Nursing: Difference between revisions

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<references group="The U.S. Nursing Workforce in 2018 and Beyond Journal of Nursing Regulation , Volume 8, Issue 4, S3 - S6" />

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In the U.S., nurse practitioners are nurses with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing, and are permitted to prescribe medications. They practice independently in a variety of settings in more than half of the United States. In the [[Post-war|postwar]] period, nurse education has diversified, awarding [[Nursing credentials and certifications|advanced and specialized credentials]], and many traditional regulations and roles are changing.<ref>Coulehan J. L., Block M. R. (2005): The Medical Interview: Mastering skills for clinical practice, 5th Ed. F. A. Davis. {{ISBN|0-8036-1246-X}}. {{OCLC|232304023}}.</ref><ref>Dunphy L. M., Winland-Brown J. E. (2011): Primary care: The art and science of advanced practice nursing. F.A. Davis. {{ISBN|9780803626478}}.</ref>{{TOC limit|3}}

 

===Premodern===

 

In the [[Middle Ages]], members of [[religious orders]] such as [[nuns]] and [[monks]] often provided nursing-like care.<ref name="BLOY">{{cite web|last=Bloy|first=M|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/florrie.html|title=Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)|website=The Victorian Web|access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Examples exist in [[Christianity|Christian]],<ref name="FERNGREN2009">{{cite book|last1=Ferngren|first1=GB|title=Medicine & health care in early Christianity|date=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=9780801895227|page=121}}</ref> [[Islamic]],<ref name="SACHEDINA2009">{{cite book|last1=Sachedina|first1=Abdulaziz|title=Islamic biomedical ethics: principles and application|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbiomedica00sach_109|url-access=limited|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195378504|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbiomedica00sach_109/page/n103 93]–94}}</ref> [[Buddhist]],<ref name="DEBARY2011">{{cite book|editor1-last=de Bary|editor1-first=WT|title=The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan|date=2011|publisher=Vintage eBooks|location=New York|isbn=9780307778796|pages=35–36|edition=Unabridged.}}</ref> and other traditions. [[Phoebe (biblical figure)|Phoebe]], mentioned in {{Bibleverse|Romans|16}}, is described in many sources as "the first visiting nurse".<ref name="EGENES2009">{{cite book|last1=Egenes|first1=KJ|editor1-last=Halstead|editor1-first=J|editor2-last=Roux|editor2-first=G|title=Issues and Trends in Nursing: Essential Knowledge for Today and Tomorrow|date=2009|publisher=Jones and Bartlett|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=9780763752255|page=[https://archive.org/details/issuestrendsinnu0000unse/page/2 2]|chapter=History of nursing|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/issuestrendsinnu0000unse/page/2}}</ref><ref name="STRIEPE1992">{{cite journal|last1=Striepe|first1=JM|title=Reclaiming the church's healing role|journal=Journal of Christian Nursing|year=1992|volume=10|issue=1|pages=4–7|doi=10.1097/00005217-199310010-00002|pmid=8418284}}</ref> These traditions were influential in the development of the [[ethos]] of modern nursing. Its religious roots remain in evidence in many countries. One example in the [[United Kingdom]] is the use of the historical title "sister" to refer to a senior nurse.<ref name="WAND2004">{{cite journal|last1=Wand|first1=T|title=The 'Sister' title: past the use by date?|journal=Collegian|date=January 2004|volume=11|issue=1|pages=35–39|doi=10.1016/S1322-7696(08)60442-4}}</ref>

[[Florence Nightingale]] laid the foundations of professional nursing after the [[Crimean War]],<ref name="WINKEL2009">{{cite journal|last1=Winkel|first1=W|title=Florence Nightingale|journal=Epidemiology|year=2009|volume=20|issue=2|pages=311|doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181935ad6 |doi-access=free|pmid=19234417}}</ref> in light of a comprehensive statistical study she made of [[sanitation]] in India, leading her to emphasize the importance of sanitation. "After 10&nbsp;years of sanitary reform, in 1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per&nbsp;1,000".<ref name="Cohen1984">{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=I. Bernard |author-link=I. Bernard Cohen |date=March 1984 |title=Florence Nightingale |journal=Scientific American |volume=250 |issue=3 |pages=128–137 |bibcode=1984SciAm.250c.128C |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0384-128 |pmid=6367033 |s2cid=5409191}} (alternative pagination depending on country of sale: 98–107, bibliography on p. 114) [http://www.unc.edu/~nielsen/soci708/ online article – see documents link at left] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705052627/http://www.unc.edu/~nielsen/soci708/|date=5 July 2010}}</ref>{{rp|page=107}}

 

 

 

