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{{Short description|Peninsula in West Asia}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Arabia|Arabian}}
{{Distinguish|Arabian Plate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox continent
|title = Arabian Peninsula<br />{{nobold|{{native name|ar|ٱلْجَزِيرَة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة}}<br />{{native name|ar|شِبْه ٱلْجَزِيرَة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة}}}}
|image = {{Switcher|[[File:Arabian Peninsula.svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Arabian Peninsula (no borders).svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}}
|location = [[Western Asia]]
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|list_countries =
|dependencies =
|HDI = 0.788 (2018) <!-- [(0.857 + 0.463 + 0.848 + 0.834 + 0.866 + 0.838 + 0.808) / 7] with constituent HDIs sourced from list released in 2019 with 2018 data) --><br /><span style="color:#006400">
| cities = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
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# A range of deserts: the [[Nefud]] in the north,<ref name=Prothero15>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Arabia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=15|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/15/|access-date=8 September 2013|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031163556/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/15/|url-status=live}}</ref> which is stony; the [[Rub' al Khali]] or Great [[Arabian Desert]] in the south, with sand estimated to extend {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on}} below the surface; between them, the [[Dahna]] [[#Mountains|Mountains]]<ref name="Burrows2010">{{cite book |author=Robert D. Burrowes |title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen |pages=5–340 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC |isbn=978-0-8108-5528-1 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025046/https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Laughlin2008">{{cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |title=Yemen |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |chapter=1: Background |page=3 |isbn=978-1-8416-2212-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC |year=2008 |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702224444/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cavendish2007">{{cite book |last1=Cavendish |first1=Marshall |author-link=Marshall Cavendish |title=World and Its Peoples |volume=1 |chapter=Geography and climate |date=2007 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/n151 8]–19 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse |url-access=limited }}</ref>
# Stretches of dry or marshy coastland with coral reefs on the Red Sea side ([[Tihamah]])
# Oases and marshy coast-land in [[Eastern Arabia]], the most important of which are those of the [[Al Ain, Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Al Ain emirate]] ([[Tawam (region)|Tawam]]
#
Arabia has few lakes or permanent rivers. Most areas are drained by ephemeral watercourses called [[wadi]]s, which are dry except during the rainy season. Plentiful ancient [[aquifer]]s exist beneath much of the peninsula, however, and where this water surfaces, [[oases]] form (e.g. Al-Hasa and [[Qatif]], two of the world's largest [[oases]]) and permit agriculture, especially [[palm trees]], which allowed the peninsula to produce more [[date palm|dates]] than any other region in the world. In general, the climate is extremely hot and [[Desert|arid]], although there are exceptions. Higher elevations are made temperate by their altitude, and the Arabian Sea coastline can receive cool, humid breezes in summer due to cold upwelling offshore. The peninsula has no thick forests. Desert-adapted wildlife is present throughout the region.
