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[[File:LeadPlombs contenu 1 cartouche.jpg|320px|thumb|right|Lead shot]]
'''Shot''' is a [[collective noun|collective term]] for small
Lead shot is also used for a variety of other purposes such as filling cavities with dense material for weight and/or balance. Some versions may be plated with other metals. Lead shot was originally made by pouring molten lead through screens into water, forming what was known as "swan shot", and, later, more economically mass-produced at higher quality using a [[shot tower]]. The ''Bliemeister method'' has supplanted the shot tower method since the early 1960s. == Manufacture ==
[[File:Clifton hill shot tower melbourne australia.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Shot tower at [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]], [[Melbourne]], Australia]]
Producing lead shot from a shot tower was pioneered in the late 18th century by William Watts of [[Bristol]] who adapted his house on Redcliffe Hill by adding a three-[[storey]] tower and digging a shaft under the house through the caves underneath to achieve the required drop. The process was patented in 1782.<ref name="PbAlloy">{{cite book | title = Engineering Properties and Applications of Lead Alloys | chapter = XIV. Ammunition | first = Sivaraman | last = Guruswamy | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-8247-8247-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtGmjOv9CUAC | pages = 569–570}}</ref> The process was later brought above ground through the building of [[shot tower]]s.
Molten lead would be dropped from the top of the tower. Like most liquids, [[surface tension]] makes [[Drop (liquid)|drops]] of molten lead become near-spherical as they fall. When the tower is high enough, the lead droplets will solidify
Roundness of manufactured shot produced from the shot tower process is graded by forcing the newly produced shot to roll accurately down inclined planes. Unround shot will naturally roll to the side, for collection. The unround shot was either re-processed in another attempt to make round shot using the shot tower again, or used for applications which did not require round shot (e.g., split shot for fishing).<ref name="PbAlloy"/>
The hardness of lead shot is controlled through adding variable amounts of [[tin]], [[antimony]] and [[arsenic]], forming [[alloy]]s.<ref name="PbAlloy"/> This also affects its melting point. Hardness is also controlled by the rate of cooling that is used in manufacturing lead shot.
The ''{{visible anchor|Bliemeister method}}'', named after inventor Louis W. Bliemeister of Los Angeles, California, ({{US patent|2978742}}, dated April 11, 1961) is a process for making lead shot in small sizes from about #7 to about #9. In this process, molten lead is dripped from small orifices and dropped approximately {{convert|1|in|cm}} into a hot liquid, where it is then rolled along an incline and then dropped another {{convert|3|ft|cm|-1}}. The temperature of the liquid controls the cooling rate of the lead, while the surface tension of the liquid and the inclined surface(s) work together to bring the small droplets of lead into highly regular balls of lead in spherical form. The size of the lead shot that is produced is determined by the diameter of the orifice used to drip the lead, ranging from approximately {{convert|0.018|in}} for #9 lead shot to about {{convert|0.025|in}} for #6 or #7.0 shot, while also depending on the specific lead alloy that is used.
The roundness of the lead shot depends on the angle of the inclined surfaces as well as the temperature of the liquid coolant. Various coolants have successfully been used, ranging from diesel fuel to antifreeze and water-soluble oil. After the lead shot cools, it is washed, then dried, and small amounts of graphite are finally added to prevent clumping of the lead shot. Lead shot larger than about #5 tends to clump badly when fed through tubes, even when graphite is used, whereas lead shot smaller than about #6 tends not to clump when fed through tubes when graphite is used. Lead shot dropped quickly into liquid cooling baths when being produced from molten lead is known as "chilled lead shot", in contrast to "soft lead shot" which is produced by molten lead not being dropped as quickly into a liquid cooling bath. The process of rapidly chilling lead shot during its manufacturing process causes the shot to become harder than it would otherwise be if allowed to cool more slowly. Hence, chilled lead shot, being harder and less likely to deform during firing, is preferred by shotgunners for improving shot pattern densities at longer (> {{convert|30|yd}}) ranges, whereas soft lead shot, being softer and more likely to deform during firing, is preferred for improving shot pattern densities at very close (< {{convert|20|yd}}) ranges as the softer and now deformed shot scatters more quickly when fired. Soft lead shot is also more readily deformed during the firing process by the effects of chokes.
