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{{Short description|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Distinguish|Livonian Order}}
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|unit_name=Livonian Brothers of the Sword
|native_name={{lang-la|Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae}}<br> {{lang-de|Schwertbrüderorden}}<br>{{lang-fr|Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive}}
|image=[[Image:SwordBrothers.svg|100px]] [[Image:Zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych COA.svg|110px| ]]
|caption= {{ordered list |style=text-align: left; |1=Seal of the Swordbrothers |2=Coat of Arms of the Swordbrothers}}
|dates=1204–1237
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}}
The '''Livonian Brothers of the Sword''' ({{lang-la|Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae}}, {{lang-de|Schwertbrüderorden}}<!--, {{lang-fr|Ordre des chevaliers Porte-Glaive}}, [[Polish language|Polish]]: Zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych-->) was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Military order (monastic society)|military order]] established in 1202 during the [[Livonian Crusade]] by [[Albert of Riga|Albert]], the third [[bishop]] of [[Riga]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christiansen |first=Eric |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38197435 |title=The northern Crusades |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-026653-4 |edition=2nd |location=London, England |pages=x |language=en |oclc=38197435}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> (or possibly by [[Theoderich von Treyden
Following their defeat by the [[Samogitians]] and [[Semigallians]] in the [[Battle of Saule
== Organization ==
The Livonian Brothers had a set of rules adopted from the [[Knights Templar]], requiring them to be of noble birth and to take vows of obedience, poverty, and celibacy. The order also included soldiers, artisans, and clerics as members. The Knights made up a general assembly, which selected a grandmaster and other officials.<ref name=":0" />
The grandmaster served for life in the order. He chose a council and a military chief for each district castle, where the order's knights were living.<ref name=":0" /> [[Wenno von Rohrbach]] was the first master of the order (1204–1209),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Venning, Timothy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908389545|title=A chronology of the Crusades|others=Frankopan, Peter.|date=May 2015 |isbn=978-1-317-49643-4|location=London|oclc=908389545}}</ref> followed by [[Volkwin]] Schenk von Winterstein, who died in the [[Battle of Saule|Battle of Schaulen]] in 1236.
In the beginning, the main duty of the Livonian Brothers was to protect priests and missionaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Turnbull, S. R. (Stephen Richard)|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/52783454|title=Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights. 2, The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185-1560.|date=2004|publisher=Osprey|isbn=1-84176-557-0|location=Oxford|oclc=52783454}}</ref> The characteristics of the territory brought a moral challenge for the crusaders because the land of the Livs and Letts had not previously been Christian. Therefore, they did not have any justification to attack them. The division of conquered territory also was a problem faced by the order. Swordbrothers were to garrison the built castles to maintain control along the [[Daugava]]. However, garrison duties did not imply ownership. Albert of Riga established that one-third of any new territory could be retained by the order. Meanwhile, the rest of the territory was handed over to the bishop.<ref name=":1" />
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=== Foundation ===
[[Albert of Riga|Albert]], Bishop of [[Riga]] (also called [[Prince-Bishop]] of [[Livonia]]) (or possibly Theoderich von Treyden)<ref>''The Discovery of the Baltic The Reception of a Catholic World-System in the European North (AD
The Brotherhood had its headquarters at [[Viljandi|Fellin (Viljandi)]] in present-day [[Estonia]], where the walls of the Master's castle {{as of|2009|alt=still}} stand. Other strongholds included [[Cēsis|Wenden (Cēsis)]], [[Sigulda|Segewold (Sigulda)]] and [[Aizkraukle|Ascheraden (Aizkraukle)]]. The commanders of Fellin, [[Kuldīga|Goldingen (Kuldīga)]], [[Alūksne|Marienburg (Alūksne)]], [[Tallinn|Reval (Tallinn)]], and the [[bailiff]] of [[Paide|Weißenstein (Paide)]] belonged to the five-member entourage of the Order's Master.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
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After the death of Albert of Riga in 1229, ecclesiastical authorities considered that the Order was no longer useful. The papal legate Bernard of Aulne decided that they should be suppressed, and he tried to recapture the Danish Castle at [[Tallinn|Reval]]. However, the Order defeated him and took him as a prisoner.<ref name=":1" />
[[Pope Gregory IX]] asked the Brothers to defend [[Finland]] from the [[Finnish-Novgorodian Wars|Novgorodian attacks]] in his letter of November 24, 1232.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=80 |title=Letter by Pope Gregory IX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814083933/http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=80 |archive-date=2007-08-14 }}. (In Latin) Hosted by the [http://www.narc.fi National Archive of Finland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915000053/http://www.narc.fi/ |date=2010-09-15 }}. See [http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/sahkoiset/ ''Diplomatarium Fennicum''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608003759/http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/sahkoiset/ |date=2007-06-08 }}</ref> However, no known information regarding the knights' possible activities in Finland has survived. ([[Sweden]] eventually conquered Finland following the [[Second Swedish Crusade]] in 1249.){{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
=== Incorporation into the Teutonic Knights ===
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* [[Volkwin]] (Schenk von Winterstein) 1209–1236
== Gallery ==▼
<gallery>▼
Image:Medieval Livonia 1260.svg|The [[Livonian Confederation]] in 1260.▼
Image:Helmoldus de Plesse4.JPG|The Mecklenburgian swordbrother Helmold III. von Plesse.▼
</gallery>▼
== See also ==
* [[Teutonic Order]]
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* [[Northern Crusades]]
* [[Order of Dobrin]]
▲== Gallery ==
▲<gallery>
▲Image:Medieval Livonia 1260.svg|The [[Livonian Confederation]] in 1260.
▲Image:Helmoldus de Plesse4.JPG|The Mecklenburgian swordbrother Helmold III. von Plesse.
▲</gallery>
== References ==
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[[Category:1237 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Livonian Crusade]]
[[Category:Baltic-German
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