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====Mountains====
[[File:Kawkaban -68 (353668857).jpg|thumb|The [[Jabal Haraz|Haraz Mountains]] in
There are mountains at the eastern, southern and northwestern borders of the peninsula. Broadly, the ranges can be grouped as follows:
* Northeast: The [[Hajar Mountains|Hajar range]],
* Southeast: The [[Dhofar Mountains]] of southern Oman,<ref name="Cavendish2007"/> contiguous with the eastern Yemeni [[Hadhramaut Mountains|Hadhramaut]]<ref name="Scoville1979">{{cite book |last=Scoville |first=Sheila A. |title=Gazetteer of Arabia: a geographical and tribal history of the Arabian Peninsula |volume=2 |pages=117–288 |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |year=2006 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101208/https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GhazanfarFisher2013">{{cite book |last1=Ghazanfar |first1=Shahina A. |author-link=Shahina A. Ghazanfar |title=Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula |last2=Fisher |first2=Martin |date=2013-04-17 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-9-4017-3637-4 |location=[[Sultan Qaboos University]], [[Muscat]] |pages=27–55 |chapter=1–2 |access-date=24 October 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101205/https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* West: Bordering the [[Tihamah|eastern coast]] of the Red Sea are the [[Sarawat Mountains|Sarawat]],<ref name="Burrows2010"/> which can be seen to include the [[Jabal Haraz|Haraz Mountains]]
* Northwest: Aside from the Sarawat, the northern portion of Saudi Arabia hosts the [[Shammar Mountains|Jabal Shamar Mountains]], which include the Aja and [[Salma Mountains|Salma]] subranges<ref name="Cavendish2007"/>
* Central: The Najd hosts the [[Tuwaiq]] Escarpment<ref name="Scoville1979"/> or Tuwair range<ref name="Cavendish2007"/>
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:Salalah Oman.jpg|[[Dhofar War|Dhofar]]
File:Yemen landscape 05.jpg|
File:شعيب جو بجبال أجـــا - panoramio.jpg|
</gallery>
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==History==
Stone tools from the [[Middle Paleolithic]] age along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, might imply that [[hominins]] migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Patrick |last2=Stewart |first2=Mathew |last3=Alagaili |first3=Abdulaziz N. |last4=Breeze |first4=Paul |last5=Candy |first5=Ian |last6=Drake |first6=Nick |last7=Groucutt |first7=Huw S. |last8=Scerri |first8=Eleanor M. L. |last9=Lee-Thorp |first9=Julia |author-link9=Julia Lee-Thorp |last10=Louys |first10=Julien |last11=Zalmout |first11=Iyad S. |last12=Al-Mufarreh |first12=Yahya S. A. |last13=Zech |first13=Jana |last14=Alsharekh |first14=Abdullah M. |last15=al Omari |first15=Abdulaziz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Fossil herbivore stable isotopes reveal middle Pleistocene hominin palaeoenvironment in 'Green Arabia' |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0698-9.epdf?referrer_access_token=hySAQNyjvRiQRNjo0mIXTNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N9kU6ZdocH1K5tlqbulC1NGihAtdUvadgd-Ce3IG8XflefNUJloWb0eiaik74msA1h2rnnGtKxsacM4n3oeY0ox3pyrnXIUsPX-0WqdUkvypjbH2-2zqzS6cX7GNA5XLxPMYuIOIGe73T9jrg26kRslQtiKDIo-6b8uybLbkRmsnPtcQEVDKKZEyjcImvRdVONyF_xvx1mOlrO4zI7po2NWcmKfmlFba5CH0PjStE6EJ1Ro0X_YiKSXL-TWWd0OVI%3D&tracking_referrer=www.sciencenews.org |url-status=live |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Nature |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=1871–1878 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1871R |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0698-9 |pmid=30374171 |s2cid=53099270 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614014654/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0698-9.epdf?referrer_access_token=hySAQNyjvRiQRNjo0mIXTNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N9kU6ZdocH1K5tlqbulC1NGihAtdUvadgd-Ce3IG8XflefNUJloWb0eiaik74msA1h2rnnGtKxsacM4n3oeY0ox3pyrnXIUsPX-0WqdUkvypjbH2-2zqzS6cX7GNA5XLxPMYuIOIGe73T9jrg26kRslQtiKDIo-6b8uybLbkRmsnPtcQEVDKKZEyjcImvRdVONyF_xvx1mOlrO4zI7po2NWcmKfmlFba5CH0PjStE6EJ1Ro0X_YiKSXL-TWWd0OVI%3D&tracking_referrer=www.sciencenews.org |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=1 November 2018 |hdl-access=free |last16=Boivin |first16=Nicole |last17=Petraglia |first17=Michael |hdl=10072/382068}}</ref> 200,000-year-old stone tools were discovered at Shuaib Al-Adgham in the eastern [[Al-Qassim Province]], which would indicate that many prehistoric sites, located along a network of rivers, had once existed in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1785951/saudi-arabia |title=Saudi Arabia's Qassim stone axe find