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'''Northern England''',
The North is a grouping of three [[Regions of England|statistical regions]]: the [[North East England|North East]], the [[North West England|North West]], and [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]. These had a combined population of 14.9 million at the [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 census]], an area of {{convert|37331|km2|abbr=in}} and 17 [[City status in the United Kingdom|cities]].
Northern England is [[cultural area|culturally]] and [[Economic inequality|economically]] distinct from both the [[Midlands of England|Midlands]] and
Many [[Industrial Revolution]] innovations began in Northern England, and its cities were the crucibles of many of the political changes that accompanied this social upheaval, from [[trade unionism]] to [[Manchester Liberalism]]. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the economy of the North was dominated by [[heavy industry]]. Centuries of immigration, invasion, and labour have shaped Northern England's culture, and it has retained countless distinctive [[English language in Northern England|accents and dialects]], music, arts, and cuisine. [[Industrial decline]] in the second half of the 20th century damaged the North, leading to greater deprivation than in the South. Although urban renewal projects and the transition to a [[service economy]] have resulted in strong economic growth in parts of the North, the [[North–South divide in the United Kingdom|North–South divide]] remains in both the [[economy of England|economy]] and [[culture of England|culture]] of England.
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==Definitions==
For government and statistical purposes, Northern England is defined as the area covered by the three northernmost [[Regions of England|statistical regions]] of England: [[North East England]], [[North West England]] and [[Yorkshire and the Humber]].{{sfn|IPPR North|2012|pages=20–22}} This area consists of the [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial counties]] of [[Cheshire]], [[Cumbria]], [[County Durham]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], [[Greater Manchester]], [[Lancashire]], [[Merseyside]], [[Northumberland]], [[North Yorkshire]], [[South Yorkshire]], [[Tyne and Wear]] and [[West Yorkshire]], plus the unitary authority areas of [[North Lincolnshire]] and [[North East Lincolnshire]] within the ceremonial county [[Lincolnshire]].
[[File:Northern England-Historic counties.svg|thumb|right|Northern England ''(red)'' as defined along historic county boundaries. Cheshire ''(purple)'' is also often included.|upright=0.9|alt=A map of the historic counties of England, with those counties normally taken as "northern" highlighted.]]
Other definitions use [[Historic counties of England|historic county]] boundaries, in which case the North is generally taken to comprise [[Cumberland, England|Cumberland]], Northumberland, [[Westmorland]], County Durham, Lancashire and [[Yorkshire]], often supplemented by Cheshire.{{sfn|Wales|2006|pages=13–14}} The boundary is sometimes drawn without reference to human borders, using geographic features such as the [[River Mersey]] (the line between the [[Humber]] and Mersey estuaries being a common boundary) and [[River Trent]].{{sfn|Russell|2004|pages=15–16}} The [[Isle of Man]] is occasionally included in broad geographical definitions of "the North" (for example, by the [[Survey of English Dialects]], [[VisitBritain]] and [[BBC North West]]), although it is politically and culturally distinct from England.{{sfn|Wales|2006|pages=13–14}}
Some areas of [[Derbyshire]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Nottinghamshire]] and [[Staffordshire]] have northern characteristics and include [[satellite town|satellites]] of northern cities.{{sfn|Russell|2004|pages=15–16}} Towns in the [[High Peak, Derbyshire|High Peak]] borough of Derbyshire are included in the [[Greater Manchester Built-Up Area]], as villages and hamlets there such as Tintwistle, Crowden and Woodhead were formerly in Cheshire before local government boundary changes in 1974,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlscam.com/gazet-m.htm|title=Gazetteer of Cheshire|website=Carlscam.com|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> due to their close proximity to the city of [[Manchester]], and before this the borough was considered to be part of the [[Greater Manchester Statutory City Region]]. More recently, the [[Borough of Chesterfield|Chesterfield]], [[North East Derbyshire]], [[Bolsover District|Bolsover]], and [[Derbyshire Dales]] districts have joined with districts of South Yorkshire to form the [[Sheffield City Region]], along with the [[Bassetlaw District]] of Nottinghamshire, although for all other purposes these districts still remain in their respective East Midlands counties. Some parts of northern Derbyshire (including High Peak), [[Shropshire]] and Staffordshire are served by [[BBC North West]]. Some areas of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire are served by [[BBC Yorkshire]] (formerly BBC North), whilst eastern Yorkshire shares [[BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire|its BBC region]] with Lincolnshire and small parts of Nottinghamshire and north west [[Norfolk]].<ref name="bbcnations">{{cite web |title=BBC nations and regions - overview map |url=https://ukfree.tv/maps/bbc |website=UK Free TV |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> The historic [[Parts of Lincolnshire|part of Lincolnshire]] known as [[Parts of Lindsey|Lindsey]] (in essence the northern half of the county) is considered by many to be northern, or at least a larger part of Lincolnshire than merely the north and northeast Lincolnshire districts. The geographer [[Danny Dorling]] includes most of the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] and part of the [[East Midlands]] in his definition of the North, claiming that "ideas of a midlands region add more confusion than light".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/maps/nsdivide/ |title=The North-South Divide – Where is the line? |year=2007 |website=University of Sheffield |access-date=3 March 2017 |first=Danny |last=Dorling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104200115/http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/maps/nsdivide/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref>
