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| conflict = 1980 Turkish coup d'état
| place = [[Turkey]]
| caption = Daily newspaper ''[[Hürriyet]]
| date = 12 September 1980
| partof = the [[Cold War]]
| result = * [[43rd government of Turkey]] overthrown
* End to the [[political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/14835 | title=Political Instability in Turkey During the 1970s | journal=Journal of Conflict Studies | date=January 1989 | volume=9 | issue=1 | last1=Gunter | first1=Michael M. }}</ref>
* [[Military junta]] rule under [[martial law]] until [[1983 Turkish general election]]
* All political parties and groups banned
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* [[Kurdish language]] banned
*Escalation of [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)]]
| combatant1 =
| combatant2 =
| commander1 =
▲| commander2 = *[[Süleyman Demirel]]
| image = Hurriyet 12 eylul.jpg
}}{{Expand Turkish|topic=mil|date=April 2024}}
The '''1980 Turkish coup d'état''' ({{lang-tr|12 Eylül Darbesi|lit=September 12 coup d'état}}), headed by [[Chief of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]] [[Kenan Evren|General Kenan Evren]], was the third [[coup d'état]] in the [[history of the Republic of Turkey]], the previous having been the [[1960 Turkish coup d'état|1960 coup]] and the [[1971 Turkish military memorandum|1971 coup by memorandum]].
During the [[Cold War]] era, Turkey saw [[political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)|political violence (1976–1980)]] between the [[far-left politics|far-left]], the [[far-right politics|far-right]] ([[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]]), the [[Islamism in Turkey|Islamist]] militant groups, and the state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Erik J.|title=Turkey A Modern History, Revised Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaC24BFy4JQC&pg=PA263|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-399-6|page=263}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ganser|2005|p=235}}: Colonel Talat Turhan accused the United States for having fuelled the brutality from which Turkey suffered in the 1970s by setting up the Special Warfare Department, the Counter-Guerrilla secret army and the MIT and training them according to FM 30–31</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hot Money and the Politics of Debt|year=2004|first=Robert T|last=Naylor|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-2743-0|edition=3E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78UhNfUIFC8C&pg=PA94|quote=The fact that militias of all political tendencies seemed to be buying their arsenals from the same sources pointed to the possibility of a deliberate orchestration of the violence – of the sort P2 had attempted in Italy a few years earlier – to prepare the psychological climate for a military coup.|page=94| access-date= 10 June 2010 }}</ref> The violence saw a sharp downturn for a period after the coup, which was welcomed by some for restoring order<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stargazete.com/gazete/yazar/savci-ergenekon-u-kenan-evren-e-sormali-asil-113287.htm|access-date=21 October 2008|title=Savcı, Ergenekon'u Kenan Evren'e sormalı asıl!|work=Star Gazetesi|first=Aziz|last=Ustel|date=14 July 2008|language=tr|quote=Ve 13 Eylül 1980’de Türkiye’yi on yıla yakın bir süredir kasıp kavuran terör ve adam öldürmeler bıçakla kesilir gibi kesildi.}}</ref> by quickly executing 50 people and arresting 500,000, of which hundreds would die in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2013/02/02/erdogan-and-his-generals|title=Turkey and its army: Erdogan and his generals|publisher=The Economist|date=2 February 2013}}</ref>
For the next three years the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] ruled the country through the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]], before democracy was restored with the [[1983 Turkish general election]].<ref name="AI">[[Amnesty International]], ''Turkey: Human Rights Denied'', London, November 1988, AI Index: EUR/44/65/88, {{ISBN|978-0-86210-156-5}}, pg. 1.</ref> This period saw an intensification of the [[Turkish nationalism]] of the state, including banning the [[Kurdish language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/07/10/turkey-s-kurdish-conflict-and-retreat-from-democracy-pub-71453|title = Turkey's Kurdish Conflict and Retreat from Democracy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/10/10/pkk.profile/index.html |title = PKK's decades of violent struggle - CNN.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/turkey-s-dtp-says-1980-coup-waged-cultural-genocide-on-kurds-10172187|title = Turkey's DTP says 1980 coup waged "cultural genocide" on Kurds| date=21 October 2008 }}</ref> Turkey partially returned to democracy in 1983 and fully in 1989.
