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{{Other uses|Stratford (disambiguation){{!}}Stratford}}
{{engvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Stratford
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| country = England
| london_borough = Newham
| constituency_westminster = [[
| post_town = LONDON
| postcode_area = E
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===Bow Bridge===
In 1110 [[Matilda of Scotland|Matilda]], wife of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]], ordered a [[Bow Bridge (London)|distinctively bow-shaped (arched)]] bridge to be built over the River Lea, together with a [[causeway]] across the marshes along the line now occupied by Stratford High Street.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=884}} Reports state she (or her retinue) encountered problems crossing the river to get to [[Barking Abbey]].
The western Stratford then become suffixed by "-atte-Bow" (at the Bow), eventually became known simply as [[Bow, London|Bow]], while over time the eastern Stratford lost its "Langthorne" suffix.
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====Early developments====
An early industrial undertaking at Stratford was the [[Bow porcelain factory]], which despite the name, was on the Essex side of the River Lea. Using a process that was patented in 1744, [[Edward Heylin]] and [[Thomas Frye]] operated a factory near Bow Bridge called "New Canton" to produce some of the first [[soft-paste porcelain]] to be made in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol2/pp146-150|title=Industries: Pottery, Bow porcelain {{pipe}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> The site of the factory was to the north of Stratford High Street near the modern Bow Flyover; it was the subject of [[Excavation (archaeology)|archaeological excavation]]s in 1921 and 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newhamstory.com/node/1793|title=Bow Porcelain – 34 – The Newham Story|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316203451/http://newhamstory.com/node/1793|archive-date=16 March 2013
====Victorian acceleration====
The Victorian era saw growth hugely accelerated by three major factors
Rapid growth followed the
<blockquote>''"Factory after factory was erected on the marshy wastes of Stratford and Plaistow, and it only required the construction at Canning Town of the [[Royal Docks|Victoria and Albert Docks]] to make the once desolate parish of West Ham a manufacturing and commercial centre of the first importance and to bring upon it a teeming and an industrious population."''<ref name=charter/></blockquote>
By the early 19th century, Stratford was an important transport hub, with [[Wagonette|omnibus]]es and [[stagecoach|coach]]es running into London four times every hour and coaches from [[East Anglia]] passing through hourly. The route into London was plied by [[Walter Hancock]]'s [[History of steam road vehicles#Early steam carriage services|steam coach]]es for a period during the 1830s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol6/pp61-63|title=West Ham: Transport and postal services {{pipe}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> A small dock and a number of [[wharf|wharves]] were operating on the River Lea at Stratford by the 1820s, serving the needs of local industries.
[[File:Stratford Railway Works.jpg|thumb|right|Engine repair shop of the Stratford Railway Works, 1921]]
Stratford station was opened on 20 June 1839 by the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] (ECR). The [[Northern and Eastern Railway]] opened a section of its authorised line from {{stnlnk|Broxbourne}} to join the ECR at Stratford on 15 September 1840.<ref>{{cite book|author=White, H.P.|editor1=Thomas, David St John|title=A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain — Volume 3: Greater London|edition=3rd|year=1987|publisher=[[David & Charles]]|location=Dawlish}}</ref> A railway works and depot for engines and rolling stock was established by [[Great Eastern Railway|Great Eastern]] in 1847 to the north of Stratford. At its peak, the works employed over 2,500, many of whom had homes, along with other
===20th century===
Stratford, like many areas of London, particularly in the East End, suffered significant de-industrialisation in the 20th century.<ref name="rgs.org">{{cite web| url = http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Fieldwork+and+local+learning/Planning+your+fieldtrip/Fieldwork+locations/London+2012+Olympic+Park/Stratford.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111001084649/http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Fieldwork+and+local+learning/Planning+your+fieldtrip/Fieldwork+locations/London+2012+Olympic+Park/Stratford.htm| archive-date = 1 October 2011
