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[[File:Buenos Aires - Boca Juniors - Día del hincha - 131212b.webm|thumb|upright=1.25|Fans of [[Boca Juniors]] chanting "''El que no salta, se fue a la B''" in the streets of [[Buenos Aires]], an example of a chant targeting a rival club (the chant mocks their rival team [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] who were once relegated to the [[Primera B Nacional|Nacional B]] division.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/futbol/hinchas-boca-recibieron-river-fantasma_0_NLwZ8hfut.html |title=Los hinchas de Boca recibieron a River con el fantasma de la "B" |date=23 September 2018|work=Clarin}}</ref>]]
A '''football chant''' or '''terrace chant''' is a form of vocalisation performed by supporters of [[association football]], typically during football matches. Football chanting is an expression of collective identity, most often used by fans to express their pride in the team they support, or to encourage them, and to celebrate a particular player or manager. Fans may also use football chants to slight the opposition, and many fans sing songs about their club [[sports rivalry|rivals]], even when they are not playing them. Sometimes the chants are spontaneous reactions to events on the pitch.
Football chants can be simple, consisting of a few loud shouts or spoken words, but more often they are short lines of lyrics and sometimes longer songs. They are typically performed repetitively, sometimes accompanied by handclapping, but occasionally they may be more elaborate involving musical instruments, props or choreographed routines. They are often adaptations of popular songs, using their tunes as the basis of the chants, but some are original.
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Chants became more extensive in the 1960s, and popular songs became increasingly common as the basis of chants as fans adapted these songs to reflect situations and events relevant to them. Chanting the name of the team, chants for players and managers started to become prevalent.<ref name="luhrs">{{cite web |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12799/1/489131.pdf |title=Football Chants and the Continuity of the Blason Populaire Tradition|first=Joanne|last= Luhrs | pages=51–52 }}</ref> Liverpool supporters, particularly those on the [[Spion Kop (stadiums)|Kop]], were known for modifying songs in the early 1960s to suit their own purposes, and this practice quickly spread to fans of other clubs who created their own versions after hearing these chants.<ref name=morris>{{cite book|last= Morris|first= Desmond|author-link=Desmond Morris|date= 1981|title= The Soccer Tribe|publisher= Cape|isbn= 978-0224019354|chapter= Chapter 43 Tribal Chants |pages= 304–315|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/soccertribe0000morr/page/304 |chapter-url-access= registration}}</ref> Repertoire of chants credited to Liverpool fans included the rhythmic clapping based on "[[Let's Go (Pony)|Let's Go]]" by [[The Routers]], the chorus from "[[I Shall Not Be Moved|We Shall Not Be Moved]]",{{sfn|Irwin|2006|pages=165–166}} and "[[When the Saints Go Marching In (sports anthem)|When the Saints Go Marching In]]" used to honour [[Ian St John]], chants which were then also adopted by fans of other clubs.<ref name=morris /> Fans of many clubs now have a large and constantly evolving repertoire of chants in addition to a smaller number of songs closely associated with their club.
