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| name = Solomon<br />{{Script/Hebrew|שְׁלֹמֹה}}
| title =
| image = Simeon Solomon, King Solomon, 1872
| image_size = 230px
| caption = ''King Solomon
| succession = [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|King of Israel]]
| coronation =
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{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
'''Solomon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɒ|l|ə|m|ə|n}}),{{efn|{{Hebrew name|שְׁלֹמֹה|[[Shlomo|Šlōmō]]|Šălōmō}}, {{literally|peaceful}};<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |title=The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew |volume= 1 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-78374-676-7 |page=305}}</ref> {{lang-syr|ܫܠܶܝܡܽܘܢ}}, {{Transliteration|syr|Šlēmūn}}; [[Arabic]]: سُلَيْمَان, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|Sulaymān}}'', {{Transliteration|ar|Silimān}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Slemān}}; {{lang-el|Σολομών}}, {{Transliteration|el|Solomōn}}; {{lang-la|Salomon}}|name=solomon-names}} also called '''Jedidiah''',{{efn|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew:]] {{Lang-he|{{Script/Hebrew|יְדִידְיָהּ}}|label=none}}, [[Modern Hebrew|Modern]]: {{Transliteration|he|Yǝdīdyah}}, [[Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian]]: ''Yăḏīḏyāh'', "beloved of [[Yahweh|Yah]]"|name=jedidiah-names}} was a [[Jews|Jewish]] monarch of [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|ancient Israel]] and the son and successor of [[King David]], according to the [[Hebrew Bible]] or [[Old Testament]].<ref>[[Books of Kings|Book of Kings]]: 1{{nbsp}} Kings 1–11; [[Books of Chronicles]]: 1{{nbsp}}Chronicles 28–29, 2{{nbsp}}Chronicles 1–9</ref><ref name="JewEnc">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1906 |title=Temple of Solomon |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14310-temple-of-solomon |access-date=2018-10-24 |last=Barton |first=George A. |pages=98–101}}</ref> He is described as having been the penultimate ruler of an amalgamated [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Israel and Judah]]. The hypothesized dates of Solomon's reign are from 970 to 931 BCE.
The Bible says Solomon built the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]],<ref name='JewEnc'/> dedicating the temple to [[Yahweh]], or [[God in Judaism|God]].<ref>1 Kings 5:5; 8:20</ref> Solomon is portrayed as wealthy, wise and powerful, and as one of the 48 [[Prophets in Judaism|Jewish prophets]].<ref>{{Citation |author=[[Rashi]] |title=''to'' Megillah |at=14a}}</ref> He is also the subject of many later references and legends, most notably in the [[Testament of Solomon]] (part of first-century [[biblical apocrypha]]).
The [[historicity]] of Solomon is hotly debated. Current [[Scientific consensus|consensus]] allows for a historical Solomon, but regards his reign as king over [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Israel and Judah]] in the tenth century BCE as uncertain
In the [[New Testament]], he is portrayed as a teacher of wisdom excelled by [[Jesus]] of Nazareth,<ref>Matthew 12:42; Luke 11:31</ref> and as arrayed in glory but excelled by "the [[The Birds of the Air|lilies of the field]]".<ref>Matthew 6:28–29; Luke 12:27</ref> In the [[Quran]], he is considered to be a major [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]]. In mostly non-biblical circles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and an exorcist, with numerous [[amulet]]s and medallion seals dating from the [[Hellenistic period]] invoking his name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmc-terrasanta.org/en/archaeology-culture-and-other-religions.html?vid=3586 |title=Archaeology, Culture, and other Religions |publisher=FMC terra santa |access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref>
==Biblical account==
The life of Solomon is primarily described in 2{{nbsp}}[[Book of Samuel|Samuel]], 1{{nbsp}}[[Books of Kings|Kings]] and 2{{nbsp}}[[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]]. His two names are traditionally taken to mean "[[Š-L-M|peaceful]]" and "[[wikt:ידיד|friend of God]]", both considered "predictive of the character of his reign".<ref name=JE /> A 2023 textbook described three possibilities for the [[etymology]] of Solomon’s name: “compensation or a substitute,” “the ruler of peace,” or based on the deified evening star [[Shalim]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Frevel | first=Christian | title=History of Ancient Israel | year=2023 | publisher=SBL Press | location=Atlanta | page=193 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |quote=The name formed from the root šlm makes [[Solomon]] either compensation or a substitute (2 Sam 12:24 indicates Slm means "provide compensation" or the ruler of peace (from šalôm "peace, prosperity, as indicated in 1 Chr 22:9). But the connection with the deified evening star Salem, which is also present in the name of the city of [[Jerusalem]] ("City of Salem"), is also conceivable. This could be read as an indication that [[David]] brought [[YHWH]] with him to Jerusalem but that he could not immediately displace the gods that were already there and were associated with the city. This is also suggested by the names of David's sons listed in 2 Sam 5:14-16, which do not feature any YHWH-related name components. The name of David's son, [[Absalom]], is better interpreted as "my father is Salem" rather than as "father of peace." In support of compensation are the quite frequent biblically and epigraphically documented names [[Shelemiah]] ("YHWH replaced [the deceased child]"), [[Shillem]] ("he replaced"), or [[Shallum]] ("he was replaced"). Salem is supported by the fact that the twin pendant to šalem, the dawn šahar, is also documented on name seals and that it is often not possible to decide whether the šlm seals are a reference to compensation or to the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite deity]] already documented in [[Ugarit]].}}</ref>
===Chronology===
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====General observations====
The archaeological remains that are considered to date from the time of Solomon are notable for the fact that [[Canaan]]ite material culture appears to have continued unabated; there is a distinct lack of magnificent empire, or cultural
Many other civilizations in the Near East already had administrative record-keeping with advanced alphabetic or cursive script, including south Canaanite sites that have been (controversially) identified with the proto-Israelite culture, e.g. Khirbet Qeiyafa. In any case, a better example would be Ugarit, a north Canaanite site that had administrative written language 200-400 years before Qeiyafa.}} However, there is a lack of physical evidence of its existence, despite some archaeological work in the area.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2001|pages=186–195}} This is not unexpected because the area was devastated by the [[Babylonians]], then rebuilt and destroyed several times.{{sfn|Kitchen|2003|p=123}}
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