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{{Short description|Smithsonian Institution building in Washington, D.C., US}}
{{Infobox
| name
| nrhp_type = nhl▼
| image = Smithsonian Arts and Industries
|
| coordinates
| location = 900 Jefferson Dr., SW., [[Washington, D.C.]]▼
| former_name = United States National Museum
▲| coordinates = {{coord|38|53|17.34|N|77|1|28.18|W|region:US-DC_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|
| established = {{start date|1879}}
| director = [[Rachel Goslins]]
| architect = Cluss & Schulze; [[Montgomery C. Meigs (1816–1892)|Meigs, Montgomery]]▼
| website = {{URL|https://aib.si.edu/}}
| architecture = Renaissance Revival▼
| embedded = {{Infobox NRHP
| designated_nrhp_type = November 11, 1971<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1169&ResourceType=Building|title=Arts and Industries Building, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=2009-05-10|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>▼
|embed = yes
| added = November 11, 1971<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>▼
| refnum = 71000994▼
|built = 1881
▲ |
|designated_other1 = DCIHS
|designated_other1_abbr = DCIHS
|designated_other1_date = November 8, 1964
}}
}}
The '''
==Description==
[[File:Columbia Protecting Science and Industry sculpture.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Columbia (personification)|Columbia]] Protecting Science and Industry'' by sculptor [[Caspar Buberl]].]]
The Arts and Industries Building was sited slightly farther back from the Mall than the [[Smithsonian Castle]] to avoid obscuring the view of the Castle from the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]].<ref name="bldgsdc"/> The building was designed to be symmetrical, composed of a Greek cross with a central rotunda. The exterior was constructed with geometric patterns of polychrome brick, and a sculpture entitled ''Columbia Protecting Science and Industry'' by sculptor [[Caspar Buberl]] was placed above the main entrance on the north side.<ref name="bldgsdc"/>
The interior of the building was partially lit through the use of skylights and clerestory windows. An iron truss roof covers the building.
The building is composed of four pavilions, one at each corner, about {{convert|40|ft|m}} square and three stories tall. These surround a central rotunda. Lower sections or "ranges" were placed outside the pavilions.
==History==
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[[File:Arts and Industries Building under construction - Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|left|Construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1879]]
According to the Smithsonian Archives, "the Congressional appropriation for the 1876 [[Philadelphia Centennial Exposition]] contained an interesting proviso. It stated that the appropriation was considered a loan, and if income from the exhibition allowed the loan to be repaid, Congress would then allow part of those funds to be used to construct a new building for the National Museum."<ref name="siarchives.si.edu">{{cite web |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/baird/bairdd.htm |title=Baird and The Centennial Exposition |first=Smithsonian Institution |last=Archives |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616234557/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/baird/bairdd.htm |archive-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The success of the exhibits allowed the loan to be paid off soon after the event.<ref name="siarchives.si.edu"/> As promised, then, a bill was introduced in Congress two years later by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian to build a suitable structure.<ref name="siarchives.si.edu"/> The bill included plans developed by General [[Montgomery C. Meigs (1816–1892)|Montgomery C. Meigs]], which were based on the Government Building by James Windrim at the [[Philadelphia Centennial Exposition]], which was itself inspired by structures at the [[Weltausstellung 1873 Wien|1873 Vienna Exposition]].<ref name="bldgsdc">{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Pamela |author2=Lee, Antoinette J. |title=Buildings of the District of Columbia |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1993 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/buildingsofdistr0000scot/page/93 93–94] |chapter=The Mall |isbn=0-19-509389-5 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/buildingsofdistr0000scot/page/93}}</ref> Funds were approved in 1879 and the design was executed by Cluss and Schulze, based on the Meigs plan.<ref name="nrhpinv1">{{cite web|url=
During its construction, the materials featured at the [[Philadelphia Centennial Exposition]]—up to "sixty box cars worth" of donations<ref name="siarchives.si.edu"/>—were too numerous to fit in the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] and so were temporarily stored in the [[Armory Square Hospital|District Armory Building]] at the corner of 7th Street SW and [[Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Independence Avenue]].<ref name="siarchives.si.edu"/>
