Livonian Brothers of the Sword: Difference between revisions

{{shortShort description|MilitaryCatholic military order founded by Bishop Albert of Riga in 1202(1204–1237)}}

|image=[[Image:SwordBrothers.svg|100px]] [[Image:Zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych COA.svg|110px| ]]

|notable_commanders={{ubl|Master [[Wenno]]<br>|Master [[Volquin]]}}

The '''Livonian Brothers of the Sword''' ({{lang-la|Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae}}, {{lang-de|Schwertbrüderorden}}<!--, {{lang-fr|Ordre des Chevalierschevaliers Porte-Glaive}}, [[Polish language|Polish]]: Zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych-->) was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Military order (monastic society)|military order]] established in 1202 during the [[Livonian Crusade]] by [[Albert of Riga|Albert]], the third [[bishop]] of [[Riga]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christiansen |first=Eric |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38197435 |title=The northern Crusades |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-026653-4 |edition=2nd |location=London, England |pages=x |language=en |oclc=38197435}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> (or possibly by [[Theoderich von Treyden]]d), in 1202. [[Pope]] [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] sanctioned the establishment in 1204 for the second time. The membership of the [[Crusades|crusading]] [[Military order (religious society)|order]] comprised [[Germanswarrior monk|Germanwarrior]] "warrior [[monk]]s", mostly from northern Germany, who fought [[Baltic peoples|Baltic]] and [[Baltic Finnic paganspeoples|Finnic]] [[Polytheism|polytheist]]s in the area of modern-day [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]. Alternative names of the Order include '''Christ Knights''', '''Swordbrothers''', '''Sword Brethren''', '''Order of the Brothers of the Sword''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Order of the Brothers of the Sword {{!}} German organization of knights|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Order-of-the-Brothers-of-the-Sword|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> and '''The Militia of Christ of Livonia'''. The seal reads: ''+MAGISTRI ETFRM (et fratrum) MILICIE CRI (Christi) DE LIVONIA''.

Following their defeat by the [[Samogitians]] and [[Semigallians]] in the [[Battle of Saule|Battle of Schaulen (Saule)]] in 1236, the surviving Brothers merged into the [[Teutonic Order]] as an autonomous branch and became known as the [[Livonian Order]].

The Livonian Brothers had a set of rules adopted offrom the Knight[[Knights TemplarsTemplar]], asrequiring them to be of noble birth and to take vows of obedience, poverty, and celibacy. The order also included soldiers, artisans, and clerics as members. The Knights made up a general assembly, which selected a grandmaster and other officials.<ref name=":0" />

The grandmaster served for life in the order. He chose a council and a military chief for each district castle, where the order's knights were living.<ref name=":0" /> [[Wenno von Rohrbach]] was the first master of the order (1204–1209),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Venning, Timothy,|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908389545|title=A chronology of the Crusades|others=Frankopan, Peter,.|date=May 2015 |isbn=978-1-317-49643-4|location=London|oclc=908389545}}</ref> followed by [[Volkwin]] Schenk von Winterstein, who died in the [[Battle of Saule|Battle of Schaulen]] in 1236.

In the beginning, the main duty of the Livonian Brothers was to protect priests and missionaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Turnbull, S. R. (Stephen Richard), 1948-|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/52783454|title=Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights. 2, The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185-1560.|date=2004|publisher=Osprey|year=|isbn=1-84176-557-0|location=Oxford|pages=|oclc=52783454}}</ref> The characteristics of the territory brought a moral challenge for the crusaders duebecause tothe land of the Livs and Letts didn'thad own land that wasnot previously been Christian. Therefore, they didn'tdid not have any justification to attack them. The division of conquered territory also was a problem faced by the order. Swordbrothers were to garrison the built castles to maintain the control along the [[Daugava]]. However, garrison duties didn'tdid not imply ownership. Albert of Riga established that one-third of any new territory could be retained by the order. Meanwhile, the rest of the territory was handed over to the bishop.<ref name=":1" />

[[Albert of Riga|Albert]], Bishop of [[Riga]] (also called [[Prince-Bishop]] of [[Livonia]]) (or possibly Theoderich von Treyden)<ref>''The Discovery of the Baltic The Reception of a Catholic World-System in the European North (AD 1075-12251075–1225)'' Blomkvist, Nils. 2004 (p. 539) {{ISBN?}}</ref> realizedrealised that a standing- army in Livonia would be more useful than crusaders staying a short time. As rewards for secular knights in the Baltic area were not enough to ensure their long-termsterm stance, Albert founded the Brotherhood in 1202 to aid the [[Bishopric of Riga|Bishopric of Livonia]] in the conversion of the [[paganism|pagan]] [[Livonian people|Livonians]], [[Latgalians]] and [[Selonians]] living across the ancient trade routes from the [[Gulf of Riga]] eastwards.<ref name=":1" />

