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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = ''[[Khan Bahadur]]''
| name = Sikandar Hayat Khan
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=small|sep=,|KBE}}
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| predecessor3 = Sir [[Herbert William Emerson|Herbert Emerson]]
| successor3 = Sir Herbert Emerson
| office4 = 2nd [[Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]
| term_start4 = 1933
| term_end4 = 1935
| predecessor4 = [[R. E. Grant Govan]]
| successor4 = [[Hamidullah Khan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|06|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Multan]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1942|12|26|1892|06|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| father = [[Muhammad Hayat Khan|Nawab Muhammad Hyat Khan]]
| relations = [[Liaqat Hayat Khan]] (brother) <br> [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] (son) <br> [[Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan]] (daughter) <br> [[Tahira Mazhar Ali]] (daughter) <br> [[Mazhar Ali Khan (journalist)|Mazhar Ali Khan]] (son in law) <br>[[Tariq Ali]] (grand son)
| party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]
| relatives =
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| unit = [[67th Punjabis]]
| serviceyears = 1916–1920
| rank = [[
| battles = [[World War I]]
}}
''[[Khan Bahadur]]''
==Early life==
He was educated at
During the [[First World War]], he initially worked as a War Recruitment Officer in his native [[Attock
After 1920, Khan turned his talents to business and by dint of his financial acumen and managerial skills, soon became a director or managing director of several companies, including the Wah Tea Estate, The [[Amritsar]]-[[Kasur]] Railway Company, The People's Bank of Northern India, The [[Sialkot]]-[[Narowal]] Railway, The ACC Wah Portland Cement Company, the Wah Stone and Lime Company, Messrs. Owen Roberts, the Punjab Sugar Corporation Ltd, Messrs. Walter Locke & Co, The Lahore Electricity Supply Co and many others.<ref>Dr. Iftikhar H. Malik, "Sir Sikandar Hayat: A Political Biography", Islamabad: NIHCR, 1985, p. 12.</ref><ref name=SOP/> He also entered grassroots politics at this time, and remained an [[Magistrate|honorary magistrate]] and Chairman of the Attock [[District Board]].
Later, for a brief while he also remained the acting deputy-governor of the newly established [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1935,<ref>He was also a member of its first Central board of directors, when the RBI was established in April 1935 on the recommendations of the Hilton-Young Commission of 1925–26. See the History section of the Official Website of the RBI http://www.rbi.org.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219113959/http://www.rbi.org.in/ |date=19 December 2010 }}</ref> prior to returning to take on party leadership in the [[Punjab]] in 1936.
==Later life and career==
In 1921, Khan was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Council]] and his effective political role now began, as he became one of the main leaders of the Punjab [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC&q=Sikander+Hayat+Khan+led+the+Unionist+Party&pg=PA133 |title=Haryana: A historical perspective |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1986 |isbn=81-7156-083-0 |pages=133}}</ref>(later known as the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]), an all-Punjab political party formed to represent the interests of the landed gentry and landlords of Punjab which included [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]].<ref name=SOP/>
After an outstanding period of political enterprise between 1924 and 1934,<ref>During which time he was also the first Indian native to have the unique distinction of being twice appointed as acting governor of the Punjab, in 1932 and then again in 1933–34.</ref><ref>Dr. Iftikhar H. Malik, pp. 41–46 for details</ref> he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Civil Division (KBE) in the [[1933 New Year Honours]] list.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33898 |supp=y|page=11|date=30 December 1932}}</ref><ref>also see Prof. Lajpat Nair, ''Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan: Politics'', Paper, Proceedings of the Institute for Current Affairs, Lahore, October 1943.</ref> he in due course took over leadership of the Unionist Party from Sir [[Fazli Husein]]. Khan led his party to victory in the 1937 elections, held under the [[Government of India Act 1935]] and then governed the Punjab as premier in coalition with the [[Sikh]] [[Akali Dal]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. When Khan was the Unionist Premier, he extended the offer of Parliamentary Secretaryship to Ghazanfar Ali Khan, who became a strong backer of the Unionist Party in the assembly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilmartin |first=David |date=1 January 1979 |title=Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=485–517 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00007228 |jstor=312311|s2cid=144573384 }}</ref> This government carried out many reforms for the better of the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ''Zamindar'' or [[agrarian community]]. When Indian farmers faced a crash of agricultural prices and economic distress in the late 1930s, Khan took further measures to alleviate their misery in the Punjab <ref>Inspired by the earlier example of his late father Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, who had played an instrumental role in helping the Punjab peasantry out of debt during the 1890s; see IH Malik, ''Sir Sikandar: A Political Biography'' aa</ref> – similar steps were also taken by A K Fazlul Huq, the premier of Bengal, in working to relieve the Bengali peasantry from crippling debts to private sources, using both legal and administrative measures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=D. |date=1 January 2004 |title=Preventable Deaths |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=39 |issue=30 |pages=3347–3348 |jstor=4415309}}</ref><ref name=SOP/>
Khan opposed the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Syed Nesar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC&q=Origins%20of%20Muslim%20consciousness%20in%20India&pg=PP1 |title=Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: a world-system perspective |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-313-27331-6 |pages=179}}</ref> and supported the Allied powers during [[World War II]]. Khan believed in