According to the aforementioned Smithsonian Archives, "the first event to take place in the new National Museum Building was the Inaugural Ball for President James Garfield and Vice President Chester A. Arthur on March 4, 1881. A temporary wooden floor was laid, two electric lights were placed in the Rotunda, 10,000 bins for hats and coats were erected, 3,000 gas lights were installed, and festive buntings, state flags and seals decorated the halls. A colossal "Statue of America" stood in the Rotundia, illustrative of peace, justice and liberty, grasping in her uplifted hand an electric light "indicative of the skill, genius, progress, and civilization" of America in the 19th century."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/baird/bairde.htm |title=The United States National Museum |first=Smithsonian Institution |last=Archives |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616234602/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/baird/bairde.htm |archive-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Eight months later the museum officially opened to the public.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> "It contained 80,000 square feet of exhibit space with specially designed mahogany exhibit cases. The exhibit halls contained exhibits on geology, metallurgy, zoology, medicine, anthropology, art, history and technologies such as ceramics, printing, transportation, textiles, fisheries, and agriculture."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Under the guidance of [[George Brown Goode]], a historian and ichythyologist, a Division of Arts and Industries and Materia Medica was established that same year<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and materials from the museum were sent to many late nineteenth century [[Trade fair|expositions]] to teach people about the country's political and natural history.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
===1900s===
{{multiple image
|total_width=300
|align=right
In 1910, the [[natural history]] collections were moved to the new [[National Museum of Natural History]], and the old National Museum Building was renamed the Arts and Sciences Building.▼
|image1=1982-01-Washington Arts and Industries Building024-ps.jpg |alt1=2
|image2=Arts and Industries Building - FUTURES exhibit 2.jpg |alt2=3
|footer = Interior of the Arts and Industries Building in 1982 and 2022
}}
▲In 1910, the [[natural history]] collections were moved to the new [[National Museum of Natural History]], and the old National Museum Building was renamed the Arts and
In 1964 additional exhibitions were moved to the National Museum of History and Technology, now known as the [[National Museum of American History]].
In the middle of 1975, the building was closed to the public to begin moving its remaining exhibits to the newly constructed [[National Air and Space Museum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arts and Industries Museum |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 20, 1975 |page=B11 |quote=The Smithsonian Institution's Arts and Industries Building will be closed to the public after July 31 in preparation for a Bicentennial exhibition which will open in May, 1976. The building's current exhibits, which include the Wright Brothers' Kitty Hawk Flyer and Charles Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis, will be displayed next summer in the new National Air and Space Museum. |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/146395797 |id={{ProQuest|146395797}} |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211194802/https://www.proquest.com/docview/146395797 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required|via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Smithsonian's Air and Space Museum is opening its lobby |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 3, 1976 |page=B2 |quote=The Arts and Industries Building where it was displayed was closed last spring... |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/538497355 |id={{ProQuest|538497355}} |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211194803/https://www.proquest.com/docview/538497355 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Restoration work was performed over the next year at a cost of $4.5 million, including the installation of air conditioning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Evoking the 1876 centennial in a bicentennial extravaganza |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 9, 1976 |author=Sarah Booth Conroy |page=F1 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/146422026 |id={{ProQuest|146422026}} |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211194804/https://www.proquest.com/docview/146422026 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required|via=ProQuest}}</ref>
===2000s===
By 1995, the building was reported to be in disrepair and at risk of closing down.<ref>{{cite news |title=The dilapidated state of the nation's attic |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 10, 1995 |author=Jacqueline Trescott |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/06/10/the-dilapidated-state-of-the-nations-attic/d73c0a5e-bfec-4378-b638-a7f157817855/ |access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref> By 2000, plastic tarps were in place to protect visitors from debris from the crumbling roof.<ref>{{cite news |title=Extensive leaks in the nation's attic |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 1, 2000 |author=Jacqueline Trescott |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2000/04/01/extensive-leaks-in-the-nations-attic/7fffbbf5-5c19-4a79-89fb-d086831a5fbe/ |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2017-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828200020/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2000/04/01/extensive-leaks-in-the-nations-attic/7fffbbf5-5c19-4a79-89fb-d086831a5fbe/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, the building was closed to the public indefinitely, as funding for the necessary repairs was uncertain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smithsonian accelerates Arts & Industries closing |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 30, 2003 |author=Jacqueline Trescott |page=C2 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2264331457/ |access-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211204457/https://www.proquest.com/docview/2264331457/ |url-status=live}}{{subscription required|via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Smithsonian Institution: Facilities Management Reorganization Is Progressing, but Funding Remains a Challenge |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |date=April 2005 |page=13 |url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-05-369.pdf |access-date=2021-12-11}}</ref>