In 1205, the first battle of the Livonian brothers occurred. The [[Semigallians|Semigallian]] duke [[Viestards|Viesthard]] visited Riga to request the help of the Swordbrothers after a local Semigallian tribe was devasteddevastated by the [[Lithuanians]]. The brotherhood was reluctant to go to war due to the absence of the bishop Albert. However, Viesthard successfully persuaded the Swordbrothers. They prepared an ambush against the Lithuanians that were returning with the booty, where the Lithuanian leader was beheaded.<ref name=":1" />

In 1206, the Duke Vladimir of Polozk demanded tribute from the inhabitants of the Daugava when the terms of service of the crusaders expired. The Swordbrothers, with the help of the remainedremaining crusaders, beat the RussiansRussian troops that arrived suddenly to Daugava.<ref name=":1" />

In 1207, the Swordbrothers faced an attack from Lithuania launched during the winter. The Swordbrothers and allies stayed at the castle of [[Lielvārde|Lennewarden]] on the north of the Daugava. The Lithuanian army challenged the order to battle and was defeated by the Order. This victory served to show the value of the castle line along the river. The chain of castles allowed successful communication. Meanwhile, the local militia could assemble at the nearest fort to the raiderraiders's return route and attack them.<ref name=":1" />

The Swordbrothers havehad superiority in heavy cavalry. For that reason, natives trytried to avoid pitched battles during the Livonian crusade. Most of the confrontations consisted of raids. The Order built a fortified line along the Daugava that created a peaceful time in the region. Livonian people began to consider the Swordbrothers as efficient protectors. Despite that, some native leaders felt that the Order represented a challenge to their authority, as the case of [[Vyachko|King Vetseke]], the original owner of the [[Koknese Castle|fortress of Koknese]]. King Vetseke massacred German workers who were rebuilding the fortress. He was punished after that.<ref name=":1" />

In 1211, several threats around Livonian prompted Albert of Riga to reinforce the defensesdefences. For safeguarding the northern flank, Albert organizedorganised an invasion of southern Estonia. The Swordbrothers were the core of the crusader army, allied with Russians, loyal Livs and Letts, and leadled by [[Engelbert von Thisenhusen]], brother-in-law of Albert of Riga. After a siege, they took [[Viljandi|Fellin]] and negotiated a settlement with the condition that pagans accept baptism. The following year the order destroyed the [[Sakala County|Saccalian]] resistance in a battle where 2,000 Saccalians feltfell.<ref name=":1" />

Between 1211- and 1212, the Swordbrothers realizedrealised that winter was the best season for warfare due to frozen swamps, weak undergrowth, and difficulty of their enemies to cover their tracks. Also, the knights could use frozen rivers as high-speed paths. The Order used thatthese advantages in their campaigns until 1218, when they conquered southern EstonianEstonia, meanwhile they beat off counter-attacks from Russians and Lithuanians.<ref name=":1" />

In 1230, Kurland was conquestedconquered and converted by the order.<ref name=":1" />

=== UndisciplineIndiscipline ===

From its foundation, the undisciplinedindisciplined Order tended to ignore its supposed [[vassal]]age to the bishops.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} DesiresThe desires of the Swordbrothers to expand throughto the north of the Daugava river, along the [[Gauja|Livonian Aa stream]], confrontbrought the Order into a confrontation with Bishop Albert. Albert wanted to extend throughto the south of the river and didn'tdid not have an interest in [[Estonia]], previously promised to King Valdemar II of Denmark.

Master Wenno advanced to the north without the permission of Bishop Albert. First, the Order took and occupied the [[Turaida|fortress of Treiden]]. In 1208, they founded the [[Sigulda|castle of Segewold]] in the Aa valley, and the [[Cēsis Castle|castle of Wenden]] further upstream. The last one grew as a fortress and Master Wenno located there the Headquarters of the Order there. Wickbert, a man loyal to Albert of Riga, was placed to manage the Wenden castle. Master Wenno removed him, but Wickbert fled to the protection of Albert of Riga and killed Wenno with an axaxe.<ref name=":1" />

The Order was decimated in the [[Battle of Saule|Battle of Schaulen (Saule)]] in 1236 against [[Lithuanians]] and [[Semigallians]].<ref name="Plakans44">Andrejs Plakans, ''A Concise History of the Baltic States'', (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 44.</ref> This disaster led the surviving Brothers to become incorporated into the Order of [[Teutonic Knights]] in the following year, and from that point on they became known as the [[Livonian Order]].<ref name="Plakans44" /> They continued, however, to function in all respects ([[monastic rule|rule]], clothing and policy) as an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, headed by their own Master (himself ''de jure'' subject to the Teutonic Order's [[Hochmeister|Grand Master]]).

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[[Category:Baltic-German peoplehistory]]