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=== Buckshot ===
Buckshot is a shot formed to larger diameters so that it can be used against bigger game such as [[deer]], [[moose]], or [[caribou]]. Sizes range in ascending order from size #B (0.17 in, 4.32
=== Lead shot comparison chart ===
Below is a chart with diameters per pellet and weight for idealized lead spheres for U.S. Standard Designations with a comparison to English shot sizes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shotgun Shell Shot Size Comparison Chart Actual size |url=https://www.ammoandguncollector.com/2012/12/shotgun-shell-shot-size-comparison-chart.html |access-date=2022-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Shot sizes |url=https://www.vintageguns.co.uk/magazine/english-shot-sizes |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Vintage Guns |language=en-GB}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! U.S. Size
!U.K. Size!! Type || Mass (grains)
!Pellets per
oz (lead)
!Pellets per
oz (steel)
! Diameter (in) || Diameter (mm)
|-
| 0000
| || Buck || 82 | | || 0.38 || 9.65 |-
| 000½
| || Buck || 76 | | || 0.37 || 9.4 |-
| 000
|LG|| Buck || 70 |6 |n/a|| 0.36 || 9.14 |-
|
|MG (mould)
|Buck
|62.5
|7
|n/a
|0.347
|8.81
|-
| 00½
| || Buck || 59
|
| || 0.34 || 8.64
|-
|
|SG
|Buck
|54.7
|8
|n/a
|0.332
|8.43
|-
| 00
| || Buck || 53.8
|8
| || 0.33 || 8.38
|-
| 0
| || Buck || 49
|9
| || 0.32 || 8.13
|-
| #
| || Buck || | | || 0. |-
| #1
| || Buck || 40.5
|10
| || 0.30 || 7.62
|-
|
|Special SG
|Buck
|39.8
|11
|n/a
|0.298
|7.57
|-
| #2½
| || Buck || 36.6
|
| || 0.29 || 7.37
|-
| #2
| || Buck || 29.4
|14
| || 0.27 || 6.86
|-
|
|SSG
|Buck
|29.17
|15
|n/a
|0.269
|6.83
|-
| #3½
| || Buck || 26.3
|
| || 0.26 || 6.6
|-
| #3
| || Buck || 23.4
|18
| || 0.25 || 6.35
|-
|
|SSSG
|Buck
|21.89
|20
|n/a
|0.245
|6.22
|-
| #4
| || Buck || 20.7
|21
| || 0.24 || 6.1
|-
| FF
| || Waterfowl || 18.2
|
| || 0.23 || 5.84
|-
|
|SSSSG
|Buck
|17.50
|25
|n/a
|0.227
|5.77
|-
| F (or TTT)
| || Waterfowl || 16.0
|
| || 0.22 || 5.59
|-
|
|SSSSSG
or AAAA
|Buck/
Waterfowl
|14.58
|30
|n/a
|0.214
|5.44
|-
| TT
| || Waterfowl || 13.9
|
| || 0.21 || 5.33
|-
|
|AAA
|Waterfowl
|12.5
|35
|n/a
|0.203
|5.16
|-
| T
| || Waterfowl || 12.0
|n/a
|53|| 0.20 || 5.08
|-
|
|AA
|Waterfowl
|10.94
|40
|n/a
|0.194
|4.93
|-
| BBB
| || Waterfowl || 10.2
|n/a
|61|| 0.19 || 4.83
|-
| BB
| A or BBBB|| Waterfowl || 8.75
|50
|72|| 0.18 || 4.57
|-
| B
| BBB|| Waterfowl || 7.29 – 7.40
|60
|86|| 0.17 || 4.32
|-
|
|BB
|Waterfowl
|6.25
|70
|n/a
|0.161
|4.09
|-
| #1
|B|| Waterfowl || 5.47
|80
|103|| 0.154 || 3.91
|-
| #2
| || Waterfowl || 4.86
|90
|125|| 0.15 || 3.81
|-
|
|#1
|Waterfowl
|4.38
|100
|n/a
|0.143
|3.63
|-
| #3
|#2|| Waterfowl || 3.65
|120
|154|| 0.135 || 3.43 – 3.56
|-
| #4
| || Waterfowl || 3.24
|135
|192|| 0.13 || 3.3
|-
|
|#3
|Waterfowl
|3.12
|140
|n/a
|0.128
|3.25
|-
| #4½
| || Bird || 2.90
|
| || 0.125 || 3.18
|-
| #5
|#4|| Bird || 2.57
|170
|243|| 0.12 || 3.05
|-
|
|#4½
|Bird
|2.19
|200
|n/a
|0.113
|2.87
|-
| #6
|#5|| Bird || 1.94 – 1.99
|220 – 225
|317|| 0.11 || 2.79
|-
|
|#5½ (m.g.)
