Wikipedia

Umm Kulthum bint Ali: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tyomitch (talk | contribs)
3,070 edits
m name misspelt all over the place
Restored revision 1232364449 by Albertatiran (talk): Rv addition of poor-quality-cited material
Line 1:
{{short description|Granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{infobox person
| name = Umm Kulthūm bint 'Alī
| image =
| image_upright = 1
| caption =
| birth_name =
| father = [[Ali]]
| mother = [[Fatima]]
| known_for = Granddaughter of [[Muhammad]]{{break}}Survivor of the [[Battle of Karbala]]
| relatives = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
|title=List of relatives
|[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]] (maternal grandmother)
|[[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] (brother)
|[[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] (brother)
|[[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]] (brother)
|[[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] (sister)
|[[Abbas ibn Ali|Abbas]] (half-brother)
|[[Hilal ibn Ali|Hilal]] (half-brother)
|[[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]]{{break}}(half-brother)
}}
| family = [[Ahl al-Bayt]]
}}
{{Islam}}
'''Umm Kulthum binte Ali''' (Arabic: '''أم كلثوم بنت على''' ) was the fourth child of [[Ali ibn Abu Talib]] (the first Shi’a Imam and fourth Sunni Caliph) and [[Fatima Zahra]] (the daughter of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad). She was married to [[Awn ibn Ja'far]]. After the [[Battle of Karbala]] she was taken to [[Yazid I]]'s palace and died shortly after arriving at [[Medina]].
 
'''Umm Kulthūm bint 'Alī''' ({{lang-ar|أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ|link=}}), also known as '''Zaynab al-Ṣughrā''' ({{lang-ar|زَيْنَب ٱلصُّغْرَىٰ|lit=the junior Zaynab|link=no}}), was the youngest daughter of [[Fatima]] and [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. The former was the daughter of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the latter was his cousin. Ali is also recognized as the fourth [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun caliph]] ({{Reign|656|661}}) and the first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]. A young Umm Kulthum lost her grandfather and mother in 632 [[Common Era|CE]]. While she was still a child, the second Rashidun caliph [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] ({{Reign|634|644}}) asked for her hand in marriage, which was resisted by Umm Kulthum and her father Ali, possibly due to Umar's reputation for harsh treatment of women. By one [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] account, Ali finally agreed to the marriage when Umar enlisted the support of prominent [[Muslims]] for his proposal.
*'''There are Hadiths that claim [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] married a fifth Umm Kulthum, and that it was Umm Kulthum binte Ali. Those Hadiths make the following contradictory claims:'''
 
Umm Kulthum survived the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680, where her brother [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] and most of her male relatives were massacred by the forces of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mua'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}). Women and children in Husayn's camp were taken captive after the battle and marched to [[Kufa]] and then the Umayyad capital [[Damascus]]. A public speech ascribed to Umm Kulthum in Kufa condemns Yazid, defends Husayn, and chastises the Kufans for their role in his death. She was later freed and returned to her hometown [[Medina]].
{| border="1" width="75%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
|Ali conducted the [[Nikah]] on his own
|Abbas was witness to the Nikah
|-
|Banu Hashim were forced to agreeing to give Umm Kulthum in marriage
|Banu Hashim happily married Umm Kulthum off
|-
|No children were born from the marriage.
|Children were born from the marriage.
|-
|Zaid bin Umar had no children
|Zaid bin Umar had children
|-
|Zaid bin Umar died a natural death
|Zaid bin Umar was murdered
|-
|Zaid's mother died on the same day as Zaid
|Zaid's mother survived him
|-
|Ali said that his daughter was under age
|Ali said that his daughter was NOT under age
|-
|After Umar's death she married Awn bin Ja'far
|Awn bin Ja'far died whilst she was still married to Umar
|-
| Umm Kulthum died during the Caliphate of Muawiyah I
| Umm Kulthum was alive at Karbala
|}
 