Nightingale's recommendations built upon the successes of Jamaican "doctresses" such as [[Mary Seacole]], who like Nightingale, served in the Crimean War. Seacole practised hygiene and the use of herbs in healing wounded soldiers and those suffering from diseases in the 19th century in the Crimea, Central America, and Jamaica. Her predecessors had great success as healers in the [[Colony of Jamaica]] in the 18th century, and they included Seacole's mother (Mrs. Grant), Sarah Adams, [[Cubah Cornwallis]], and Grace Donne, the mistress and doctress to Jamaica's wealthiest planter, [[Simon Taylor (sugar planter)|Simon Taylor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Moira |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203760697/nine-black-women-moira-ferguson |title=Nine Black Women: An Anthology of Nineteenth-Century Writers from the United States, Canada, Bermuda and the Caribbean |date=2016-01-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-76069-7 |location=New York |doi=10.4324/9780203760697}}</ref>

Nurses provide care based on the individual's physical, emotional, psychological, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs. The profession combines physical science, social science, nursing theory, and technology.

 

 

===Diversity ===

 

{{Main article|Nursing theory|Nursing process}}

 

In general terms, the nursing process is the method used to [[Nursing assessment|assess]] and [[Nursing diagnosis|diagnose]] needs, plan outcomes and interventions, implement interventions, and evaluate outcomes. The nursing process as defined by the [[American Nurses Association]] is made up of five steps: 1) evaluate, 2) implement, 3) plan, 4) diagnose, and 5) assess.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Nursing {{!}} The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society - Credo Reference |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageeas/nursing/0 |access-date=2022-02-18 |website=search.credoreference.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{Main article|Evidence-based nursing|Evidence-based medicine}}

 

==Scope of activities==

 

Many times, nurses are busy, leaving little time to educate patients.<ref name=":6" />

 

 

 

==Specialties ==

{{Main article|List of nursing specialties}}

 

 

The major specialties are:

*[[emergency nursing|emergency care]]

 

 

== Settings ==

 

 

Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contract in a variety of settings, sometimes known as ''per diem nursing'', ''agency nursing'' or ''travel nursing''. Nurses work as researchers in laboratories, universities, and [[research institutions]]. Nurses work in informatics, acting as consultants to the creation of computerized charting programs and other software. Nurse authors publish articles and books to provide essential reference materials.

 

=== Patient handling ===

 

 

Traditionally, nurses are trained in manual patient handling techniques.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Thomas R. |date=2007 |title=For CE Credit: When Is It Safe to Manually Lift a Patient? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29746479 |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=107 |issue=8 |pages=53–59 |doi=10.1097/01.NAJ.0000282296.18688.b1 |jstor=29746479 |pmid=17667392 |issn=0002-936X}}</ref> The body of evidence has demonstrated, however, that such interventions area ineffective.<ref name=":02" />

Workplace violence can be in another way: interpersonal violence and organizational coercion. Interpersonal violence is committed by workers or patients and their families. Its predominant form is verbal abuse. Organizational coercion may include excessive workloads, mandatory shifts, involuntary placement in another part of the workplace, low salaries, denial of benefits/overtime, poor working environment, and other stressors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Faghihi|first1=Mitra|last2=Farshad|first2=Aliasghar|last3=Abhari|first3=Maryam Biglari|last4=Azadi|first4=Nammamali|last5=Mansourian|first5=Morteza|date=2021-05-19|title=The components of workplace violence against nurses from the perspective of women working in a hospital in Tehran: a qualitative study|journal=BMC Women's Health|volume=21|issue=1|page=209|doi=10.1186/s12905-021-01342-0|pmid=34011330|issn=1472-6874|pmc=8136170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These issues affect [[quality of life]]. Managers who lack understanding of the severity of these problems and do not support workers increase worker stress.

 

 

Workplace violence has many causes. The most common perpetrators of harassment or bullying of nursing students were registered nurses including preceptors, mentors, and clinical facilitators.<ref name=":2" /> However, the main perpetrators of workplace violence against nurses were patients. 80% of serious violent incidents in health care centers were by patients.

 

 

=== Interventions ===

 

==== European Union ====

 

{{Excerpt|Nursing in Germany}}

 

{{Excerpt|Nursing in Spain|paragraphs=1}}

 

====Israel====

{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}

 

Nurses and midwives are regulated by the [[Israeli Ministry of Health]].

* {{cite book |date=2014 |edition=3rd |editor-last=Boswell |editor-first=Carol |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=Sharon |isbn=9781449681968 |location=Burlington, MA |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |title=Introduction to Nursing Research: Incorporating Evidence-based Practice}}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator -->

* {{Cite book |last=Eliopoulos |first=Charlotte |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/265657164 |title=Gerontological Nursing |date=2010 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-5344-9 |edition=7th|location=Philadelphia |oclc=265657164}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Muñoz |first1=Cora C. |title=Transcultural Communication in Nursing |last2=Luckmann |first2=Joan |date=2005 |publisher=Thomson/Delmar Learning |isbn=978-0-7668-4877-1 |edition=2nd |location=Clifton Park, NY}}

 

=== Journal articles ===