==Administration and scope==
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==Landmarks==
===Gurney memorial drinking fountain===
Directly to the south of the churchyard stands a 12.80-metre tall [[granite]] [[obelisk]], which was erected in 1861 as a memorial to the [[Quaker]] philanthropist and [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]], [[Samuel Gurney (1786–1856)|Samuel Gurney]] (1766 to 1856). The [[plinth]] carries two brass [[drinking fountain]] heads on opposite sides, with the inscription: ''IN REMEMBRANCE OF SAMUEL GURNEY / WHO DIED 5 June 1856 / ERECTED BY HIS FELLOW PARISHIONERS AND FRIENDS / 1861 / "When the ear heard him then it blessed him"''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vads.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=69755&sos=0|title=Full Record PMSA – VADS: the online resource for visual arts|access-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020012844/http://www.vads.ac.uk/flarge.php?uid=69755&sos=0
===Old Town Hall===
[[File:HE1080991 Old Town Hall Stratford (1).jpg|thumb|right|The Old Town Hall in Stratford Broadway]]
Designed by Lewis Angell and [[John Giles (architect)|John Giles]] in the [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] style with a {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=on}} tall domed tower, [[Stratford Town Hall]] opened in 1869 as the public offices for the West Ham [[Local board of health]]. It later became the town hall for the county borough and was enlarged in 1881 to accommodate a [[courthouse]] and [[prison cell|cell]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiseek.com/2013/1867-public-offices-and-vestry-hall-stratford/ |title=1869 – Public Office & Vestry Hall, Stratford, London |website=archiseek.com |date=31 March 2013 |access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> On 26 June 1982, the main part of the building was badly damaged by fire; after a painstaking reconstruction of the original features and refurbishment as a [[conference centre]], it was reopened by the Queen in July 1986. It is a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stratfordlondon.info/developments/old-town-hall |title=The Old Town Hall Stratford |website=stratfordlondon.info/ |publisher=Stratford Renaissance Partnership |access-date=25 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025165109/http://www.stratfordlondon.info/developments/old-town-hall |archive-date=25 October 2014 |url-status=dead
===King Edward VII public house===
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===''Robert'' the tank engine===
[[File:Steam engine, Stratford - geograph.org.uk - 3266164.jpg|thumb|right|''Robert'', on the forecourt of Stratford station]]
A 38 tonne 0-6-0 [[Saddle tank (locomotive)|saddle-tank]] [[steam locomotive]] named ''Robert'' is displayed in Meridian Square, the forecourt of Stratford Station. It was built in 1933 by the [[Avonside Engine Company]] of [[Bristol]] for use at the Lamport Ironstone mines railway near [[Brixworth]], Northamptonshire. It was previously an exhibit at the [[North Woolwich Old Station Museum]], but moved to Stratford in 1999. In 2008, it was moved on to the [[East Anglia Railway Museum]] at [[Chappel and Wakes Colne railway station]] near [[Colchester]]; there it was cleaned and repainted at the expense of the [[Olympic Delivery Authority]] and returned to Stratford in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/media-centre/media-releases/year=2011/month=04/article=landmark-steam-locomotive-robert-the-engine-back-home-as-london-2012-transpo.html|title=London 2012 News|access-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731222714/http://www.london2012.com/media-centre/media-releases/year=2011/month=04/article=landmark-steam-locomotive-robert-the-engine-back-home-as-london-2012-transpo.html|archive-date=31 July 2012|url-status=dead
===ArcelorMittal orbit===
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*[[2012 Summer Olympics|The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games]] had their main base at the [[Olympic Park, London|Olympic Park]], which contained a significant number of venues including the [[Olympic Stadium (London)|Olympic Stadium]], [[London Aquatics Centre|Aquatics Centre]], and [[London Velopark]]. What was the athletes' [[Olympic Village]] is to be restructured as the new [[East Village, Stratford|East Village]] development, providing 3,500 homes, half affordable and half private. The post-Olympics legacy plans include the largest new urban park in Europe for over a century, and the new [[Chobham Academy]].