==Early life==
{{See also|Zaynab bint Ali}}
Umm Kulthum was the fourth child of [[Fatima]] and [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], and their youngest daughter.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9938}} The former was the daughter of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the latter was his cousin. Ali is also recognized as the fourth [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun caliph]] ({{reign|656|661}}) and the first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]. Umm Kulthum is also known as Zaynab al-Sughra ({{lit|the junior Zaynab}}) to distinguish her from her older sister [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab al-Kubra]] ({{lit|the senior Zaynab}}).{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9938}} The [[Arabic]] world {{Transliteration|ar|zaynab}} literally means 'adornment of father'.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9938}}{{Sfn|Adibzadeh|2013|p=37}} Umm Kulthum was still a young child in 632 [[Common Era|CE]] when her grandfather Muhammad and her mother Fatima both died.{{Sfn|Esposito|2022}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}
 
=== Alleged marriage to Umar ===
*'''The differences between the fifth Umm Kulthum that Umar allegedly married in those Hadiths and Umm Kulthum binte Ali are the following:'''
The second [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun caliph]] [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] is said to have asked Umm Kulthum for her hand in marriage during his reign ({{Reign|634|644}}), according to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] historian [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}) in his biographical {{Transliteration|ar|Tabaqat}}. Still a child at the time, Umm Kulthum resisted this proposal, the report by Ibn Sa'd continues. This refusal is attributed by the Islamicist [[Wilferd Madelung|W. Madelung]] ({{Died in|2023}}) to Umar's reputation for harsh treatment of women. Ali too was reluctant but eventually gave in, according to Ibn Sa'd, when Umar enlisted the support of prominent [[Muslims]] for his proposal.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=67}} This proposal was likely an overture by Umar, who may have considered Ali's cooperation necessary in his collaborative scheme of government.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=62, 65}} While Ali reputedly advised Umar and his predecessor [[Abu Bakr]] ({{Reign|632|634}}) in certain matters,{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2023}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} their conflicts with Ali is also well-documented,{{sfn|Aslan|2005|p=122}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=42, 52–54, 213–4}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}} but largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=78}} where there is often a tendency to neutralize the conflicts among the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] after Muhammad.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=78}}{{Sfn|Lucas|2004|p=255{{ndash}}284}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=120}} In contrast, these conflicts might have been magnified in [[Shia Islam|Shia]] sources.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}}
 
== Battle of Karbala ==
{| border="1" width="75%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
[[File:A_tilework_inside_Mu'awin_ul-Mulk,_Yazid_court.jpg|alt=Captives at the court of Yazid|thumb|A tilework inside Mu'awin ul-Mulk in [[Kermanshah]], [[Iran]], depicting the captives in the court of Yazid|261x261px]]
|-
{{See also|Battle of Karbala|Zaynab bint Ali}}
!The fifth Umm Kulthum
!Umm Kulthum binte Ali
|-
|In 17 Hijri she was a child born 12 Hijri
|Born in 6 Hijri so was past puberty in 17 Hijri
|-
|She died during Muawiyah I’s reign with her son, in Medina
|Present at Karbala, died in 62 Hijri
|-
|Amr bin Aas and Mugheera bin Shuhba were advisers to the marriage (Tabari)
|Ali arranged the marriage (Aqd Al Fareed) with Aun bin Ja'far
|-
|She had children (al Maarif)
|She had no children (al Aqd al Mundhum)
|-
|Umar gave dower of 40,000 dirhams
|450 Dirhams were given as Dower (same as Fatima) [al Aqd al Mundhum]
|-
|She died at least seven years before Karbala
|Present in Karbala made captive by [[Ibn Ziyad]], gave a sermon in Kufa
|-
|Had multiple marriages
|Only one marriage with Aun
|}
 