[[File:Smithsonian Arts and Industry building undergoing renovation.jpg|thumb|Renovation of the Arts and Industries Building in 2012]]
▲In 2004, the museum was again closed for renovation. Its uncertain future and deteriorating condition led the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] to name it in 2006 as one of [[America's Most Endangered Places]], an annual list of endangered historic sites. In 2009 it was scheduled to receive $25 million in funds from the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] for renovation work.<ref name="nthp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites/southern-region/Arts-and-Industries-Building.html |title=Arts & Industries Building of Smithsonian Institution |year=2009 |publisher=National Trust for Historic Preservation |access-date=2009-05-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303071119/http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites/southern-region/Arts-and-Industries-Building.html |archive-date=2009-03-03 }}</ref>
After 2015, the building was used occasionally for special events, such as the [[Smithsonian Folklife Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Brazilian capoeira evolved from a martial art to an international dance craze |work=Smithsonian Magazine |author=Juan Goncalves-Borrega |date=September 21, 2017 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/capoeira-occult-martial-art-international-dance-180964924/ |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211205007/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/capoeira-occult-martial-art-international-dance-180964924/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This summer doesn't have to be a bummer. Here's where you can still savor some of the season's pleasures. |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Fritz Hahn |date=May 28, 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/this-summer-doesnt-have-to-be-a-bummer-heres-where-you-can-still-savor-some-of-the-seasons-pleasures/2020/05/27/8c55f318-9b0d-11ea-ac72-3841fcc9b35f_story.html |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116191404/https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/this-summer-doesnt-have-to-be-a-bummer-heres-where-you-can-still-savor-some-of-the-seasons-pleasures/2020/05/27/8c55f318-9b0d-11ea-ac72-3841fcc9b35f_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Arts and Industries Building reopened in November 2021 for its first exhibition since 2004, ''Futures'', scheduled to run through July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Smithsonian's Arts and Industries Building is finally reopening. Here's what to know before you visit. |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Kelsey Ables |date=November 18, 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/museums/smithsonian-arts-industries-building-reopens-futures/2021/11/17/ade47a4e-46f7-11ec-95dc-5f2a96e00fa3_story.html |access-date=2021-12-11 |archive-date=2021-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205001033/https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/museums/smithsonian-arts-industries-building-reopens-futures/2021/11/17/ade47a4e-46f7-11ec-95dc-5f2a96e00fa3_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Afterward, the building is scheduled to be closed for significant renovations, which would allow it to be permanently reopened as early as 2028.<ref>{{cite news |title=At the Smithsonian, an Architectural Treasure Looks Ahead |work=The New York Times |date=October 19, 2021 |author=Laura van Straaten |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/19/arts/smithsonian-art-industries-building.html |access-date=2021-12-24 |archive-date=2021-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225005904/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/19/arts/smithsonian-art-industries-building.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The building was evaluated as a possible home for the [[National Museum of the American Latino]] or the [[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Wanted: leaders with 'stamina' as Smithsonian tackles the creation of two new museums in Washington, DC |work=The Art Newspaper |author=Nancy Kenney |date=September 2, 2021 |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/09/02/wanted-leaders-with-stamina-as-smithsonian-tackles-the-creation-of-two-new-museums-in-washington-dc |access-date=2021-12-24 |archive-date=2021-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225005905/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/09/02/wanted-leaders-with-stamina-as-smithsonian-tackles-the-creation-of-two-new-museums-in-washington-dc |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Kate |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/smithsonian-proposes-plan-for-art-and-industries-building/ |title=Smithsonian Proposes Plan for Art and Industries Building - ArtsBeat Blog - NYTimes.com |publisher=Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com |date=2010-04-14 |access-date=2010-08-25 |archive-date=2010-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215221707/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/smithsonian-proposes-plan-for-art-and-industries-building/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The building has hosted a number of exhibitions and artists in residence, such as [[Catie Cuan]], a Futurist-in-Residence who performed at the closing ceremonies of the ''Futures'' exhibit on July 6, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Futurist In Residence |url=https://aib.si.edu/futuristinresidence/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Smithsonian AIB |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117025530/https://aib.si.edu/futuristinresidence/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Closing Press Release |url=https://aib.si.edu/closing-press-release/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Smithsonian AIB |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117041040/https://aib.si.edu/closing-press-release/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
▲The exhibits were removed. Revitalization of the shell alone was solicited in 2010.<ref>[https://www.fbo.gov/?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=cfdd6d289a3b7522bc136da891855aa3&tab=core&_cview=0 "Smithsonian Institution Arts & Industries Building Revitalization - Shell"], accessdate August 25, 2010</ref> A complete restoration was projected to cost $200 million ($65 million in structural renovations alone) and last until the year 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/aroundthemall/2009/11/construction-underway-arts-and-industries-building-gets-a-little-love/ |title=Construction Underway: Arts and Industries Building Gets a Little Love | Around The Mall |publisher=Blogs.smithsonianmag.com |date=2009-11-12 |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref> It has also been discussed as a possible site for a national [[Latino American]] museum.<ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor |first=Kate |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/smithsonian-proposes-plan-for-art-and-industries-building/ |title=Smithsonian Proposes Plan for Art and Industries Building - ArtsBeat Blog - NYTimes.com |publisher=Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com |date=2010-04-14 |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arts and Industries Building in the 21st Century |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/history/featured-topics/baird/arts-and-industries-building-21st-century |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Archives |date=20 June 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, the Smithsonian announced that the building would remain closed for the foreseeable future, citing funding concerns.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyle |first=Katherine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/smithsonian-will-not-reopen-arts-and-industries-building-after-renovation/2014/01/28/30052cc8-8831-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_story.html |title=Smithsonian will not reopen Arts and Industries Building after renovation - The Washington Post |publisher=washingtonpost.com |date=2014-01-28 |access-date=2014-01-29}}</ref> But on April 12, 2015, Smithsonian Acting Secretary Albert Horvath said about 40 percent of the building would reopen in fall 2015 for use as a short-term exhibit space. Smithsonian officials said that the building had been architecturally stabilized, and minor refurbishments made to the bathrooms, [[HVAC]] system, and interior paint scheme. Horvath said the building would not completely reopen. He said that plans for a proposed [[Commission to Study the Potential Creation of the National Museum of the American Latino|National Museum of the American Latino]] remained in limbo, and that the Smithsonian had purposely declined to include the Arts and Industries Building in its new master plan because the structure's fate had not yet been clarified or determined.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/04/13/smithsonian-plans-to-reopen-renovated-arts-and-industries-building-in-the-fall/|last=McGlone|first=Peggy|title=Smithsonian plans to reopen renovated Arts and Industries Building in the fall|work=The Washington Post|date=April 13, 2015|access-date=April 14, 2015}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, D.C.]]
*[[Architecture of Washington, D.C.]]
==References==
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==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*
*[http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?fq=online_media_type%3A%22Images%22&fq=data_source%3A%22Smithsonian+Archives+-+History+Div%22&q=arts+and+industries&fq=topic:%22Arts+and+Industries+Building%22# Historical photographs of the building]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090303071119/http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites/southern-region/Arts-and-Industries-Building.html Arts and Industries Building at the 2006 Most Endangered Sites], [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]]
*{{HABS |survey=DC-298 |id=dc0273 |title=Smithsonian Institution, Arts & Industries Building}}
*[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/construction-underway-arts-and-industries-building-gets-a-little-love-101698824/ "Arts and Industries Building Gets a Little Love"], ''Smithsonian Magazine''
{{Smithsonian museums}}
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[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:
[[Category:National Mall]]
[[Category:Victorian architecture in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution museums]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Washington, D.C.]]
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