*Improving [[Stratford station]] with new platforms, walkways and entrances
*Rebuilding of [[Pudding Mill Lane DLR station]] as part of the [[Crossrail]] project<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140101081244/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/news/articles/replacement-dlr-station-at-pudding-mill-lane-approved-will-enable-crossrail-tunnels-to-proceed Crossrail: REPLACEMENT DLR STATION AT PUDDING MILL LANE APPROVED AND WILL ENABLE CROSSRAIL TUNNELS TO PROCEED]. Retrieved 31 December 2013</ref>
*[[150 High Street, Stratford]], a 41-storey {{convert|133|m|ft|abbr=on}} high residential tower
*A 26-acre development called Sugar House Island at [[Mill Meads]] is expected to see 2,500 jobs brought to the area, along with 1,200 homes (over 40% three bed or more), a new school, 350-bed hotel and new amenities for local people. This is a relatively low-rise scheme, with Dane's Yard, its first phase, regenerating a Conservation Area to form a new hub for creative businesses, by European developer Vastint.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/new-cut-price-office-space-seeks-to-steal-startups-from-shoreditch-a3837011.html|title=New 'cut price' office space seeks to lure start-ups away from Shoreditch|last=Chaplain|first=Chloe|date=11 May 2018|work=[[Evening Standard]]|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
*Redevelopment of Morgan House and the southern end of the Stratford Centre into a new office, hotel, and 42- and 21-storey residential towers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pa.newham.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?keyVal=PHDAJ0JY52R00&activeTab=summary|title=Planning – Application Summary |date=
Olympic Park developments:
*Construction of ''East Wick & Sweetwater'' neighbourhoods will see up to 1,500 homes built<ref>[http://www.londonlegacy.co.uk/investment-and-venues/eastwick-and-sweetwater/ London Legacy Development Corp. East Wick & Sweetwater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209110810/http://www.londonlegacy.co.uk/investment-and-venues/eastwick-and-sweetwater/
*''Olympicopolis'', a plan in the Olympic Park to see the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]] and [[University College London]] to have facilities by 2018.<ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/olympicopolis-multimillion-pound-cultural-hub-planned-for-olympic-park-8982657.html London Evening Standard: 'Olympicopolis': Multi-million pound cultural hub planned for Olympic Park]. Retrieved 31 December 2013</ref>
*[[International Quarter London]]; will see 13 office and 2 residential buildings as well as a hotel.<ref>[http://www.tiqstratfordcity.com/the-development/plots-and-areas The International Quarter: Plots and Areas]. Retrieved 31 December 2013</ref>
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==Entertainment==
[[File:Stratford Circus (2179748935).jpg|thumb|[[Stratford Circus]] on Great Eastern Street.]]
Stratford's Cultural Quarter, adjacent to the shopping centre, is home to several arts venues, bars and cafes. The [[Theatre Royal Stratford East]] was designed by architect James George Buckle, who was commissioned by the actor-manager [[Charles Dillon (actor-manager)|Charles Dillon]] in 1884.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uf50AQAAQBAJ&q=theatre+royal+stratford+east+historical+dictionary+of+english+theatre&pg=PA427|title=Historical Dictionary of British Theatre: Early Period|last=Grantley|first=Darryll|date=10 October 2013
The Discover Children's Story Centre is a partner in the Cultural Quarter which is a purpose-built Story World and Story Garden are creative play spaces, it works with schools, libraries and the local community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discover.org.uk/who-we-are/what-we-do/|title=What we do|website=Discover Children's Story Centre}}</ref>
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The [[University of East London]] (UEL) has a major [[University of East London Stratford Campus|campus in Stratford]], whose main building, University House, is a historic listed building dating from the 19th century. The adjacent Passmore Edwards Building is also one of the area's most historic and beautiful buildings, with colourful frescoes and domed roof. In addition, [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]], part of the [[University of London]], has launched courses in the area, initially using space provided by UEL, with a view to constructing its own campus in Stratford. In 2023, two universities opened new campuses on the Olympic park, with the [[London College of Fashion]], part of [[University of the Arts London]], relocating to Stratford,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/london-college-of-fashion/about-lcf/lcfs-move/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently Asked Questions|website=London College of Fashion|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref> and [[University College London]] opening its new [[UCL East]] campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/sep/ucl-officially-opens-new-east-london-campus|title=UCL officially opens new east London campus|date=18 September 2023|website=UCL|access-date=22 October 2023}}</ref>
[[Newham College of Further Education]] is a [[further education]] college that has a campus in Stratford which opened in 1993 with Stratford as it secondary educational teaching site.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newham.ac.uk| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000229110211/http://www.newham.ac.uk/| archive-date =