Conversely, more restrictive definitions of Northern England also exist. Some are based on the extent of the historical [[Northumbria]], which excludes Cheshire and northern Lincolnshire, though the latter formed the Kingdom of Lindsey, which was periodically under Northumbrian rule.<ref name="BIsles"/> The [[Redcliffe-Maud Report]] (1969) proposed that southern Cheshire be grouped with north Staffordshire as part of a West Midlands province as opposed to a North West England one.<ref name="lga72at50">{{cite web |title=Long shadows: 50 years of the Local Government Act 1972 |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/long-shadows-50-years-of-the-local-government-act-1972/ |website=UK Parliament - House of Commons Library |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Occasionally, "Northern England" may be used to describe England's northernmost reaches only, broadly the North East and Cumbria, excluding the entirety, or at least the majority, of Lancashire and Yorkshire. Some settlements, including Sheffield, located in the far south of what would typically be defined as "the North", have been referred to as being in the "[[North Midlands]]" as opposed to "the North".<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Graham |date=1967 |title=The North Country |location=London, UK |publisher=[[Eyre & Spottiswoode]] |page=15}}</ref>
{{Location map many
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{{see also|Geography of England}}
[[File:Gaps through Pennine Mountains UK topographic map.gif|thumb|right|[[Terrain cartography|Relief map]] of Northern England, showing the Pennines and river valleys.|alt=A relief map of the Pennines]]
The [[Pennines]], an [[Highland (geography)|upland]]
The geography of the North has been heavily shaped by the [[ice sheet]]s of the [[Pleistocene]] era, which often reached as far south as the Midlands. [[Glacier]]s carved deep, craggy valleys in the central uplands, and, when they melted, deposited large quantities of [[fluvio-glacial]] material in lowland areas like the [[Cheshire Plain|Cheshire]] and [[Solway Plain]]s.<ref name="Geography">{{cite web|url=http://research.historicengland.org.uk/redirect.aspx?id=5450%7CGeoarchaeology%20in%20Northern%20England%20I.%20The%20Landscape%20and%20Geography%20of%20Northern%20England|title=Geoarchaeology in Northern England I. The Landscape and Geography of Northern England|first=Maria Raimonda|last=Usai|year=2005|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> On the eastern side of the Pennines, a former [[glacial lake]] forms the [[Humberhead Levels]]: a large area of [[fen]]land which drains into the [[Humber]] and which is very fertile and productive farmland.<ref name="Geography" />
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===Climate===
{{see also|Climate of the United Kingdom}}
Northern England has a cool, wet [[oceanic climate]] with small areas of [[oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)|subpolar oceanic climate]] in the uplands.<ref>[[:File:England koeppen.png|Calculated using data from WorldClim.org]]. {{cite journal|last1=Hijmans|first1=R.J.|first2=S.E.|last2=Cameron|first3=J.L.|last3=Parra|first4=P.G.|last4=Jones|first5=A.|last5=Jarvis|year=2005|title=Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas|journal=International Journal of Climatology|volume=25|issue=15|pages=1965–1978|doi=10.1002/joc.1276|bibcode=2005IJCli..25.1965H|s2cid=8615577 }}</ref> Averaged across the entire region,{{efn|The Met Office climate region "England N" is defined as the whole of England north of the [[53rd parallel north|53°N parallel]], approximately from Stoke-on-Trent to [[the Wash]], and also includes the Isle of Man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/regions-map|title=UK climate regions map|website=Met Office|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>}}
The [[prevailing winds]] across the British Isles are [[westerlies]] bringing moisture from the Atlantic; this means that the west coast frequently receives strong winds and heavy rainfall while the east coast lies in a [[rain shadow]] behind the Pennines. As a result the coast north of the Humber are the driest parts of the North, the Tees basin has {{cvt|600|mm}} of rain per year while parts of the Lake District receive over {{cvt|3200|mm}}. Lowland regions in the more southern parts of Northern England (such as Cheshire and South Yorkshire) are the warmest with average maximum July temperatures of over {{cvt|21|°C}}: the highest points in the Pennines and Lake District reach only {{cvt|17|°C}}. The North has a reputation for cloud and fog – with the west's high average rainfall and the east coast experiences a distinctive [[sea fret]]. [[Smog]] in urban areas was prevalent from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution; sunshine duration has increased in urban areas in recent years with the [[Clean Air Act 1956]] and the area's heavy industry in decline.<ref name="MetOffice"/>