Ali was himself elected caliph in 656,{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}} and later assassinated in his ''de-facto'' capital [[Kufa]] in January 661.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006|p=37}}{{sfn|Esposito|2003|p=15}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=25}} Soon after Ali's death, his eldest son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] was elected caliph in Kufa,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=18}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} but later abdicated in favor of [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|661|680}}) in August 661.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9937}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2003}} The [[Hasan–Muawiya treaty|peace treaty]] between Hasan and Mu'awiya stipulated that the latter should not appoint a successor.{{Sfn|Madelung|2003}} Hasan kept aloof from politics after his abdication in compliance with the peace treaty,{{sfn|Hulmes|2008|p=218}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=27-28}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=157}} but was poisoned and killed in 669, most likely at the instigation of Mu'awiya,{{Sfn|Madelung|2003}}{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9937}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=331}} who thus paved the way for the succession of his son [[Yazid I|Yazid]] ({{Reign|680|683}}).{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=158}} Hasan was then succeeded as the head of Muhammad's family by his brother [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]],{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9937}} who nevertheless upheld the treaty with Mu'awiya.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}{{Sfn|Daftary|2013|p=32}}
==The Shi’a View==
"Umar ibn Adheena asked sixth Shi’a Imam, Ja’far al-Sadiq, “People claim that Ali married his daughter to such a person”. The Imam, who was until then sitting down, stood up and said angrily, "Whoever holds such a viewpoint is misled." Subhanallah! Was Imam 'Ali unable to free his daughter from their clutches? He could have stood between them and her to protect, they have fabricated a lie". [http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/umme_kulthum/en/chap13.php]
 
Mu'awiya designated his son Yazid as his successor in 676,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=322}} in violation of his earlier agreement with Hasan.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=493-8}} Yazid is often remembered by Muslim historians as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{Sfn|Pinault|1998|p=70}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=167}} and his nomination was met with resistance from the sons of Muhammad's prominent companions, including Husayn ibn Ali.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=145}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=46}} On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's succession in 680, the latter instructed the governor of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by force. Husayn immediately left his hometown [[Medina]] for [[Mecca]] at night to avoid recognizing Yazid as the caliph.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} After receiving letters of support from some Kufans, whose intentions were confirmed by his envoy, Husayn later left Mecca for Kufa, accompanied by some relatives and supporters,{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} including Zaynab and Umm Kulthum.{{Sfn|Pinault|1998|p=71}} On their way to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and forced to camp in the desert land of [[Karbala]] on 2 October 680 away from water and fortifications.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} The promised Kufan support did not materialize as the new governor of Kufa killed the envoy of Husayn and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} Having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby [[Euphrates|Euphrates river]],{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{Sfn|Pinault|1998|p=70}}{{Sfn|Aghaie|2007|p=117}} Husayn was later killed on 10 October 680, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, in the [[Battle of Karbala]] against the army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}).
Sunni believe that Umm Kulthum binte Ali was married to Umar ibn al-Khattāb, which Shi’as disagree with and say that it is highly baseless. Umm Kulthum binte Ali was married to Mohammad ibn Ja’far and she participated in the event of the Battle of Karbala, and even recited an elegy sighting the doors and walls of Medina, after returning from Damascus. The wife of Umar ibn al-Khattāb was Umm Kulthum binte Abu Bakr, whose mother was Asmaa binte Umays (she was a sister of Mohammad ibn Abu Bakr and a step-daughter of Ali ibn Abu Talib), on the bases of which she has been uncounted amongst the daughters of Ali ibn Abu Talib just as he has deemed Mohammad ibn Abu Bakr as his own son from the lineage of Abu Bakr- One of the son of Umm Kulthum binte Abu Bakr was Zayd ibn Umar ibn al-Khattāb whose mention is found in history.
 
After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched first to Kufa and later to the capital [[Damascus]] in [[Levant|Syria]].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=30{{ndash}}31}} Yazid eventually freed the captives,{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9938}} and they returned to Medina.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|p=107}}{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2005|p=9938}} The Muslim historian [[Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur]] ({{Died in|893}}) records two speeches about Karbala in his {{Transliteration|ar|[[Balaghat al-nisa']]}}, which is an anthology of eloquent speeches by women''.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|pp=109-10}}''{{Sfn|Sayeed|2008}} He attributes one of the two speeches to Umm Kulthum in the market of Kufa,{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|pp=|p=107}} and the other to her sister Zaynab in the court of Yazid in Damascus.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|pp=|p=107}}{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|pp=109-10}} Most Shia authors, however, have later attributed both sermons to Zaynab, which the Islamicist [[Tahera Qutbuddin|T. Qutbuddin]] considers highly likely.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|pp=109-10}} Concerning the first sermon, Ibn Tayfur writes that the Kufans wailed and wept when they saw Muhammad's family in captivity. Umm Kulthum (or Zaynab) then addressed the crowd and chastised them for their role in Husayn's death and recounted the events of Karbala.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|pp=|p=111}}{{Sfn|Hamdar|2009|p=92}}
==The Sunni View==
Sunnis consider the marriage of Umar to Umm Kulthum to be a historic fact.
 