The [[Chobham Academy]] is an
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The Carpenters Primary School is a state school in the [[Carpenters Estate]], the [[livery company]] of the [[City of London]] [[Worshipful Company of Carpenters]] has close links with the school who make regular grants. The school is built on a site next to the original Carpenters' Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carpentersco.com/education/carpenters-primary-school/|title=Carpenters Primary School {{pipe}} Carpenters' Company}}</ref>
Other schools in Stratford include Colegrave,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colegrave.newham.sch.uk/|title=Colegrave Primary School – Home|website=www.colegrave.newham.sch.uk}}</ref> John F Kennedy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfkspecialschool.lihtrust.uk/|title=John F Kennedy Special School – Home|website=www.jfkspecialschool.lihtrust.uk}}</ref> and also St Francis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://st-francis.newham.sch.uk/|title=St. Francis' Catholic Primary School – Peace, Love, Knowledge}}</ref> and Maryland<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maryland.newham.sch.uk/ |title=Maryland Primary School – Where our children's future matters most |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223192035/https://maryland.newham.sch.uk/ |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=dead
==Transport==
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====National Rail====
[[Stratford railway station|Stratford]] is a major [[National Rail]] interchange on the [[Great Eastern Main Line]], [[North London Line]], [[Elizabeth Line]] and [[Lea Valley Lines]]. According to 2017–18 figures, 40.08 million passengers entered or exited the station, making it the UK's [[UK railway stations|7th busiest station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/image/0009/39951/station-usage-2017-18-top-10-gb-stations.png|title=Top 10 Stations in Great Britain|website=[[Office of Rail & Road]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407173206/https://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/image/0009/39951/station-usage-2017-18-top-10-gb-stations.png|archive-date=
The station is served by several [[train operating companies]]:
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* [[Elizabeth Line]] run services between {{rws|Shenfield}}, {{rws|Romford}}, Liverpool Street, [[Bond Street tube station|Bond Street]], {{rws|Paddington}}, and {{rws|Heathrow Terminal 4}}/{{rws|Heathrow Terminal 5}}.
* [[London Overground]] services follow the North London Line towards [[Highbury & Islington station|Highbury & Islington]], travelling through [[Gospel Oak railway station|Gospel Oak]] and [[Willesden Junction railway station|Willesden Junction]] towards [[Richmond railway station (London)|Richmond]] or [[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/maps/track|title=Tube and Rail|website=Transport for London|language=en|access-date=7 April 2019
[[Stratford International railway station|Stratford International]], sited to the north-west, is on the [[High Speed 1]] line from [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras]] to [[Kent]]. It is served by [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]'s domestic high speed services. The international and national rail stations are linked by a branch of the Docklands Light Railway, opened in August 2011.
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[[Stratford bus station]] is adjacent to Stratford ''Regional'' and the [[Stratford Centre]], served by [[London Buses]].
London Buses travel to destinations in the [[West End, London|West]] and [[East End of London|East]] End, northeast and south London, served by London Bus routes [[London Buses route 69|69]], [[London Buses route 86|86]], [[London Buses route 104|104]], [[London Buses route 158|158]], [[London Buses route 238|238]], [[London Buses route 241|241]], [[London Buses route 257|257]], [[London Buses route 262|262]], [[London Buses route 276|276]], [[London Buses route 308|308]], [[London Buses route 425|425]], [[London Buses route 473|473]], [[London Buses route D8|D8]] and by the [[London Buses route 25|25]] and [[London Buses route N8|N8]] to [[Central London]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/stratford-a4.pdf|title=Buses from Stratford|website=Transport for London (TfL)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407195539/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/stratford-a4.pdf|archive-date=
A newer bus station, [[Stratford City bus station]], opened in 2011 as part of the [[Westfield Stratford City]] regeneration project to the north of Stratford ''Regional''. London Bus routes [[London Buses route 97|97]], [[London Buses route 241|241]], 308, [[London Buses route 339|339]], [[London Buses route 388|388]], [[London Buses route 108|108]] and [[London Buses route N205|N205]] call here.<ref name=":0" /> [[National Express Coaches|National Express]] run coaches from Stratford City bus station to [[London Stansted Airport|Stansted Airport]] and destinations in [[East Anglia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalexpress.com/en/help/coach-stations/london-stratford|title=London Stratford Coach Stop {{!}} National Express|website=www.nationalexpress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818171902/http://www.nationalexpress.com/en/help/coach-stations/london-stratford|archive-date=
=== Road ===
Stratford is connected to the [[Roads in the United Kingdom|National Road Network]] by several major routes.