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[[File:Foot-strut split.svg|thumb|right|The vowel sound in ''sun'' across England. All of Northern England, as well as part of the Midlands, is included inside the [[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|/ʊ/]] [[isogloss]].<ref>{{cite book|title=An Atlas of English Dialects|first1=Clive|last1=Upton|first2=John David Allison|last2=Widdowson|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-869274-4|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofenglishdi00upto}}</ref>|alt=A map of England, with isoglosses showing how different regions pronounce "sun"]]
{{main|Northern England English}}
The English spoken today in the North has been shaped by the area's history, and some dialects retain features inherited from [[Old Norse]] and the [[Insular Celtic languages|local Celtic languages]].{{sfn|Wales|2006|pages=43–45, 55–59}} They are a [[dialectal continuum]], middle areas that have a crossover between varieties spoken, around the North. Traditional dialectal areas are defined by their historic county or combined historic counties; including [[Cumbrian dialect|Cumbrian]] (Cumberland and Westmorland), [[Lancashire dialect|Lancastrian]] (Lancashire),
Linguists have attempted to define a Northern dialect area, some correspond the area north of a line that begins at the Humber estuary and runs up the [[River Wharfe]] and across to the [[River Lune]] in north Lancashire.<ref>{{cite book|title=Accents of English|volume=2|pages=349–350|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-521-28540-7|first=John C.|last=Wells}}</ref> This area corresponds roughly to the ''[[sprachraum]]'' of the [[Old English]] [[Northumbrian dialect]], although the linguistic elements that defined this area in the past, such as the use of ''doon'' instead of ''down'' and substitution of an ''ang'' sound in words that end -''ong'' (''lang'' instead of ''long''), are now prevalent only in the more northern parts of the region. As speech has changed, there is little consensus on what defines a "Northern" accent or dialect.{{sfn|Hickey|2015|p=1}}
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After the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]] and the arrival of the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], Yr [[Hen Ogledd]] (the "Old North") was divided into rival kingdoms, [[Bernicia]], [[Deira]], [[Rheged]] and [[Elmet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Wales and the Britons, 350-1064|first=T. M.|last=Charles-Edwards|pages=10–11|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-821731-2|year=2013}}</ref> Bernicia covered lands north of the Tees, Deira corresponded roughly to the eastern half of modern-day Yorkshire, Rheged to Cumbria, and Elmet to the western-half of Yorkshire. Bernicia and Deira were first united as [[Northumbria]] by [[Aethelfrith]], a king of Bernicia who conquered Deira around the year 604.<ref name="Kirby">{{cite book|year=1991|first=D. P.|last=Kirby|title=The Earliest English Kings|pages=60–61|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-54813-2}}</ref> Northumbria then saw a [[Northumbria's Golden Age|Golden Age]] in cultural, scholarly and monastic activity, centred on [[Lindisfarne]] and aided by Irish monks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical background to The Golden Age |url=http://www.goldenageofnorthumbria.com/history.html |publisher=Golden Age of Northumbria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827225854/http://www.goldenageofnorthumbria.com/history.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref> The north-west of England retains vestiges of a Celtic culture, and had its own Celtic language, [[Cumbric Language|Cumbric]], spoken predominately in Cumbria until around the 12th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Imagining Medieval English: Language Structures and Theories, 500–1500|first=Tim William|last=Machan|page=140|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05859-0}}</ref>
Parts of the north and east of England were subject to Danish control (the [[Danelaw]]) during the [[Viking
===Norman Conquest and the Middle Ages===
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|image5= The Bluecoat School, Chester - geograph.org.uk - 4501559.jpg|caption5= [[University of Chester]] Bluecoat School
|image6= University of Bradford Richmond 24 April 2017 01.jpg |caption6=[[University of Bradford]] Richmond Building}}
Before the 19th century, there were no universities in Northern England
There is a significant attainment gap between Northern and Southern schools, and pupils in the three regions are less likely than the national average to achieve five higher-tier [[GCSE]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=Review of evidence on education in the north of England|year=2016|first1=Sue|last1=Tate|first2=David|last2=Greatbatch|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/571077/Northern_schools_Final_report.pdf|access-date=9 March 2017|website=Department for Education}}</ref> although this may be down to economic disadvantages faced by Northern pupils rather than
==Economy==
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===Telecommunications===
[[File:BDUK Cumbria Fell End21 (14040070556).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Connecting Cumbria is one of many projects to bring [[fibre broadband]] to the North.|alt=Workers install cables in a trench in a field.]]
