146}}}} into his empire. In 1803, the newly appointed [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|governor of the Caucasus]], [[Pavel Tsitsianov]], attacked [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] and captured its [[Ganja Fortress|citadel]] on 15 January 1804.{{efn|All dates [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|old style]] (12 days behind the Gregorian calendar)}}{{Efn|Tsitsianov's goal was to secure the territory between Georgia and the Caspian Sea. He used as justification the fact that the khans of Ganja had sometimes recognized Heraclius II's overlordship in the second half of the eighteenth century; he also referred to Georgian possession of Ganja and its vicinity during the reign of [[Tamar of Georgia|Queen Tamar]] ({{reign|1184|1213}}).{{Sfn|Bournoutian|2021|pp=45, 48}}}} Ganja's governor, [[Javad Khan|Javad Khan Qajar]], was killed, and a large number of the inhabitants slaughtered.{{Sfn|Daniel|2001}} On the Iranian side, the capture of Shia Muslim territory was seen as an outright invasion that carried the risk of further losses and the imposition of foreign rule. It provoked a strong emotional reaction and the mobilization of Iran's clergy and educated elite. In fact, Tsitsianov intended to expand Russia's territories further southward into Iran, even beyond the Kur and Aras rivers, if possible.{{Sfn|Kazemzadeh|1991|pp=331-332}} As Elton L. Daniel notes, Fath-Ali Shah saw the Russian threat to Iran's northwestern territories "not only as source of instability [...] but as a direct challenge to Qajar authority."{{Sfn|Daniel|2001}}
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==1813: Treaty of Gulistan==
{{expand section|date=January 2016}}
{{main|Treaty of Gulistan}}
Russia fought on two frontiers: against the Ottomans between 1806 and 1812; and against the Persians from 1804 to 1813. Both frontiers were concluded via treaties: the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]] in 1812 with the Ottoman Empire; and the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 that lasted until 1826 when Russian troops, acting outside of the control of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]], occupied [[Mirak, Armenia|Mirak]]. Under the Gulistan treaty, Russia was acknowledged as the power in control of the South Caucasus; western and eastern Georgia and the Muslim khanates until Baku and Quba were placed under Russian administration.
==Assessment and aftermath==
{{expand section|date=January 2016}}
Although Russia was recognized as a dominant power over the Caucasus, the success of the Treaty of Gulistan was overshadowed by the threat of the Ottomans. The Treaty of Bucharest was in favor of the Ottoman Empire which had claimed the territories that Russia conquered during the war: [[Poti]] and [[Anapa]], which were Black Sea port cities, as well as [[Akhalkalaki]]. Still, the conditions of sovereignty were comparatively stable in these years. In the complex political map of the South Caucasus, Russia had the means to control the region through defensive lines.
According to [[Firuz Kazemzadeh]]:
{{cquote|The defeat of Napoleon enabled Russia to allocate greater resources to the Caucasus front. The difference between well-drilled, well-equipped, disciplined armies and the tribal levies of Abbas Mirza was decisive. At Aslanduz on the Aras, 2,260 Russians under General P. S. Kotlyarevsky fought a two-day battle with 30,000 Persians under Abbas Mirza, killing 1,200 enemy soldiers, and capturing 537 at a loss to themselves of only 127 dead and wounded. Though on occasion the Persians fought well, for instance at Lankaran, where the same Kotlyarevsky lost 950 of 1,500 men under his command and was himself permanently disabled, the war was obviously lost.{{sfn|Kazemzadeh|1991|pp=334}}
}}
== Notes ==
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*{{cite book |last1=Bournoutian |first1=George |author-link1=George Bournoutian |title=From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813 |date=2021 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-44515-4}}
*{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|year=2001|first=Elton L.|last=Daniel|access-date=22 June 2024|title=Golestān Treaty|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golestan-treaty}}
*{{cite book |first=Timothy C. |last=Dowling |title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-Clio |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-59884-948-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728 }}
*Dubrovin, N. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе, volumes 4–6. SPb, 1886–88.
*{{cite book |first=Erik |last=Goldstein |title=Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=1992 |isbn=0-415-07822-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Hambly |first=Gavin R. G. |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0521200950 |editor-surname1=Avery |editor-given1=Peter |editor-link1=Peter Avery |volume=7 |pages=144-173 |chapter=Iran during the reigns of Fath ‘Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh |editor-surname2=Hambly |editor-given2=Gavin |editor-surname3=Melville |editor-given3=Charles}}
* {{cite book |last=Kazemzadeh |first=Firuz |author-link=Firuz Kazemzadeh |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0521200950 |editor-surname1=Avery |editor-given1=Peter |editor-link1=Peter Avery |volume=7 |pages=314-349 |chapter=Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921 |editor-surname2=Hambly |editor-given2=Gavin |editor-surname3=Melville |editor-given3=Charles}}
* {{cite book|last=King|first=Charles|title=The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|ISBN=978-0-19-517775-6|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Pourjavady|first1=Reza|year=2023|title=Russo-Iranian wars 1804-13 and 1826-8|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/christian-muslim-relations-ii/russo-iranian-wars-1804-13-and-1826-8-COM_34286|encyclopedia = Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914) | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]]}}
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