|Bird
|1.82
|240
|n/a
|0.107
|2.72
|-
|
|#6
|Bird
|1.62
|270
|n/a
|0.102
|2.59
|-
| #7
|#6½|| Bird || 1.458
|300
|420|| 0.10 || 2.54
|-
|
|#7
|Bird/Clay
|1.29
|340
|n/a
|0.095
|2.41
|-
| #7½
| || Bird/Clay || 1.25
|350
|490|| 0.095 || 2.413
|-
| #8
| || Bird/Clay || 1.067
|410
|577|| 0.09 || 2.286
|-
| #8½
|#8|| Bird/Clay || 0.97
|450
|n/a|| 0.085 – 0.087 || 2.16 – 2.21
|-
| #9
|#9|| Bird/Clay || 0.748
|580 – 585
|n/a|| 0.08 || 2.032
|-
| #9½
| || Bird/Clay || 0.63
|
| || 0.075 || 1.91
|-
| #10
|#10|| Pest || 0.51
|850
|n/a|| 0.07 || 1.78
|-
|
|#11
|Pest
|0.42
|1,040
|n/a
|0.066
|1.68
|-
|
|#12
|Pest
|0.35
|1,250
|n/a
|0.062
|1.57
|-
| #11
| || Pest || 0.32
|
| || 0.06 || 1.52
|-
| #12
| || Pest || 0.183
|2,385
|n/a|| 0.05 || 1.27
|-
|
|Dust
|Pest
|0.17
|2,600
|n/a
|0.048
|1.22
|-
| Dust
| || Pest || 0.10 or less
|
| || 0.04 || 1.02
|-
|}
== Applications outside firearms ==
[[File:Split shot 1.jpg|thumb|Split shot, used for [[fishing]]]]
[[File:Split shot 3.jpg|thumb|Split shot close-up]]
Some applications of lead shot are:
* As [[ballast]] in various situations, especially where a dense, pourable weight is required. Generally, small shot is best for these applications, as it can be poured more like a liquid. Completely round shot is not required.
* Stress testing: Providing variable weights in strength-of-materials stress-testing systems. Shot pours from a hopper into a basket, which is connected to the test item. When the test item [[fracture]]s, the chute closes and the mass of the lead shot in the basket is used to calculate the fracture stress of the item.
* [[Hydrometer]]s: use a weight made of shot, since the weight has to be poured into a narrow glass vessel.
* Split shot, a larger type of lead shot where each pellet is cut part-way through the diameter. This type of shot was formerly commonly used as a line weight in [[angling]]. They are no longer solely manufactured from lead but instead are often made from softer materials that can be easily pressed onto the fishing line instead of being closed in a crimp using pliers, as was once common.
* The heads of some [[dead blow hammer]]s are filled with shot to minimize rebound off the struck surface.
* [[Shot belt]]: some [[scuba diving]] [[weight belt]]s contain pouches filled with lead shot.
* Many [[Baton (law enforcement)#Blackjacks and saps|blackjacks and saps]] use lead shot as a flexible weight to deliver high energy blows while minimizing damage from sharp impact force (similar to the way it is used in dead blow hammers).
* [[Loudspeaker]] stands can be filled with lead shot for additional [[acoustics|acoustic]] [[Acoustic quieting#Mechanical acoustic quieting|decoupling]], as well as stability.
* [[Model rocketry]]: to add weight to the nose of the rocket, increasing the stability factor.
* Due to its heat capacity<ref>According to Dulong–Petit law heat capacity of metals is coursely proportional to mass.</ref> and low thermal conductivity at low temperatures, lead shot has been used as a suitable material for a [[regenerative heat exchanger|regenerator]] in [[Stirling engine]]s and [[thermoacoustic]] [[cryocoolers]].
* Due to lead's high density, it is used to attenuate [[radiation]], especially [[X-ray]]s and [[gamma ray]]s. Lead shot may be enclosed in a vest, blanket, or bag that is placed around a [[point source]] for [[radiation shielding]].