[[Manchester Network Access Point]] is the only [[internet exchange point]] in the UK outside London, and forms the main hub for the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/ten-ways-manchester-is-set-to-become-one-of-the-worlds-top-digital-cities-76737 |title=Ten ways Manchester is set to become one of the world's top "digital cities" |first=David |last=Kreps |date=11 May 2017 |access-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511145653/http://theconversation.com/ten-ways-manchester-is-set-to-become-one-of-the-worlds-top-digital-cities-76737 |archive-date=11 May 2017 }}</ref> Household internet access in Northern England is at or above the UK average, but speeds and broadband penetration vary greatly.{{sfn|IPPR North|2012|page=184}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/bulletins/internetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals/2016 |title=Internet access – households and individuals: 2016 |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=18 May 2017 |first=Cecil |last=Prescott |website=Office of National Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010204732/http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/householdcharacteristics/homeinternetandsocialmediausage/bulletins/internetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals/2016 |archive-date=10 October 2016 }}</ref> In 2013 the average speed in central Manchester was 60 [[Mbit/s]], while in nearby [[Warrington]] the average speed was only 6.2 Mbit/s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Broadband speed gaps exposed in north |date=4 July 2013 |first=Anthony |last=Hill |website=broadbandchoices.co.uk |url=https://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/news/2013/07/broadband-speeds-040713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426132447/http://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/news/2013/07/broadband-speeds-040713 |archive-date=26 April 2016 }}</ref> Hull, which is unique in the UK in that [[KCOM Group|its telephone network]] was never nationalised, has simultaneously some of the fastest and slowest internet speeds in the country: many households have "ultrafast" fibre optic broadband as standard, but it is also one of only two places in the UK where over 30% of businesses receive less than 10
==Media==
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The North is known for its often crumbly cheeses, of which [[Cheshire cheese]] is the earliest example. Unlike Southern cheeses like [[Cheddar cheese|Cheddar]], Northern cheeses typically use uncooked milk and a pre-salted curd pressed under enormous weights, resulting in a moist, sharp-tasting cheese.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization|first=Paul|last=Kindstedt|pages=167–170|year=2012|publisher=Chelsea Green|isbn=978-1-60358-412-8}}</ref> Wensleydale, another crumbly cheese, is unusual in that it is often served as a side to sweet cakes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheeseboard.co.uk/wensleydale |title=Wensleydale |website=British Cheese Board |access-date=7 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402181945/http://cheeseboard.co.uk/wensleydale |archive-date= 2 April 2016 }}</ref> which are themselves well represented in Northern England. [[Parkin (cake)|Parkin]], an [[oatmeal]] cake with [[black treacle]] and [[ginger]], is a traditional treat across the North on [[Bonfire Night]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/northern-bonfire-night-treat |title=A Northern Bonfire Night treat |first=Carol |last=Wilson |access-date=7 March 2017 |website=[[BBC Good Food]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224141137/http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/northern-bonfire-night-treat |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> and the fruity [[scone]]-like [[singing hinny]] and [[fat rascal]] are popular in the North East and Yorkshire respectively.<ref>{{citation |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |first=Alan |last=Davidson |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-280681-9 |page=703}}</ref>
While a variety of beers are popular across Northern England, the region is especially associated with [[brown ale]]s such as [[Newcastle Brown Ale]], [[Double Maxim Beer Company|Double Maxim]] and [[Samuel Smith
According to ''[[The Tab]]'', the bakery chain [[Greggs]] is an integral part of Northern identity, using the number of people per Greggs as an indicator as to whether a town should be considered Northern.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetab.com/uk/2017/08/02/weve-figured-exactly-north-plotting-every-single-greggs-store-map-44385|title=We've figured out exactly where the North is by plotting every single Greggs store on a map|date=2 August 2017|website=The Tab|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
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===Association football===
{{multiple images|perrow=2|total_width=300|header=
|image1= City of Manchester Stadium, October 2015 - 04.JPG|caption1= [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|image2= The East Stand, Old Trafford Stadium 4555369 d41731ca.jpg|caption2= [[Manchester United]]
|image3= Anfield Stadium, Liverpool (16).JPG|caption3= [[Liverpool FC]]
<!--For the new Everton Stadium
|image4=
|caption4= -->
|image5= Elland Road East Stand (geograph 5923678).jpg |caption5=[[Leeds United]]
|image6= Stade St James Park Newcastle Tyne 3.jpg|caption6= [[Newcastle United]]