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Islamic [[Prophet Mohammed]]
* [[AliZaynab ibn Abu Talib(name)]]
* [[HassanBattle ibnof AliKarbala]]
* [[HussainMourning ibnof AliMuharram]]
}}
* [[Sahaba]]
* [[Shaam-e-Gareeba]]
 
==Footnotes==
== External links ==
*http://www.abc.se/~m9783/fiqhi/sp2-gfh_e.html#2
*http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/umme_kulthum/en/chap1.php
*http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/052.sbt.html#004.052.244
*http://www.abc.se/~m9783/o/umuk_e.html
*http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/encyclopedia/chapter5a/9.html
 
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}
[[Category:Sahaba]]
[[Category:Muslim women]]
[[Category:Arab people]]
 
== Sources ==
 
{{islam-bio-stubrefbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=H. |title=The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780300252057 |author-link=Hassan Abbas (scholar)}}
* {{cite thesis |author-last=Adibzadeh |author-first=S. |title=The Journey of Beauty Towards Perfection: Zaynab Bint 'Alī Ibn Abī Tālib and the Model of Human Changes Towards Developing Attributes of Walīyat Allāh and al-Insān al-Kāmil |publisher=Temple University |year=2013 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1416413849|id={{ProQuest|1416413849}} }}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/mode/2up |url-access=registration |title=Voices of Islam |volume=2 |editor-first=V.J. |editor-last=Cornell |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0275987343 |year=2007 |chapter=The Passion of 'Ashura in Shiite Islam |author-first=K.S. |author-last=Aghaie |pages=111{{ndash}}124 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/page/110/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|title=No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam|author-first=R.|author-last= Aslan|publisher=
Random House|year= 2005|isbn= 1588364453|url=https://archive.org/details/RezaAslanNoGodButGod|author-link=Reza Aslan|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Fatima (d. 632) |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/182/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |volume=1 |pages=182–187 |isbn=9781610691789 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=A.H. |author-last=Buehler |author-first=A.F. |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Shi'i Islam |author-first=F. |author-last=Daftary |author-link=Farhad Daftary |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2013 |isbn=9780857723338 |url=https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|author-first=J.L.|author-last= Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2003|isbn=0195125584|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/mode/2up|url-access=registration|author-link=John Esposito}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Zaynab |encyclopedia=The Islamic World: Past and Present |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=J.L. |series=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-379|isbn= 9780197669471}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Gleave|author-first= R.M.| title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=Third|editor1-first=K.|editor1-last= Fleet|editor2-first=G.|editor2-last= Krämer|editor3-first=D.|editor3-last= Matringe|editor4-first=J.|editor4-last= Nawas|editor5-first=D.J.|editor5-last= Stewart|year=2008|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324|isbn=9789004171374}}
* {{cite journal|author-last=Hamdar|author-first= A.|title=Jihad of words: Gender and contemporary Karbala narratives|journal=The Yearbook of English Studies|volume= 39|year=2009|issue= 1|pages=84{{endash}}100|doi= 10.1353/yes.2009.0016|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/814313/summary|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661{{ndash}}750|isbn= 0415240735|year= 2000|publisher=Routledge|author-first=G.R.|author-last=Hawting|edition=Second}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Hulmes |first1=E.D.A. |editor1-last=Netton |editor1-first=I.R. |pages=218–219 |title=al-Hasan ibn 'Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. AD 625{{endash}}69) |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780700715886 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000unse_h2t8/page/218/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Jafri |first=S.H.M. |author-link=Husain Mohammad Jafri |year=1979 |title=Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam |publisher=Longman|url=https://archive.org/details/originsearlydeve0000jafr/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |isbn=0582780802|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Lucas |author-first=S.C. |title=Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Sa'd, Ibn Ma'īn, and Ibn Ḥanbal |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |isbn=9789047413677}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Madelung |author-first=W. |url=https://archive.org/details/TheSuccessionToMuhammadByWilferdMadelung/mode/2up |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0521561817 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=W. |last=Madelung |author-link= |title=Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2003 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali |volume=XII/1 |pages=26{{endash}}28|issn=2330-4804}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=W. |last=Madelung |title=Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |year=2004 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i|volume=XII/5|pages= 493{{endash}}498|issn=2330-4804}}