== Bird lead poisoning ==
{{Globalize|section|US|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Lead plomb cygne plomb 4audomarois.jpg|thumb|upright|X-ray of lead shot accumulated in the gizzard of a dead swan]]
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| pmid = 19165554
| doi = 10.1007/s10393-008-0177-x
| s2cid = 21280606
}}</ref> by 1919, the spent lead pellets from waterfowl hunting were positively identified as a major source of deaths of bottom-feeding waterfowl.<ref name="FedCartridge">Federal Cartridge Company Waterfowl and Steel Shot Guide. Volume I; 1988.</ref><ref>Sanderson, Glen C. and Frank C. Bellrose. 1986. A Review of the Problem of Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois. Special Publication 4. 34pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/19990422091004/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/pbpoison/pbpoison.htm full report from scholar.google.com (cache)]</ref><ref>A.M. Scheuhammer and S. L. Norris. 1996. "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights" ''[[Ecotoxicology]]'' Vol. 5 Number 5 pp. 279-295</ref> Once ingested, stomach acids and mechanical action cause the lead to break down and be absorbed into the body and bloodstream, resulting in death. "If a bird swallows only one pellet, it usually survives, although its immune system and fertility are likely to be affected. Even low concentrations of lead have a negative impact on energy storage, which affects the ability to prepare for migration."<ref name=AEWA1/> [[Upland game bird]]s such as [[mourning doves]], [[ring-necked pheasant]]s, [[wild turkey]], northern bobwhite [[quail]] and [[Chukar partridge|chukar]]s can also ingest lead and thus be poisoned when they feed on seeds.<ref name=Lahner/>
Lead from spent ammunition also impacts scavenging bird species such as vultures, ravens, eagles and other birds of prey. Foraging studies of the endangered [[Californian condor]] have shown that avian scavengers consume lead fragments in gut piles left in the field from harvested big game animals, as well as by the consumption of small game, or "pest animal," carcasses that have been shot with lead-core ammo, but not retrieved. Not all lead exposure in these circumstances leads to immediate mortality, but multiple sub-lethal exposures result in secondary poisoning impacts, which eventually lead to death.<ref name="Green08PLoS">{{Cite journal
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| title = Effectiveness of Action to Reduce Exposure of Free-Ranging California Condors in Arizona and Utah to Lead from Spent Ammunition
| type = Free full text
| journal =
| volume = 3
| issue = 12
| pages = e4022
| year = 2008
| pmid = 19107211
| pmc = 2603582
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0004022
|bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.4022G | doi-access = free }}</ref> Among condors around the [[Grand Canyon]], lead poisoning because of eating lead shot is the most frequently diagnosed cause of death.<ref name="Green08PLoS"/>
=== Restrictions on the use of lead ===
Depending on hunting laws, alternatives to lead shot are mandated for use by hunters in certain locations or when hunting migratory waterfowl and migratory birds or when hunting within U.S. federal waterfowl production areas, U.S. national wildlife refuges, or some state wildlife management areas. Lead shot is also banned within an eight-county area in California designated as the [[California condor|condor]]'s range. As of 2011, thirty-five states prohibited lead shot use in such specially-specified areas when hunting. While hunting non-migratory or upland birds, as well as animals, in the United States, lead shot is generally approved, except within the specially-designated non-toxic shot pellet zones.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-08-23/Iowa-in-middle-of-lead-shot-skirmish/50114690/1 |title=Iowa in middle of lead-shot skirmish |author1=Elizabeth Weise |author2=Adam Belz |name-list-style=amp |newspaper=USA Today |date=2011-08-23 |
In an effort to protect the condor, the use of projectiles containing lead has been banned for hunting wild boar, deer,
Hunting restrictions have also banned the use of lead shot while hunting migratory waterfowl in at least 29 countries across by international agreement,<ref name=Lahner/> for example the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]].<ref name=AEWA1>{{cite
The [[Missouri Department of Conservation]] introduced regulations in 2007 in some hunting areas requiring the use of non-toxic shot to protect upland birds.<ref name=Lahner>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/Documents/lead_poisoning_wild_birds_USGS2009.pdf |title=Lead Poisoning in Wild Birds |page=2 |
=== Non-toxic alternatives to lead shot ===
{{
Approved alternatives while hunting migratory waterfowl include pellets manufactured from [[steel]], tungsten-iron, tungsten-polymer, [[tungsten]]-[[nickel]]-[[iron]], and [[bismuth]]-[[tin]] in place of lead shot. In Canada, the United States,
Steel was one of the first widely used lead alternatives that the ammunition industry turned to.<ref name=Barnes/> But steel is one hundred times harder than lead, with only two-thirds its density, resulting in undesirable ballistic properties compared to lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep-aewa.org/publications/leadshot/leadpage4.htm |title=Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds: Alternatives to Lead Shot |publisher=AEWA |
Within recent years, several companies have created non-toxic shot out of [[Bismuth#Lead replacement|bismuth]], [[tungsten]], or other [[Chemical element|element]]s or [[alloys]] with a [[density]] similar to or greater than lead, and with a shot softness that results in ballistic properties that are comparable to lead. These shells provide more consistent patterns
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Non-toxic shot types approved by the US Fish and Wildlife Service<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/CurrentBirdIssues/nontoxic.htm |title=Non Toxic Shot Regulations For Hunting Waterfowl and Coots in The U.S |date=4 Apr 2013 |
! Approved shot type
! Percent composition by weight
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== External links ==
{{wiktionary|shot}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shot (pellet)}}
[[Category:Ammunition]]
[[Category:Lead]]
[[Category:Shotgun
|