The first football club in the UK was [[Sheffield F.C.]], founded in 1857. Early Northern football teams tended to adopt the [[Sheffield Rules]] rather than the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Football Association Rules]], but the two codes were merged in 1877. Many of the innovations of Sheffield Rules are now part of the global game, including [[Corner kick|corners]], [[throw-in]]s, and [[Indirect free kick|free kicks]] for fouls.<ref name="Potting shed">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/7059900.stm |title=Potting shed birth of oldest team |date=24 October 2007 |publisher=BBC |access-date=15 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129111640/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/7059900.stm |archive-date=29 January 2009 }}</ref>
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{{see also|History of Rugby League}}
{{multiple images|perrow=2|total_width=300|header=
|image1= Sewell Group Craven Park Entrance.jpg |caption1= [[Hull KR]]
|image2= The Fantastic Media Stand, Galpharm Stadium (geograph 2672646).jpg |caption2= [[Huddersfield Giants]]
|image3= The DW Stadium (18969560616).jpg |caption3= [[Wigan Warriors]]
The [[Rugby Football Union]] (RFU), which enforced amateurism, suspended teams who compensated their players for missed work and injury, leading teams from Lancashire, Yorkshire and surrounding areas to split away in 1895 and form the [[Rugby Football League]] (RFL). Over time, the RFU and RFL adopted different rules and the two forms of the game – [[rugby union]] and [[rugby league]] – diverged. Rugby league's stronghold remains Northern England along the "[[M62 motorway|M62 corridor]]" between Liverpool and Hull.<ref name="rugby">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/making-the-long-walk-from-hull-to-widnes-97925.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rugby-league/making-the-long-walk-from-hull-to-widnes-97925.html |archive-date=21 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live| first=Dave|last=Hadfield | title=Making the long walk from Hull to Widnes | date=28 July 2003|access-date=16 May 2017| newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> As of the [[Super League XXVIII|2023 season]], 11 of the 12 teams in the [[Super League]] (the highest level of rugby league in the Northern Hemisphere) are from Northern England, with one team from France, and the 14-team [[Championship (rugby league)|Championship]] below it has 12 Northern teams, one London team and 1 French team.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/tables|title=Rugby League tables|work=BBC Sport|access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
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===Cricket===
{{multiple images|perrow=1/2|total_width=300|header=
|image3= The Carnegie Pavilion (geograph 4985611).jpg |caption3= [[Yorkshire CCC]]
|image2= Old Trafford Pavilion.JPG |caption2= [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire CCC]]
|image1= Chester-le-Street- The Finchale End (geograph 6900908).jpg |caption1= [[Durham CCC]]
Cricket has a strong following in Northern England, and three counties are represented by [[first-class cricket|first-class]] [[county cricket]] teams: [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]], [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] and [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]. The [[Roses Match]] (named for the [[Red Rose of Lancaster]] and the [[White Rose of York]]) between Lancashire and Yorkshire is one of the hardest fought rivalries in the sport – the pride of both sides, and their determination not to lose, resulted in the teams developing a slow, stubborn and defensive style that proved unpopular elsewhere in the country.<ref name="S&E">{{cite book|title=Sport and the English, 1918–1939|pages=150–151|year=2006|first1=Mike|last1=Huggins|first2=Jack|last2=Williams|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-0-415-33185-2}}</ref> The London-based [[Marylebone Cricket Club]], which controlled the game at the time, selected few Northern players for [[Test cricket|Test matches]], and this was perceived as a snub to their playing style – the anger united Lancashire and Yorkshire against the South and helped cast a shared Northern identity that transcended the Roses rivalry.<ref name="S&E"/><ref name="Danced">{{cite book|title=We Danced All Night: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars|pages=423–424|first=Martin|last=Pugh| author-link = Martin Pugh (author)|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4481-6274-1|publisher=Random House}}</ref> This divide was illustrated in the [[1924 County Championship]], when Yorkshire beat London-based [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] to claim the title. [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] accused Yorkshire of scuffing the pitch and intimidating the [[bowling (cricket)|bowlers]], while the match with Middlesex was so vicious that the team threatened to never play in Yorkshire again.<ref name="S&E"/><ref name="Danced"/> The Lancashire captain [[Jack Sharp]] on the other hand was quoted as saying "I'm real glad a rose won it. Red or white, it doesn't matter."<ref name="Danced"/> Durham are a recent addition to top-flight cricket, having only achieved first-class status in 1992, but have won the [[County Championship]] three times.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/24153853|title=Durham win County Championship title with victory over Notts|first=Matt|last=Newsum|date=19 September 2013|access-date=6 March 2017|work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
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[[File:2019 UK general election constituency map.svg|thumb|right|Labour held the majority of Northern constituencies at the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], but saw its traditional Northern heartlands reduced.{{Legend|#dc241f|Labour}}{{Legend|#0087dc|Conservative}}{{Legend|#fdbb30|Liberal Democrat}}|alt=A map of the United Kingdom, with all constituencies given equal area. In Northern England, Labour hold the majority of Northern seats, the Conservatives hold some rural seats, and the Liberal Democrats hold a single seat, as does the Speaker.|upright=0.9]]
The first [[Trades Union Congress]] was held in Manchester in 1868,<ref>{{cite book|title=Short History of the Trades Union Congress|page=7|year=1968|first1=John|last1=Lovell|first2=Benjamin Charles|last2=Roberts|isbn=978-1-349-00435-5|publisher=Springer}}</ref> and as of 2015 [[trade union]] membership in Northern England remained higher than in Southern England, although it is lower than in the other [[Home Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/525938/Trade_Union_Membership_2015_-_Statistical_Bulletin.pdf |title=TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP 2015 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=May 2016 |page=17 |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224194322/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/525938/Trade_Union_Membership_2015_-_Statistical_Bulletin.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> Since the Thatcher era, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] struggled to gain support in the area.<ref name="Conservatives"/><ref name="Thatcherism"/><ref name="Divided">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21576418-diverging-politics-labour-north-and-conservative-south-make-england-look-ever-more |title=England's two nations: Divided kingdom |date=18 September 2013 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203112727/http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21576418-diverging-politics-labour-north-and-conservative-south-make-england-look-ever-more |archive-date= 3 December 2016 }}</ref> Today, Northern England is generally described as a stronghold of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] – although the Conservatives hold some rural seats, they traditionally held almost no urban seats and as of the [[2021 United Kingdom local elections|2021 local elections]] there are no Conservative councillors on [[Liverpool City Council]], [[Manchester City Council]] or [[Newcastle City Council]], and only one on [[Sheffield City Council]].<ref name="Conservatives"/>
At the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 EU membership referendum]], all three Northern England regions voted to leave, as did all English regions outside London. The largest Northern Remain vote was 60.4% in Manchester; the largest Leave vote was 69.9% in [[North East Lincolnshire]].<ref name="Brexit">{{cite web|title=EU referendum results |url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/upcoming-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information |website=Electoral Commission |access-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129082658/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/upcoming-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information |archive-date=29 January 2017 }}</ref> In total, the Leave vote in the Northern England regions was 55.9% – higher than in the Southern England regions and the other Home Nations, but lower than in the Midlands or the [[East of England]].<ref name="Brexit"/> The [[Eurosceptic]] [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP) positioned themselves as the main challenger to Labour in Northern constituencies, and came second in many at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2016/07/after-brexit-red-ukip-prepares-take-labours-northern-heartlands |title=After Brexit, Red Ukip prepares to take on Labour's northern heartlands |first=Tim |last=Wigmore |date=4 July 2016 |access-date=3 March 2017 |newspaper=New Statesman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808021441/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2016/07/after-brexit-red-ukip-prepares-take-labours-northern-heartlands |archive-date= 8 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/12029975/Nigel-Farage-Ukip-will-wipe-out-Labour-in-the-north-just-as-the-SNP-did-in-Scotland.html |title=Nigel Farage: Ukip will wipe out Labour in the north – just as the SNP did in Scotland |first=Nigel |last=Farage |author-link=Nigel Farage |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628151323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/12029975/Nigel-Farage-Ukip-will-wipe-out-Labour-in-the-north-just-as-the-SNP-did-in-Scotland.html |archive-date=28 June 2016 }}</ref> UKIP originally struggled in the region due to [[vote splitting]] with the [[far-right]] [[British National Party]] (BNP), who exploited racial tensions in the wake of the [[2001 Bradford riots]] and other riots in Northern towns. In 2006, 40% of BNP voters lived in Northern England and both BNP [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]s elected at the [[2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2009 European elections]] came from Northern constituencies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Matthew J. |title=New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-415-46500-7|pages=84, 105}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jun/08/labour-conservatives-condemn-bnp-europe |title=Major parties condemn BNP after election success |date=8 June 2009 |first=Mark |last=Tran |newspaper=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316205959/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jun/08/labour-conservatives-condemn-bnp-europe |archive-date=16 March 2017 }}</ref> After 2013, BNP support in the region collapsed as most voters swung to UKIP.<ref>{{cite book|title=Revolt on the Right: Explaining Support for the Radical Right in Britain|first1=Robert|last1=Ford|first2=Matthew J|last2=Goodwin|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-93854-5}}</ref> The Northern UKIP vote in turn collapsed following the EU referendum, with most UKIP voters returning to their former allegiances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/hannahalothman/the-tories-have-had-a-truly-terrible-night-in-the-north-of|title=The Tories Have Had A Truly Terrible Night In The North Of England