In 1937, soon after winning the general elections, confronted by internal pressure from many of his Muslim parliamentary colleagues and conscious of the need to maintain a balanced, equitable stance in a volatile and much-divided Punjabi political milieu,<ref> According to the first-hand account of Sir [[Penderel Moon]], who was then serving under Khan as a British
Khan and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] signed the Jinnah-Sikandar Pact at [[Lucknow]] in October 1937,<ref name=SOP/> merging the [[Muslim]] elements of his powerful Unionist force with the [[All India Muslim League]], as a move towards reconciling the various Muslim elements in the Punjab and elsewhere in India, towards a common, united front for safeguarding their community rights and interests.<ref>Stanley Wolpert, ''Jinnah of Pakistan'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 150–151. {{ISBN|0-19-577389-6}}</ref> Within the agreement, Khan announced he was "advising all the Muslim members of the Unionist Party in Punjab to join the League."<ref name=TFT/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heeger |first=Gerald A. |date=1 January 1972 |title=The Growth of the Congress Movement in Punjab, 1920–1940 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.2307/2053177 |jstor=2053177|s2cid=154447365 }}</ref> Khan's final days as Punjab's premier were extremely troublesome and marred by controversies and bitterness:<ref>Mansergh and Lumby (eds), ''Transfer of Power Documents'', London, 1971, Vol. III, p. 431.</ref> since 1940 the [[Khaksars]] had been constantly giving trouble; he was having a rough time within the Muslim League with [[Malik Barkat Ali]] and others; and in the Legislative Assembly [[Bhai Parmanand]] and Master [[Tara Singh Malhotra|Tara Singh]] were questioning his increasingly inconsistent stance over Pakistan and Punjabi unity.<ref>Detailed review in the ''Civil and Military Gazette'' newspaper, 8 and 10 November 1942.</ref> Khan's legacy was challenged when Malik Khizar Hyat refused to comply with League demands in 1944, leading Jinnah to repeal the Sikandar-Jinnah Pact from 1937.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilmartin |first=David |date=1 January 1979 |title=Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=485–517 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00007228 |jstor=312311|s2cid=144573384 }}</ref> Trying to yoke together an impossible 'political mosaic'<ref>Letter, [[Lord Linlithgow]] to Sir [[Leo Amery]], 28 December 1942, British Library/IOR, Accession No. L/1/1/1427</ref> took a drastic toll on Khan's health, probably resulting in his early fatality. In a letter from [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Linlithgow]] to Sir [[Leo Amery]] dated two days after Khan's death, the Viceroy offered a lengthy personal evaluation of Khan:
{{quote|The real tragedy of the last couple days has been the sudden death of Sikandar. He had his faults, as you and I well know. He was a rather difficult person to rely on in a really tight corner, and on more than one occasion he had caused me serious embarrassment. But he had a really remarkable record of achievement, and his services both to the Punjab and to India were very great indeed... I always felt... that he had an extremely difficult hand to play in the Punjab and that was the most probable explanation of his apparent weakness. He has with great skill for a number of years kept together a delicate political mosaic and I am by no means [untroubled] as I write at the thought of what may happen, for Sikandar was well-known to be very non-communal in temper and outlook, and he had conciliated a far greater degree of general support in that most important Province than anyone whom I can think of as a possible successor is likely to manage to do.<ref>Letter, [[Lord Linlithgow]] to Sir [[Leo Amery]], 28 December 1942.Mansergh and Lumby (eds), ''Transfer of Power Documents'', London, 1971, Vol. III, p. 431.</ref>}}
Khan died on the night between 25/26 December 1942, of a sudden heart failure, at his home.<ref name=SOP/> He is buried at the footsteps of the [[Badshahi Masjid]] in [[Lahore]].<ref>Dr Iftikhar H. Malik, ''Sir Sikandar Hayat: A Political Biography'', p. 97. Also see Omer Tarin, 'Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan and the Restoration of the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore', PHS digest, 1995, Vol2, pp 21–29</ref><ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/591207/sir-sikandar-hayat-s-grave-victim-of-neglect Sir Sikandar Hayat's grave victim of neglect] Dawn (newspaper), Published 14 December 2010, Retrieved 7 July 2020</ref><ref name=SOP/>
<!--[[File:Sikandar Hyat Khan Burial Site.JPG|frame300px|Right|thumb|Burial Site of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Lahore]] PICT0033.jpg-->
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*[[Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan]], Pakistan's first woman minister
*[[Shaukat Hayat Khan]], senior Muslim League leader and political figure. Remained MNA in the 1970s Assembly and as a opposition MNA played an important role for the drafting and approval of 1973s Pakistan constitution.
*[[Tahira Mazhar Ali]], socialist leader and public activist
*[[Izzet Hayat Khan]], businessman and former Pakistani ambassador to [[Tunisia]]
*
Among his grandchildren are [[Tariq Ali]], the British-Pakistani socialist writer and [[Yawar Hayat Khan]], former senior director/producer of PTV (Pakistan Television)
Among his great-grandchildren is the noted Pakistani poet and scholar Omer Tarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilyas Khan |date=November 2011 |title=Interview of poet Omer Tarin |url=https://ilyask2.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/interview-with-poet-omer-tarin-2011/ |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=WordPress.com website}}</ref>
==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Presidents of BCCI}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:People from Attock District]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]
[[Category:Hayat Khattar family|Sikandar]]
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[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Pakistani recipients of the Order of the British Empire]]
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