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{{Short description|Culture that flourished 100 to 700 AD in Peru}}
{{About|the ancient civilization|the district in Trujillo Province|Moche District|its capital city|Moche, Trujillo}}
{{distinguish|Mochica language}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = Moche
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|image_map = MocheEN.svg
|image_map_caption = A map of Moche cultural influence
|capital = Moche<ref name=sobre>{{cite web |url=http://sobre-peru.com/2009/09/11/cultura-mochica-pre-inca-en-el-norte-peruano/ |title=Huacas del Sol y de la Luna – Capital de la Cultura-
|common_languages =
|religion = Polytheist
|today = [[Peru]]
|}}
{{History of Peru}}
The '''Moche civilization''' ({{IPA-es|ˈmotʃe|-}}; alternatively, the
== Background ==
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==Southern and Northern Moche==
[[File:Mochica del norte y mochica del sur.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of the region of the Bishopric of Trujillo shows the two different Mochica cultures.]]
Two distinct regions of the Moche civilization have been identified, Southern and Northern Moche, with each area probably corresponding to a different political entity.<ref name="butters2007">{{cite book |author=Butters, L. J. C. |author2=Castillo, S. U. | year = 2007 | chapter = The Moche of Northern Perú | title = Handbook of South American Archaeology |editor=Silverman, H. |editor2=Isbell, W. | publisher = Blackwell Press | url = http://sanjosedemoro.pucp.edu.pe/descargas/articulos/TheMochePeru.pdf}}</ref>
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[[San Jose de Moro]] is another northern site in the Jequetepeque valley. It was prominent in the Middle and Late Moche Periods (400–850 AD). Numerous Moche tombs have been excavated here, including several burials containing high status female individuals. These women were depicted in Moche iconography as ''the Priestess''.
===Differences between the Northern Mochicas and the Southern Mochicas ===
The best known differences are:<ref>{{cite journal | author=Castillo Butters, L., Santiago, B., Castillo, U. | title=The Mochicas of the North Coast of Peru|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267551967 | pages=22 | journal=ResearchGate |date= 2008}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! || Northern Mochica || Southern mochica
|-
| Goldsmithing || {{yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| Huacos portraits || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Buildings with ramp || {{yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| Larco 5-Phase Ceramic Sequence || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Great and wide valleys || {{yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| Archaeological heirs || [[Sican Culture|Sicanes]] || [[chimu culture|Chimus]]
|}
==Material culture==
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Moche pottery is some of the most varied in the world. The use of [[molding (process)|mold technology]] is evident, which would have enabled the mass production of certain forms. But Moche ceramics vary widely in shape and theme, with most important social activities documented in pottery, including war, agriculture, [[metalworking|metalwork]], [[weaving]], and [[human sexual activity|erotica]].
Traditional north coast Peruvian [[ceramic art]] uses a limited palette, relying primarily on red and white colors, fineline painting, fully modeled clay, veristic figures, and stirrup spouts. Moche ceramics created between
[[File:Huaca del Sol - Août 2007.jpg|thumb|center|500px| [[Huaca del Sol]] (Temple of the Sun),
At least 500 Moche ceramics have sexual themes. The most frequently depicted act is [[anal sex]], with scenes of vaginal penetration being very rare. Most pairs are heterosexual, with carefully carved genitalia to show that the anus, rather than the vagina, is being penetrated. Often, an infant is depicted [[breastfeeding]] while the couple has sex. [[Fellatio]] is sometimes represented, but [[cunnilingus]] is absent. Some depict male skeletons masturbating, or being masturbated by living women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weismantel |first1=Mary |title=Moche Sex Pots: Reproduction and Temporality in Ancient South America |journal=American Anthropologist |date=September 2004 |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=495–505 |doi=10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.495 }}</ref>
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===Textiles===
Extreme weather and fragility of garments mean that relatively few examples of Moche textiles exist.<ref name=":10">{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|759077089}} |last1=Scher |first1=Sarahh E.M. |year=2010|title=Clothing power: Hierarchies of gender difference and ambiguity in Moche ceramic representations of human dress, C.E. 1-850 }}</ref> However, limited quantities have been found in tombs, especially of higher-status members of society.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Margaret A. |title=Moche art and visual culture in ancient Peru |date=2008 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-4365-9 |location=Albuquerque |oclc=231724559}}{{
===Metalwork===
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The northern region of Peru is one of the most arid areas in the world, where there is no rain throughout the year. That factor, far from discouraging the establishment of communities, was the trigger for the construction of an outstanding culture that developed engineering works that interconnected various river valleys, with the aim of irrigating desert territories.
Many of the
Access to new farmland, gained from the desert, was the starting point of a civilization that, based on abundant harvests, became socially stratified. All this allowed certain members of the community to no longer dedicate themselves exclusively to food production, and a process of specialization began that led to the development of the
===Gallery===
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In 1987, archaeologists, alerted by the local police, discovered the first intact Moche tomb at [[Sipán]] in northern Peru. Inside the tomb, which was carbon dated to about 300 AD, the archaeologists found the mummified remains of a high ranking male, the [[Lord of Sipán]]. Also in the tomb were the remains of six other individuals, several animals, and a large variety of ornamental and functional items, many of which were made of gold, silver, and other valuable materials. Continuing excavations of the site have yielded thirteen additional tombs.
In 2005, a mummified Moche woman known as the [[Lady of Cao]] was discovered at the Huaca Cao Viejo, part of the [[El Brujo]] archaeological site on the outskirts of present-day [[Trujillo, Peru]]. It is the best preserved Moche mummy found to date; the elaborate tomb that housed her had unprecedented decoration. Archaeologists believe that the tomb had been undisturbed since approximately 450 AD. The tomb contained military and ornamental artifacts, including war clubs and spear throwers. The remains of a [[garrote]]d teenage girl, probably a servant,
In 2005 an elaborate gold mask thought to depict a sea god, with curving rays radiating from a stone-inlaid feline face, was recovered in London by the [[Metropolitan Police]]. Experts believe that the artifact had been looted in the late 1980s from an elite tomb at the Moche site of La Mina.<ref>{{cite
In 2013 archaeologists unearthed the eighth of a series of finds of female skeleton that started with the Lady of Cao, together taken as evidence that the Moche were ruled by a succession of priestesses-queens. According to project director Luis Jaime Castillo, "[the] find makes it clear that women didn't just run rituals in this area but governed here and were queens of
==See also==
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