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Small Jewish communities arose in Beverley, Doncaster, Grimsby, [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], Newcastle, and York in the wake of the Norman Conquest but suffered massacres and pogroms, of which the largest was the York Massacre in 1190.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england |title=England |website=Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=14 March 2011 |date=March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421040929/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5764-england |archive-date=21 April 2012 }}</ref> Jews were forcibly banished from England by the 1290 [[Edict of Expulsion]] until the [[Resettlement of the Jews in England]] in the seventeenth century, and the first synagogue in the North appeared in Liverpool in 1753.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/plaque-mark-liverpools-kosher-history-3480465|first=Rex|last=Makin|date=5 July 2008|title=Plaque to mark Liverpool's kosher history|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> [[History of the Jews in Manchester|Manchester also has a long-standing Jewish community]]: the now-demolished 1857 [[Manchester Reform Synagogue]] was the second [[Movement for Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogue in the country,<ref>{{cite book|last=Frangopulo|first=N. J.|year=1962|title=Rich Inheritance|publisher=Education Committee|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/inside-historic-manchester-synagogue-demolished-7741849 |title=Inside the historic Manchester synagogue to be demolished in Gary Neville's luxury hotel and shops plan |first=Jennifer |last=Williams |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=14 March 2017 |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518205558/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/inside-historic-manchester-synagogue-demolished-7741849 |archive-date=18 May 2016 }}</ref> and Greater Manchester has the only [[eruv]] in the United Kingdom outside London.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Greater Manchester's eruv has changed life for Jews |first=Paul |last=Burnell |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-25687756 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011222656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-25687756 |archive-date=11 October 2014 }}</ref> Traditionally, there is also a large Jewish presence in [[Gateshead]]. In total, there are 84 synagogues in Northern England registered for marriages.<ref name="MarriageRegister"/>
[[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]] flourished in Northern England in the nineteenth century, in part as a backlash to the fundamentalist Primitive Methodist movement and in part driven by the influence of [[Owenism|Owenist]] socialism.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914|first=Janet|last=Oppenheim|pages=91–92|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-34767-9|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> There remain 220 Spiritualist churches registered in the North, of which 40 identify as [[Spiritualism (beliefs)#Christian Spiritualism|Christian Spiritualist]].<ref name="MarriageRegister"/>
[[File:Suffa Tul Islam Central Mosque, Horton Park Avenue, Bradford (6928840425).jpg|thumb|[[Bradford Grand Mosque]]]]
The first [[mosque]] in the United Kingdom was founded by the convert [[Abdullah Quilliam]] in the [[Liverpool Muslim Institute]] in 1889.<ref name="Bartlett">{{cite news|author=Bartlett, David|title=Liverpool City Council's plans to restore Britain's first mosque|date=15 January 2010|newspaper=Liverpool Daily Post|url= http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2010/01/15/liverpool-city-council-s-plans-to-restore-britain-s-first-mosque-92534-25605763/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930132856/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2010/01/15/liverpool-city-council-s-plans-to-restore-britain-s-first-mosque-92534-25605763/|archive-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Today, there are around 500 mosques in Northern England.<ref name="MarriageRegister"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/index.php |title=UK Mosque/Masjid Directory |website=Muslims in Britain |access-date=18 March 2017 |first=Mehmood |last=Naqshbandi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101184304/http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/index.php |archive-date= 1 November 2016 }} The exact count is 591, but Naqshbandi estimates that around 20% of mosques in his list are defunct. {{cite web|url=http://www.brin.ac.uk/figures/number-of-registered-places-of-worship-england-and-wales-1999-2009/ |title=Number of Registered Places of Worship (England and Wales), 1999–2009 |website=British Religion in Numbers |access-date=18 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908140847/http://www.brin.ac.uk/figures/number-of-registered-places-of-worship-england-and-wales-1999-2009/ |archive-date= 8 September 2016 }}</ref> [[Indian religions]] are also represented: there are at least 45 [[gurdwara]]s, of which the largest is the Sikh Temple in Leeds, and 30 [[mandir]]s, of which the largest is [[Bradford Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple]].<ref name="MarriageRegister"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/faith-in-leeds-sikh-temple-visit-1-2241450|title=Faith in Leeds: Sikh temple visit|date=12 March 2010|first=Neil|last=Hudson|access-date=14 March 2017|newspaper=[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Fiona |last=Evans |date=15 May 2006 |url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/search/display.var.760410.0.3m_hindu_temple_soon_to_take_shape.php |title=£3m Hindu temple soon to take shape |location=Bradford |work=Telegraph and Argus |access-date=14 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511173838/http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/search/display.var.760410.0.3m_hindu_temple_soon_to_take_shape.php |archive-date=11 May 2008 }}</ref>