* {{cite book |last=Momen |first=M. |author-link=Moojan Momen |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |year=1985 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300035315}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author1-last=Nasr|author1-first=S.H.|author2-last=Afsaruddin|author2-first=A.|title='Alī|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Britannica|year= 2023|url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph|author1-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|author2-link=Asma Afsaruddin}}
* {{cite book |title=Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety |editor-first=G. |editor-last=Hambly |publisher=Macmillan |year=1998|author-first=D. |author-last=Pinault |chapter=Zaynab bint 'Alī and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature|pages=69{{endash}}98|isbn= 9780333740965}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-first=I.K.|author-last= Poonawala|title= 'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life| encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|edition= Online|year= 1982|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt1|author-link=Ismail Poonawala}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|volume = 14|edition=Second|editor-first=L.|editor-last=Jones|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=002865983X|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0014unse/mode/2up|pages=9937{{endash}}9939|author-first= T.| author-last=Qutbuddin|title=Zaynab bint 'Alī|url-access=registration|author-link=Tahera Qutbuddin}}
* {{cite book |title=The 'Other' Martyrs: Women and the Poetics of Sexuality, Sacrifice, and Death in World Literatures |editor1-first=A. |editor1-last=Korangy |editor2-first=L. |editor2-last=Rouhi |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2019 |isbn=9783447112147 |chapter=Orations of Zaynab and Umm Kulthūm in the Aftermath of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom at Karbala: Speaking Truth to Power |author-first=T. |author-last=Qutbuddin |pages=103{{ndash}}132}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Sayeed |author-first=A. |title=Zaynab |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=B.G. |isbn=9780195337860 |year=2008 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-1187 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title='Ali ibn Abi Talib |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n79/mode/2up |author-link=Reza Shah-Kazemi |editor-last=Meri |editor-first=J.W. |pages=36{{endash}}37 |isbn=9780415966917 |author-first=R. |author-last=Shah-Kazemi|url-access=registration|volume=1}}
* {{cite book |title=Imam 'Ali: From Concise History to Timeless Mystery |author-first=R. |author-last=Shah-Kazemi |author-link= |publisher=The Matheson Trust |year=2019 |isbn=9781908092182}}
* {{cite thesis |author-last= |author-first= |title=The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought |publisher=Princeton University |last=Soufi |first=D.L. |date=1997 |degree=PhD |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529|id= {{ProQuest|304390529}}}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author-first=L. |title=(al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272 |year=2012a |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272 |url-access=subscription |isbn=9789004161214}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012c |title=Fāṭima |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217 |author-link= |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |edition=Second |isbn=9789004161214 |author-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author-first=L. |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217 |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book |last=Wellhausen |first=J. |year=1901 |title=Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam |language=de |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358135 |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |oclc=453206240|url-access=registration|author-link=Julius Wellhausen}}
*{{cite book |author-last=Wellhausen |author-first=J. |year=1927 |title=The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall |translator-first=M. |translator-last=Graham Weir |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=752790641 |url=https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
{{refend}}
 
{{Muhammad footer}}
{{authority control}}
 
[[Category:630 births]]
[[Category:Children of Ali]]
[[Category:Women companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:People from Medina]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali"