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{{Short description|Medical condition involving uncontrolled growth of skin cells}}
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{{For|the book|Skin Cancer: Recognition and Management}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
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| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency = 5.6 million (2015)<!-- prevalence --><ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries,
| deaths = 111,700 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal
}}
<!-- Definition and Symptoms -->
'''Skin cancers''' are [[cancer]]s that arise from the [[Human skin|skin]]. They are due to the development of abnormal [[cells (biology)|cells]] that have the ability to invade or [[metastasis|spread]] to other parts of the body.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625220940/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer|archive-date=25 June 2014|date=17 September 2007}}</ref> Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Apalla Z, Lallas A, Sotiriou E, Lazaridou E, Ioannides D | title = Epidemiological trends in skin cancer | journal = Dermatology Practical & Conceptual | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–6 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28515985 | pmc = 5424654 | doi = 10.5826/dpc.0702a01 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu W, Fang L, Ni R, Zhang H, Pan G | title = Changing trends in the disease burden of non-melanoma skin cancer globally from 1990 to 2019 and its predicted level in 25 years | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 836 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35907848 | pmc = 9339183 | doi = 10.1186/s12885-022-09940-3 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lyakhov |first1=Pavel A. |last2=Lyakhova |first2=Ulyana A. |last3=Kalita |first3=Diana I. |date=2023 |title=Multimodal Analysis of Unbalanced Dermatological Data for Skin Cancer Recognition |journal=IEEE Access |volume=11 |pages=131487–131507 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3336289 |issn=2169-3536 |quote="To date, skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed form of oncopathology in humans and represents a wide range of malignancies. More than 40% of the total number of diagnosed cancers in the world are skin cancer."|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are three main types of skin cancers: [[basal-cell skin cancer]] (BCC), [[squamous-cell skin cancer]] (SCC) and [[melanoma]].<ref name=NCI2013TxPro>{{cite web|title=Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/skin/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=30 June 2014|date=2013-10-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705234200/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/skin/HealthProfessional/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> The first two, along with a number of less common skin cancers, are known as nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC).<ref name="Cak2012" /><ref name=ABC2008>{{cite book| vauthors = Marsden J | veditors = Rajpar S |title=ABC of skin cancer|date=2008|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-1250-8|pages=5–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRE_YuXmaFoC&pg=PA5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429172638/https://books.google.com/books?id=aRE_YuXmaFoC&pg=PA5|archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref> Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it but is unlikely to spread to distant areas or result in death.<ref name="Cak2012" /> It often appears as a painless raised area of skin that may be shiny with [[telangiectasia|small blood vessels running over it]] or may present as a raised area with an [[ulcer]].<ref name="NCI2013TxPro" /> Squamous-cell skin cancer is more likely to spread.<ref name="Cak2012" /> It usually presents as a hard lump with a scaly top but may also form an ulcer.<ref name=Lyn2011>{{cite book| vauthors = Dunphy LM |title=Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing|date=2011|publisher=F.A. Davis|isbn=978-0-8036-2647-8|page=242|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RR1hAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA242|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520044442/https://books.google.com/books?id=RR1hAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA242|archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> Melanomas are the most aggressive. Signs include a [[melanocytic nevus|mole]] that has changed in size, shape, color, has irregular edges, has more than one color, is itchy or bleeds.<ref name=Mel2014>{{cite web|title=General Information About Melanoma|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/melanoma/Patient/page1/AllPages|website=NCI|access-date=30 June 2014|date=2014-04-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705115020/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/melanoma/Patient/page1/AllPages|archive-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>
<!-- Cause and Diagnosis -->
More than 90% of cases are caused by exposure to [[ultraviolet radiation]] from the [[Sun]].<ref name=UV2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallagher RP, Lee TK, Bajdik CD, Borugian M | title = Ultraviolet radiation | journal = Chronic Diseases in Canada | volume = 29 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 51–68 | date = 2010 | pmid = 21199599 | doi = 10.24095/hpcdp.29.S1.04 |
<!-- Prevention and Treatment -->
Decreasing exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the use of [[sunscreen]] appear to be effective methods of preventing melanoma and squamous-cell skin cancer.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name=Jou2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jou PC, Feldman RJ, Tomecki KJ | title = UV protection and sunscreens: what to tell patients | journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine | volume = 79 | issue = 6 | pages =
<!-- Epidemiology -->
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, globally accounting for at least 40% of cancer cases.<ref name=Cak2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cakir BÖ, Adamson P, Cingi C | title = Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer | journal = Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages =
{{TOC limit}}
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Less common skin cancers include: [[dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]], [[Merkel cell carcinoma]], [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], [[keratoacanthoma]], spindle cell tumors, [[sebaceous carcinoma]]s, [[microcystic adnexal carcinoma]], [[Paget's disease of the breast]], atypical fibroxanthoma, [[leiomyosarcoma]], and [[angiosarcoma]], and [[porocarcinoma]].
BCC and SCC often carry a UV-signature mutation indicating that these cancers are caused by [[UVB]] radiation via direct DNA damage. However malignant melanoma is predominantly caused by UVA radiation via indirect DNA damage. The indirect DNA damage is caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Research indicates that the absorption of three sunscreen ingredients into the skin, combined with a 60-minute exposure to UV, leads to an increase of [[free radicals]] in the skin, if applied in too little quantity and too infrequently.<ref name="Hanson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hanson KM, Gratton E, Bardeen CJ | title = Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin | journal = Free Radical Biology & Medicine | volume = 41 | issue = 8 | pages =
== Signs and symptoms ==
There are a variety of different skin cancer symptoms. These include changes in the [[Human skin|skin]] that do not heal, [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulcering]] in the skin, discolored skin, and changes in existing [[Mole (skin marking)|moles]], such as jagged edges to the mole, enlargement of the mole, changes in color, the way it feels or if it bleeds. Other common signs of skin cancer can be painful lesion that itches or burns and large brownish spot with darker speckles.<ref>Mayo Clinic (2020). Skin Cancer: Symptoms and Causes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/skin-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20377605</ref>
=== Basal-cell skin cancer ===
Basal-cell skin cancer (BCC) usually presents as a raised, smooth, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin of the [[Human head|head]], [[neck]], [[torso]] or [[shoulder]]s. Sometimes small [[blood vessel]]s (called [[telangiectasia]]) can be seen within the tumor. Crusting and bleeding in the center of the tumor frequently develops. It is often mistaken for a sore that does not heal. This form of skin cancer is the least deadly, and with proper treatment can be eliminated, often without significant scarring.
=== Squamous-cell skin cancer ===
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=== Melanoma ===
Most melanoma consist of various colours from shades of brown to black. A small number of melanoma are pink, red or fleshy in colour; these are called amelanotic melanoma and tend to be more aggressive. Warning signs of malignant melanoma include change in the size, shape, color or elevation of a mole. Other signs are the appearance of a new mole during adulthood or pain, itching, ulceration, redness around the site, or bleeding at the site. An often-used mnemonic is "ABCDE", where A is for "asymmetrical", B for "borders" (irregular: "Coast of Maine sign"), C for "color" (variegated), D for "diameter" (larger than 6 mm – the size of a pencil eraser) and E for "evolving."<ref>{{
=== Other ===
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== Causes ==
Ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure is the primary environmental cause of skin cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL | title = Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer | journal = International Journal of Dermatology | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages =
* Light skin color <ref name="Review05" />
* Age <ref name="Review05" />
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* [[Ionizing radiation]] such as X-rays, environmental [[carcinogens]], and artificial UV radiation (e.g. [[tanning beds]]).<ref name="Review05" /> It is believed that tanning beds are the cause of hundreds of thousands of basal and squamous-cell skin cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wehner MR, Shive ML, Chren MM, Han J, Qureshi AA, Linos E | title = Indoor tanning and non-melanoma skin cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | pages = e5909 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23033409 | pmc = 3462818 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e5909 }}</ref> The World Health Organization now places people who use artificial tanning beds in its highest risk category for skin cancer.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Arndt KA | date = 2010 | title = Skin Care and Repair | location = Chestnut Hill, MA | publisher = Harvard Health Publications }}</ref>
* Alcohol consumption, specifically excessive drinking increase the risk of sunburns.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saladi RN, Nektalova T, Fox JL | title = Induction of skin carcinogenicity by alcohol and ultraviolet light | journal = Clinical and Experimental Dermatology | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–11 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19778305 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03465.x | s2cid = 35392237 }}</ref>
* The use of many [[immunosuppressive drug|immunosuppressive]] medications increases the risk of skin cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Roche CD, Dobson JS, Williams SK, Quante M,
* Deliberate exposure of sensitive skin not normally exposed to sunlight during [[wellness (alternative medicine)|alternative wellness]] behaviors such as [[perineum
===UV-induced DNA damage===
[[ultraviolet|UV-irradiation]] of skin cells causes [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|damage to DNA]] through [[photochemistry|photochemical reactions]].<ref name="lee">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee JW, Ratnakumar K, Hung KF, Rokunohe D, Kawasumi M | title = Deciphering UV-induced DNA Damage Responses to Prevent and Treat Skin Cancer | journal = Photochemistry and Photobiology | volume = 96 | issue = 3 | pages = 478–499 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32119110 | pmc = 7651136 | doi = 10.1111/php.13245
== Pathophysiology ==
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Diagnosis is by [[biopsy]] and [[histopathology|histopathological examination]].<ref name="Mel2014" />
Non-invasive skin cancer detection methods include photography, dermatoscopy, sonography, [[confocal microscopy]], Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, the multispectral imaging technique, thermography, electrical bio-impedance, tape stripping and computer-aided analysis.<ref>{{
Dermatoscopy may be useful in diagnosing basal cell carcinoma in addition to skin inspection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Chuchu N, Matin RN, Wong KY, Aldridge RB, Durack A, Gulati A, Chan SA, Johnston L, Bayliss SE, Leonardi-Bee J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, O'Sullivan C, Tehrani H, Williams HC | display-authors = 6 | title = Visual inspection and dermoscopy, alone or in combination, for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 |
There is insufficient evidence that optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful in diagnosing melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma. OCT may have a role in diagnosing basal cell carcinoma but more data is needed to support this.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferrante di Ruffano L, Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Davenport C, Takwoingi Y, Godfrey K, O'Sullivan C, Matin RN, Tehrani H, Williams HC | display-authors = 6 | title = Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 12 |
Computer-assisted diagnosis devices have been developed that analyze images from a [[dermatoscopy|dermatoscope]] or spectroscopy and can be used by a diagnostician to aid in the detection of skin cancer. CAD systems have been found to be highly sensitive in the detection of melanoma, but have a high false-positive rate. There is not yet enough evidence to recommend CAD as compared to traditional diagnostic methods.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferrante di Ruffano L, Takwoingi Y, Dinnes J, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Davenport C, Matin RN, Godfrey K, O'Sullivan C, Gulati A, Chan SA, Durack A, O'Connell S, Gardiner MD, Bamber J, Deeks JJ, Williams HC | display-authors = 6 | title = Computer-assisted diagnosis techniques (dermoscopy and spectroscopy-based) for diagnosing skin cancer in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 |
[[High-frequency ultrasound]] (HFUS) is of unclear usefulness in the diagnosis of skin cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dinnes J, Bamber J, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Godfrey K, O'Sullivan C, Matin RN, Deeks JJ, Williams HC | display-authors = 6 | title = High-frequency ultrasound for diagnosing skin cancer in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 |
== Prevention ==
[[Sunscreen]] is effective and thus recommended to prevent melanoma<ref name=SunM>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR | title = Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma | journal = Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages =
The risk of developing skin cancer can be reduced through a number of measures including decreasing [[indoor tanning]] and mid-day sun exposure, increasing the use of [[sunscreen]],<ref name="Behavioral counseling to prevent sk" /> and avoiding the use of [[tobacco products]].
There is insufficient evidence either for or against screening for skin cancers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Ebell M, Epling JW, García FA, Gillman MW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP, Siu AL | display-authors = 6 | title = Screening for Skin Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 316 | issue = 4 | pages =
[[Zinc oxide]] and [[titanium oxide]] are often used in sunscreen to provide broad protection from UVA and UVB ranges.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smijs TG, Pavel S | title = Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness | journal = Nanotechnology, Science and Applications | volume = 4 | pages = 95–112 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 24198489 | pmc = 3781714 | doi = 10.2147/NSA.S19419 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Eating certain foods may decrease the risk of sunburns but this is much less than the protection provided by sunscreen.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stahl W, Sies H | title = β-Carotene and other carotenoids in protection from sunlight | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 96 | issue = 5 | pages =
A meta-analysis of skin cancer prevention in high risk individuals found evidence that topical application of T4N5 liposome lotion reduced the rate of appearance of basal cell carcinomas in people with [[xeroderma pigmentosum]], and that [[acitretin]] taken by mouth may have a skin protective benefit in people following [[kidney transplant]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bath-Hextall F, Leonardi-Bee J, Somchand N, Webster A, Delitt J, Perkins W | title = Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD005414 | date = October 2007 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 17943854 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005414.pub2 |
A
== Treatment ==
Treatment is dependent on the specific type of cancer, location of the cancer, age of the person, and whether the cancer is primary or a recurrence. For a small [[basal-cell cancer]] in a young person, the treatment with the best cure rate ([[Mohs surgery]] or [[CCPDMA]]) might be indicated. In the case of an elderly frail man with multiple complicating medical problems, a difficult to excise basal-cell cancer of the nose might warrant radiation therapy (slightly lower cure rate) or no treatment at all. Topical chemotherapy might be indicated for large superficial basal-cell carcinoma for good cosmetic outcome, whereas it might be inadequate for invasive nodular [[basal-cell carcinoma]] or invasive [[squamous-cell carcinoma]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} In general, melanoma is poorly responsive to radiation or chemotherapy.
For low-risk disease, radiation therapy ([[external beam radiotherapy]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hill R, Healy B, Holloway L, Kuncic Z, Thwaites D, Baldock C | title = Advances in kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry | journal = Physics in Medicine and Biology | volume = 59 | issue = 6 | pages =
Mohs' micrographic surgery ([[Mohs surgery]]) is a technique used to remove the cancer with the least amount of surrounding tissue and the edges are checked immediately to see if tumor is found. This provides the opportunity to remove the least amount of tissue and provide the best cosmetically favorable results. This is especially important for areas where excess skin is limited, such as the face. Cure rates are equivalent to wide excision. Special training is required to perform this technique. An alternative method is [[CCPDMA]] and can be performed by a pathologist not familiar with [[Mohs surgery]].
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In the case of disease that has spread (metastasized), further surgical procedures or [[chemotherapy]] may be required.<ref name="isbn0-7817-5626-X">{{cite book | vauthors = Doherty GM, Mulholland MW |title=Greenfield's Surgery: Scientific Principles And Practice |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7817-5626-6 }}</ref>
Treatments for metastatic melanoma include biologic immunotherapy agents [[ipilimumab]], [[pembrolizumab]], [[nivolumab]], [[cemiplimab]]; [[BRAF inhibitor]]s, such as [[vemurafenib]] and [[dabrafenib]]; and a [[MEK inhibitor]] [[trametinib]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maverakis E, Cornelius LA, Bowen GM, Phan T, Patel FB, Fitzmaurice S, He Y, Burrall B, Duong C, Kloxin AM, Sultani H, Wilken R, Martinez SR, Patel F | display-authors = 6 | title = Metastatic melanoma
In February 2024, the Food and Drug Administration approved the first cancer treatment that uses tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, also called TIL therapy, specifically for melanomas that have not improved with other treatments. Additionally, scientists are testing a vaccine designed to match the unique genetic details of a patient's cancer in an advanced clinical trial.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alcorn |first=Ted |date=April 15, 2024 |title=How to Avoid One of the Deadliest Forms of Skin Cancer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/melanoma-skin-cancer-symptoms-risk.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
=== Reconstruction ===
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Split thickness grafts can be used to repair larger defects, but the grafts are inferior in their cosmetic appearance. Full thickness skin grafts are more acceptable cosmetically. However, full thickness grafts can only be used for small or moderate sized defects.
Local skin flaps are a method of closing defects with tissue that closely matches the defect in color and quality. Skin from the periphery of the defect site is mobilized and repositioned to fill the deficit. Various forms of local flaps can be designed to minimize disruption to surrounding tissues and maximize cosmetic outcome of the reconstruction. Pedicled skin flaps are a method of transferring skin with an intact blood supply from a nearby region of the body. An example of such reconstruction is a pedicled forehead flap for the repair of a large nasal skin defect. Once the flap develops a source of blood supply form its new bed, the vascular pedicle can be detached.<ref>
== Prognosis ==
The mortality rate of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinoma is around 0.3%, causing 2000 deaths per year in the US. In comparison, the mortality rate of melanoma is 15–20% and it causes 6500 deaths per year.<ref name=BoringCC>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boring CC, Squires TS, Tong T | title = Cancer statistics, 1991 | journal = CA
The survival rate for people with melanoma depends upon when they start treatment. The cure rate is very high when melanoma is detected in early stages, when it can easily be removed surgically. The prognosis is less favorable if the melanoma has spread to other parts of the [[Human body|body]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skincancerjournal.com/melanoma/|title=Malignant Melanoma Cancer | work = Skin Cancer Journal | date = 2009 |access-date=2010-07-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064318/http://www.skincancerjournal.com/melanoma/|archive-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> As of 2003 the overall five-year cure rate with Mohs' micrographic surgery was around 95 percent for recurrent basal cell carcinoma.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong CS, Strange RC, Lear JT | title = Basal cell carcinoma | journal = BMJ | volume = 327 | issue = 7418 | pages =
[[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] exhibit one of the highest rates of skin cancer incidence in the world, almost four times the rates registered in the United States, the [[UK]] and [[Canada]]. Around 434,000 people receive treatment for non-melanoma skin cancers and 10,300 are treated for melanoma. Melanoma is the most common type of cancer in people between 15 and 44 years in both countries. The incidence of skin cancer has been increasing.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cancer.org.au/cancersmartlifestyle/SunSmart/Skincancerfactsandfigures.htm |title=Skin Cancer Facts and Figures | date = 3 May 2012 | work = Cancer Council Australia |access-date=2013-12-01|quote=From 1982 to 2007 melanoma diagnoses increased by around 50%. From 1998 to 2007, GP consultations to treat non-melanoma skin cancer increased by 14%, to reach 950,000 visits each year.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810071104/http://www.cancer.org.au/cancersmartlifestyle/SunSmart/Skincancerfactsandfigures.htm|archive-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> The incidence of melanoma among [[Auckland]] residents of European descent in 1995 was 77.7 cases per 100,000 people per year, and was predicted to increase in the 21st century because of "the effect of local stratospheric ozone depletion and the time lag from sun exposure to melanoma development."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones WO, Harman CR, Ng AK, Shaw JH | title = Incidence of malignant melanoma in Auckland, New Zealand: highest rates in the world | journal = World Journal of Surgery | volume = 23 | issue = 7 | pages =
== Epidemiology ==
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{{col-end}} ]]
Skin cancers result in 80,000 deaths a year as of 2010, 49,000 of which are due to melanoma and 31,000 of which are due to non-melanoma skin cancers.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, etal | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages =
More than 3.5 million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, which makes it the most common form of cancer in that country. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer at some point of their lives. The most common form of skin cancer is basal-cell carcinoma, followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Unlike for other cancers, there exists no basal and squamous cell skin cancers [[Cancer registry|registry]] in the United States.<ref name=":0" />
=== Melanoma ===
In the US in 2008, 59,695 people were diagnosed with melanoma, and 8,623 people died from it.<ref name="cdc.gov">
Although the rates of many cancers in the United States is falling, the incidence of melanoma keeps growing, with approximately 68,729 melanomas diagnosed in 2004 according to reports of the [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skincancer.org/Skin-Cancer-Facts/|title=Skin Cancer Facts|access-date=2010-07-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630225659/http://www.skincancer.org/Skin-Cancer-Facts/|archive-date=30 June 2010| work = Skin Cancer Foundation }}</ref>
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=== Non-melanoma ===
Approximately 2,000 people die from basal or squamous cell skin cancers (non-melanoma skin cancers) in the United States each year. The rate has dropped in recent years. Most of the deaths happen to people who are elderly and might not have seen a doctor until the cancer had spread; and people with immune system disorders.<ref name=":0">{{
== Veterinary medicine ==
{{excerpt|Skin cancer in cats and dogs}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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{{Commons category|Skin cancers}}
* {{Curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Skin}}
* [http://www.oncolex.org/en/Skin-cancer Skin cancer procedures: text, images and videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207034706/http://www.oncolex.org/en/Skin-cancer |date=7 December 2013 }}
{{Tumors}}
{{Skin tumors, nevi and melanomas}}
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{{Tumors of skin appendages}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Skin Cancer}}
[[Category:Integumentary neoplasia]]
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