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The [[passenger transport executive]] (PTE) has become a major player in the organisation of [[public transport]] within Northern city regions; of the six PTEs in England, five ([[Transport for Greater Manchester]], [[Merseytravel]], [[South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Travel South Yorkshire]], [[Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive|Nexus Tyne and Wear]] and [[West Yorkshire Metro]]) are located in the North.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moderngov.merseytravel.uk.net/documents/s1607/PTE-80-11.pdf|title=Breaking down barriers to better local transport in the city regions|publisher=Merseytravel|date=24 November 2011|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827173403/http://moderngov.merseytravel.uk.net/documents/s1607/PTE-80-11.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> These coordinate bus services, local trains and light rail in their regions. Following the passage of the [[Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016]], [[Transport for the North]] became a statutory body in 2018 with powers to coordinate services and offer [[integrated ticketing]] throughout the region.<ref name="TFN"/>
===Road===
[[File:Oldham Bus Station - geograph.org.uk - 2932440.jpg|thumb|[[Oldham Bus Station]]]][[File:Haymarket Bus Station, Newcastle - geograph.org.uk - 3989964.jpg|thumb|[[Haymarket
The [[Preston By-pass]], opened in 1958, was the first [[motorway]] in the UK, and today an extensive network connects the major cities of the North.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbrd.co.uk/articles/preston-bypass/ |title=Preston Bypass |website=CBRD |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=6 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407183937/http://www.cbrd.co.uk/articles/preston-bypass/ |archive-date= 7 April 2016 }}</ref> The major north-south motorway routes are the western [[M6 motorway|M6]] and eastern [[M1 motorway|M1]]/[[A1(M) motorway|A1(M)]], the [[Great North Road (Great Britain)|Great North Road]] became the modern [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1 road]] with the M1 using an alternative route and the A1 (M) is the upgraded A1.<ref name="EccHistoryp2"/><ref name="Goddard">{{cite book |title=Great North Road |first=Frank |last=Goddard|page=14|publisher=Frances Lincoln Ltd|year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-7112-2446-9}}</ref> The [[A19 road (Great Britain)|A19]] is a major north-south A-road also in the east. The [[M62 motorway|M62]] (over the south Pennines) is the major east-west motorway, it follows the [[Roman roads in Britain|Roman road]] between York and Chester. The A59, A66 and A69 are also major east-west A-roads.{{sfn|Highways England|2016|page=8–9}}
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Manchester Airport is a major hub and the busiest airport anywhere in the UK outside London, handling 23.3 million people in 2022 (10.5% of all UK passengers), and Newcastle (4.1 million), Liverpool (3.5 million) and Leeds-Bradford (3.3 million) serve their city regions.<ref name="AirTraffic">{{cite web|url=https://www.caa.co.uk/Documents/Download/9116/47a460b2-0592-4ef7-b24b-aa5e27ccfce4/5619|title=Size of Reporting Airports January 2022 – December 2022 |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>
Other airports in the North have struggled. Teesside and Humberside both see very little traffic while other airports have closed to commercial flights entirely: [[Blackpool Airport|Blackpool]] closed in 2014, [[Carlisle Lake District Airport|Carlisle Lake District]] in 2020 and [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport|Doncaster Sheffield]] in 2022.{{sfn|IPPR North|2012|pages=117–120}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/08/sad-loss-holidaymakers-workers-blackpool-airport-closure |title='A sad loss for Blackpool' as unprofitable airport to close |first1=Helen |last1=Pidd |first2=Chloe |last2=Campbell |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416091423/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/08/sad-loss-holidaymakers-workers-blackpool-airport-closure |archive-date=16 April 2016
The devolution of [[Air Passenger Duty]] in Scotland allows Scottish airports to offer cheaper flights than their English rivals<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5222f380-a324-11e4-bbef-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211/https://www.ft.com/content/5222f380-a324-11e4-bbef-00144feab7de |archive-date=11 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=English airports fear Scottish tax competition|date=25 January 2015|first1=Roger|last1=Blitz|first2=Chris |last2=Tighe|first3=Andrew|last3=Bounds|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> as well as London airports turning Northern airports to [[Spoke–hub distribution paradigm|spoke airports]], forcing connecting passengers to travel via London or continental European airports for major destinations.
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