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{{Short description|Political movement between 1808 and 1812}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2021}}
'''Carlotism''' was a political movement that took place in the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] between 1808 and 1812; it intended to make [[Carlota Joaquina of Spain|Carlota Joaquina]], [[Infanta]] of Spain and [[List of Portuguese consorts|Queen Consort of Portugal]], its monarch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-26|title=Comodoro Rivadavia, La cuestión monárquica.|url=http://www.elchenque.com.ar/his/arg/9julio/cuesmonar.htm|access-date=2021-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426105227/http://www.elchenque.com.ar/his/arg/9julio/cuesmonar.htm|archive-date=2009-04-26}}</ref>
After [[Napoleon's invasion of
Carlota was living in [[Brazil]] by then, after the nobility of [[Portugal]] moved from Portugal to the Americas because of [[Napoleón's invasion of Portugal]].
Carlotism found strong resistance from many parties involved: the viceroys, other Spanish authorities in the Americas, part of the [[Criollo people|Criollos]], and the British. The plans were never applied, and supporters of it would later turn to independence.
==Development of the proposal==
In 1808, British Admiral Sir Sydney Smith, concerned with the danger of French influence in South America, tried to convince Sebastián's father, Prince Don [[Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal|Pedro Carlos]], to accept a joint regency with his future mother-in-law and aunt Dona Carlota Joaquina (herself a Spanish Bourbon and wife of João VI), under the name of the then-captive Spanish king. Carlota eagerly supported the plan hoping that she could rule the former Spanish colonies through her nephew.<ref>Macaulay (1993), p.46</ref> [[Saturnino José Rodríguez Peña]] and [[Manuel Belgrano]] also extended this offer to Carlota from Buenos Aires.<ref name=belgr>{{cite book |last1=R. A. HUMPHREYS |title=LIBERATION IN SOUTH AMERICA 1806-1827 The Career of James Paroissien |date=1952 |publisher=THE ATHLONE PRESS |location=UNIVERSITY OF LONDON |page=87}}</ref>
Although then-crown prince João had earlier considered establishing a court for Pedro Carlos in Buenos Aires or another Spanish viceroyalty to counter French influence, he now saw Carlota's ambitious plan as a threat to Portugal and Brazil and convinced his nephew to refuse the proposal.<ref name="Macaulay 1993, p.47">Macaulay (1993), p.45-47</ref> Nonetheless Carlota was adamant on leaving Rio de Janeiro to establish herself as regent with her younger son [[Michael I of Portugal|Miguel]] as her heir.<ref name="Macaulay 1993, p.47"/> In May 1809 her husband managed to destroy her project by sending away [[Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford]], the British Admiral who supported her would take her to Buenos Aires on his fleet.<ref>Macaulay (1993), p.48</ref> In 1810 the Buenos Aires junta, in conflict with the government of Cádiz, proposed Carlota as constitutional queen of the United Provinces (nowadays Argentina). She wanted to rule as an absolutist monarch which led to Buenos Aires to withdraw its proposal.<ref>Macaulay (1993), p.58</ref>
==Similar proposals==
In 1816, representatives of Buenos Aires - who disliked the idea of losing power and being governed by a distant central government in Cusco under the [[Inca plan]] - proposed instead as a monarch the young Prince [[Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain|Don Sebastián]], grandson of Carlota.<ref>Calmon (1975), pp.257-258</ref>
In 1819 the Congress enacted instead an aristocratic Constitution and a monarchy as well, but the king would be the prince of Lucca ([[Charles II, Duke of Parma]])<ref>"''El monarca, por su parte, ya no tendrá vinculación alguna con el Imperio Incaico ni con las multitudes indias de Perú y el Alto Perú, sino que sería un Borbó, ofrecido gentilmente por Fancia: el príncipe De Luca''". Galasso, p. 189</ref><ref name=belgr/> The crowning of Charles was frustrated by the defeat of Buenos Aires during the [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|battle of Cepeda]], which ended the authority of the Supreme Directors and started a period of [[anarchy]]. The Prince of Lucca was a Bourbon related to the Spanish king; the French premiers Richelieu and Desolle supported the plan to disrupt British activities in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=I.C. Nichols |title=The European Pentarchy and the Congress of Verona, 1822 |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9789401027250 |pages=139–140}}</ref> This plan came after Belgrano's proposal to crown [[Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain]], brother of King Ferdinand, had fallen through<ref name=belgr/> and King Louis XVIII of France had vetoed Rivadavia's plan to have [[Louis Philippe]], Duke of Orleans invited as king.<ref>{{cite book |last1=F. A. Kirkpatrick |title=A History of the Argentine Republic |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107455610 |page=124}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Carlota Joaquina of Spain]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Calmon, Pedro. ''História de D. Pedro II''. 5 v. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio, 1975. {{in lang|pt}}
* [[Macaulay, Neill]]. ''Dom Pedro I: a luta pela liberdade no Brasil e em Portugal, 1798-1834''. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1993. {{ISBN|8501038652}} {{in lang|pt}}
** ''Dom Pedro: the struggle for liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834'' (1986, {{ISBN|978-0-8223-0681-8}})
{{Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata}}
{{Manuel Belgrano}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:House of Bourbon (Spain)]]
[[Category:Peninsular War]]
[[Category:Spanish American wars of independence]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]
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