A more controversial aspect of this period of change was that abusive chants targeted at rival team or fans also became widespread.<ref name="luhrs"/> These may be taunts and insults aimed at the opposition teams or players to unnerve them, or obscene or slanderous chants targeted at individuals. A sampling of English football chants in the late 1970s found these types of chants to be the most numerous.<ref name=morris /> Threats of violence may also be made to their rivals in chants; although such threats were rarely carried out, fights did occur which, together with increasing level of [[football hooliganism|hooliganism]] in that period, gave these threats a real edge.<ref name=morris /> Some abuses are racial in nature; for example, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] chants directed at [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] began in the 1960s,<ref name=jc>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/features/how-tottenham-became-the-jewish-football-team-1.53784 |title=Spurs and the Jews: the how, the why and the when |first1=Martin |last1=Cloake|first2= Alan|last2= Fisher|date=6 October 2016 |work=The Jewish Chronicle |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref> also against the Argentine club [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]] (commonly heard in the 1960s but may have begun as early as the 1940s),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zn-WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |title= Fútbol, Jews, and the Making of Argentina |first= Raanan |last=Rein|publisher= Stanford University Press |date= 2014|isbn= 978-0804793414 |pages=145–146 }}</ref> and against the Dutch club [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i21W_KN_iUMC&pg=PA196 |title=Understanding Football Hooliganism: A Comparison of Six Western European Football Clubs|first= Ramón|last= Spaaij |pages=196–197 | publisher=Vossiuspers UvA|date= 2014|isbn= 978-0804793049}}</ref> Racist insults directed at black players began to be heard in the 1970s and 1980s in England and Spain when black players started appearing in their leagues in increasing numbers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|title=Fan Culture in European Football and the Influence of Left Wing Ideology |editor=Peter Kennedy |editor2=David Kennedy |pages=150–151 |isbn=978-1351668354|date= 2014 |publisher= Routledge }}</ref> Concerns over the abusive nature of some of these chants later led to measures in various countries to control them, for example, the British government made [[Racism in association football|racist]] and indecent chants an offence in the UK in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1991/19/section/3 |title=Football (Offences) Act 1991 |work=legislation.gov.uk }}</ref> In Italy, the [[Mancino law]] was used to prosecute fans for inciting racism.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.varesenews.it/2015/05/racist-chants-against-boateng-pro-patria-fans-acquitted-on-appeal/376209/ |title=Racist chants against Boateng, Pro Patria fans acquitted on appeal |date=30 May 2015 |work=VareseNews }}</ref> Despite efforts to stop them, some chants remain an issue around the world, such as the "''Eh puto''" chant used by Mexican fans,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://remezcla.com/features/sports/mexico-puto-chant-fifa/ |title=Mexico's "Puto" Chant Won't Ever Go Away, No Matter What FIFA Does |first=Gustavo |last=Arellano |work= Remezcla |date=9 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/measures-to-stop-fans-chanting-eh-puto/ |title=Soccer authorities plan measures to stop fans chanting 'Eh puto' |date=21 September 2019 |work=Mexico News Daily }}</ref> and racist chants in many countries.<ref name="nytimes chants">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/22/sports/soccer/romelu-lukaku-inter-italy-racism.html |title=When the Monkey Chants Are for You: A Soccer Star's View of Racist Abuse |work=The New York Times |first=Rory |last=Smith |date= 22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50212951 |title=Bulgaria fans' racism: Racist abuse of England players leads to stadium ban |work=BBC |date=29 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/italy-footballer-mario-balotelli-threatens-to-quit-match-after-racist-chants/a-51099367 |title=Italy footballer Mario Balotelli threatens to quit match after racist chants |date=3 November 2019 |work=DW}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2003/03/argentina-bolivian-immigrants-complain-of-racist-football-chants/ |title=ARGENTINA: Bolivian Immigrants Complain of Racist Football Chants |first= Marcela |last=Valente |work=IPS News Agency }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/mar/02/player-walks-off-peru-racist-abuse-fans |title=Player walks off pitch in Peru over racist abuse from fans|agency=Reuters |date= 2 March 2015 |
===International spread===
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===Tragedy chanting===
Tragedy chanting involves chanting about an opposition club's tragedies or tragic events that happen in their home cities.<ref>{{Cite
==Spoken chants==
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Coventry City former chairman and manager Jimmy Hill, adopted the "Eton Boating song" as the club's official anthem to create Play up Sky blues in the early 1960s. The song has been sung on the terraces ever since and remains one of the most recognisable in English football.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
Fans of [[Shamrock Rovers]] sing "[[Build Me Up Buttercup]]" by [[The Foundations]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fanchants.com/de/football-songs/shamrock-rovers-chants/build-me-up-buttercup-2/ | title='Build Me up Buttercup' - Shamrock Rovers FanChants }}</ref>
==Country-specific songs and chants==
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