[[A12 road (England)|The A12]] passes through Stratford between Bow and Leyton, carrying eastbound traffic from London towards the [[North Circular Road, London|North Circular]], [[M25 motorway|the M25]], [[M11 motorway|the M11]] and East Anglia. The A11 (Bow Road) meets the A12 at the [[Bow Interchange]] to Stratford's south-west. [[A11 road (England)|The A11]] carries traffic between [[City of London|the City]] and Stratford, whilst the A12 to the south carries traffic to [[A13 road (England)|the A13]] and [[Canary Wharf]]. [[Transport for London|Transport for London (TfL)]] are responsible for the A11 and A12 roads.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/|title=OpenStreetMap|website=OpenStreetMap|language=en|access-date=7 April 2019
Stratford High Street is numbered [[A118 road|the A118]], which runs from Bow Interchange to [[Ilford]] and [[Romford]]. [[A112 road|The A112]] is a north–south route through Stratford, which ultimately terminates near [[Chingford]] in the north (via [[Leyton]] and [[Walthamstow]]) and [[London City Airport]] in the south.<ref name=":1" />
All roads in Stratford are part of [[London low emission zone|London's Low Emission Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/driving-in-london|title=Driving in London|website=Transport for London|language=en|access-date=7 April 2019
==== Air quality ====
[[London Borough of Newham|Newham Council]] partake in roadside pollution monitoring. In a 2018 report, Leytonstone Road in Stratford recorded the highest percentage of [[Nitrogen dioxide|Nitrogen Dioxide]] (NO<sub>2</sub>) in roadside air of all monitoring sites in Newham, with an annual mean of 60%. Temple Mills Lane in Stratford recorded an annual mean of 40%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newham.gov.uk/Documents/Environment%20and%20planning/AirQualityAnnualStatusReport.pdf|title=Air Quality Annual Status Report for 2017|website=Newham|page=32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203747/https://www.newham.gov.uk/Documents/Environment%20and%20planning/AirQualityAnnualStatusReport.pdf|archive-date=7 April
=== Cycling ===
Stratford is linked to London's cycle network, with [[cycling infrastructure]] provided by both [[Transport for London|Transport for London (TfL)]] and [[London Borough of Newham|Newham Council]].
The eastern terminus of [[List of cycle routes in London|Cycle Superhighway 2 (CS2)]] is on Stratford High Street. CS2 follows Stratford High Street southwest on [[Cycle-track|segregated cycle track]] towards [[Bow Interchange]]. Signal controls at Bow Interchange give priority to cyclists, who can also use [[cycle lane]]s to cross the junction. CS2 then follows [[Bow Road]] ([[A11 road (England)|the A11]]) to [[Aldgate]] on cycle track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/cycle-superhighway-cs2-stratford-aldgate.pdf|title=Cycle Superhighway 2: Stratford to Aldgate|website=Transport for London (TfL)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619073009/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/cycle-superhighway-cs2-stratford-aldgate.pdf|archive-date=
[[List of cycle routes in London|Quietway 6]] passes through the north of Stratford between [[Victoria Park, London|Victoria Park]] and [[Wanstead]], running non-stop to [[Barkingside]] in the northeast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/q6-victoria-park-to-barkingside-map.pdf|title=Quietway 6: Victoria Park to Barkingside|website=Transport for London (TfL)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001031240/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/q6-victoria-park-to-barkingside-map.pdf|archive-date=1 October
[[National Cycle Route 1|National Cycle Route 1 (NCN1)]] skirts around Stratford on its northwestern edge, running along the [[Hertford Union Canal]] and [[Lee Navigation]] [[towpath]]s. NCN1 is a long cycle route between [[Dover|Dover, Kent]], and [[Shetland|the Shetland Islands]], running in north London non-stop between the [[Greenwich foot tunnel|Greenwich Foot Tunnel]] and [[Waltham Abbey]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sustrans.org.uk/find-a-route-on-the-national-cycle-network/route-1/|title=Route 1 – Map|website=Sustrans|language=en|access-date=
The [[Santander Cycles]] [[Bicycle-sharing system|sharing scheme]] operates in Stratford.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.santandercycles.co.uk/london|title=London {{!}} Santander Cycles|website=www.santandercycles.co.uk|access-date=7 April 2019
Between 2010 and 2014, the A118 (Stratford High Street) saw 153 pedal cycle casualties, constituting a 31% share of cycle casualties in Newham. By 2016, however, there were only 79 serious cyclist injuries across the whole borough, with no deaths.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newham.gov.uk/Documents/Transport%20and%20streets/CyclingStrategyNewham.pdf|title=London Borough of Newham – Cycling Strategy 2017/18-2024/25|website=London Borough of Newham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407211757/https://www.newham.gov.uk/Documents/Transport%20and%20streets/CyclingStrategyNewham.pdf|archive-date=
==Media==
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