points to prehistoric 'crossroads' |website=Arab News |date=2 January 2021 }}</ref> [[Acheulean]] tools found in Saffaqah, [[Riyadh Region]] reveal that hominins lived in the Arabian Peninsula around 188,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Scerri | first1=Eleanor M. L. | last2=Shipton | first2=Ceri | last3=Clark-Balzan | first3=Laine | last4=Frouin | first4=Marine | last5=Schwenninger | first5=Jean-Luc | last6=Groucutt | first6=Huw S. | last7=Breeze | first7=Paul S. | last8=Parton | first8=Ash | last9=Blinkhorn | first9=James | last10=Drake | first10=Nick A. | last11=Jennings | first11=Richard | last12=Cuthbertson | first12=Patrick | last13=Al Omari | first13=Abdulaziz | last14=Alsharekh | first14=Abdullah M. | last15=Petraglia | first15=Michael D. | title=The expansion of later Acheulean hominins into the Arabian Peninsula | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=17165 | date=29 November 2018 | doi=10.1038/s41598-018-35242-5 | pmid=30498259 | pmc=6265249 | bibcode=2018NatSR...817165S }}</ref> Human habitation in Arabia may have occurred as early as 130,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uerpmann|first1=Hans-Peter|last2=Usik|first2=Vitaly I.|last3=Parker|first3=Adrian G.|last4=Marks|first4=Anthony E.|last5=Jasim|first5=Sabah A. |last6=Armitage|first6=Simon J.|date=2011-01-28|title=The Southern Route "Out of Africa": Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia |journal=Science |language=en |volume=331 |issue=6016 |pages=453–456 |doi=10.1126/science.1199113 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=21273486 |bibcode=2011Sci...331..453A |s2cid=20296624}}</ref> A fossilized ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' finger bone found at Al Wusta in the [[Nefud Desert]] dates to approximately 90,000 years ago and is the oldest human fossil discovered outside of Africa and the Levant. This indicates human migrations from Africa to Arabia occurred around this time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/mpif-fhm040418.php|title=First human migration out of Africa more geographically widespread than previously thought|work=Eurek Alert|date=9 April 2018|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070454/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/mpif-fhm040418.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The Arabian
===Pre-Islamic Arabia===
{{main article|Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian Peninsula in the Roman era}}
[[File:Near East in 1000bc (en).jpg|thumb|Pre-Islamic Arabia in 1000 BC]]
{{further|Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia}}There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 106,000 to 130,000 years ago.<ref name="Saudi Embassy US Website">[http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/history/ Saudi Embassy (US) Website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062348/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/history/ |date=2016-03-04 }} retrieved 20 January 2011</ref> The harsh climate historically{{when|date=July 2019}} prevented much settlement in the pre-Islamic Arabian
[[Archaeology]] has revealed the existence of many civilizations in pre-Islamic Arabia (such as the [[Thamud]]), especially in [[South Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert D. Burrowes|year=2010|title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen|page=319|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0810855281}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Anderson Kitchen|year=2003|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n139 116]|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0802849601}}</ref> [[South Arabian kingdoms in pre-Islamic Arabia|South Arabian civilizations]] include
The Arabian
===Rise of Islam===
{{main article|Early Muslim conquests|Islamic Golden Age}}
[[File:Umayyad750ADloc.png|thumb|The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750)]]
The seventh century saw the rise of Islam as the peninsula's dominant religion. The [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but [[Hijra (Islam)|migrated]] to [[Medina]] in 622. From there he and his companions united the [[tribes of Arabia]] under the banner of [[Islam]] and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian
Muhammad established a new unified polity in the Arabian peninsula which under the subsequent [[Rashidun]] and [[Umayyad]] [[Caliphate]]s saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from the northwest [[Indian subcontinent]], across [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], southern [[Italy]], and the [[Iberian Peninsula]], to the [[Pyrenees]].
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