==Prelude==
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In the days following the coup the NSC suspended parliament, disbanded all political parties and took their leaders in custody. Workers' strikes were made illegal and labor unions were suspended. Local governors, mayors and public servants were replaced by military personnel. Curfews were imposed in the evenings under the declared state of emergency and leaving the country was prohibited. By the end of 1982 over 120,000 people had been imprisoned.<ref name=murat/>
Istanbul was served by three military mayors between 1980 and 1984. They renamed the leftist shantytowns changing names like "1 Mayıs Mahallesi" (Eng.: "[[Labour Day|1st of May]] Neighborhood") to "Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi" (Eng.: "Mustafa Kemal Neighborhood"), as a symbol of the military rule.<ref name=murat/>
===Economy===
One of the coup's most visible effects was on the economy. On the day of the coup, it was on the verge of collapse, with
The strategic aim was to unite Turkey with the "[[economic globalization|global economy]]," which [[big business]] supported,<ref>{{cite news
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On 7 November 1982 the new constitution was put to a referendum, which was accepted with 92% of the vote. On 9 November 1982 Kenan Evren was appointed [[List of Presidents of Turkey|President]] for the next seven years.
=== Education ===
The junta made mandatory the lesson named "Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge", which in practice centers around [[Sunni Islam]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
==Result==
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===Trial of coup leaders===
After the [[2010 Turkish constitutional referendum|2010 constitutional referendum]], an investigation was started regarding the coup, and in June 2011, the Specially Authorized Ankara Deputy Prosecutor's Office asked ex-prosecutor {{ill|Sacit Kayasu|tr}} to forward a copy of an indictment he had prepared for Kenan Evren. Kayasu had previously been fired for trying to indict Evren in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]] |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-245967-ankara-prosecutors-to-examine-kayasus-indictment-against-coup-leader-evren.html |title=Ankara prosecutors to examine Kayasu's indictment against coup leader Evren |access-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609002014/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-245967-ankara-prosecutors-to-examine-kayasus-indictment-against-coup-leader-evren.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref>
In January 2012, a Turkish court accepted the indictments against General [[Kenan Evren]] and General [[Tahsin Şahinkaya]], the only coup leaders still alive at the time, for their role in the coup. Prosecutors sought life sentences against the two retired generals.<ref>[[BBC News]] [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16488687 Turkish ex-president Kenan Evren faces coup charge], 10 January 2012</ref> According to the indictment, a total of 191 people died in custody during the aftermath of the coup, due to "inhumane" acts.<ref>[[Today's Zaman]] [http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269055-fears-of-suicide-prompt-evren-family-to-remove-coup-leaders-firearms.html Fears of suicide prompt Evren family to remove coup leader's firearms] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120090016/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269055-fears-of-suicide-prompt-evren-family-to-remove-coup-leaders-firearms.html |date=20 January 2012 }}, 19 January 2012</ref> The trial began on 4 April 2012.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-275113-why-does-evren-still-think-so.html Why does Evren still think so?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323011802/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-275113-why-does-evren-still-think-so.html |date=23 March 2012 }}, 22 March 2012</ref> In 2012, a court case was launched against Şahinkaya and Kenan Evren relating to the 1980 military coup. Both were sentenced to life imprisonment on 18 June 2014 by a court in Ankara. But neither of the two was sent to prison as both were in hospitals for medical treatment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-07-09 |title=Last living commander of the 1980 coup, Tahsin Şahinkaya dies at 90 |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2015/07/09/last-living-commander-of-the-1980-coup-tahsin-sahinkaya-dies-at-90 |access-date=2020-09-12 |newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]] |language=en}}</ref> Şahinkaya died in the Gülhane Military Medical Academy Hospital (GATA) in [[Haydarpaşa]], Istanbul on 9 July 2015.<ref name=":0" /> Evren died at a military hospital in Ankara on 9 May 2015, aged 97. His sentence was on appeal at the time of his death.
==Allegations of
The [[US State Department]] itself announced the coup during the night between 11 and 12 September: the military had phoned the US embassy in [[Ankara]] to alert them of the coup an hour in advance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gil|first=Ata|title=La Turquie à marche forcée|journal=Le Monde Diplomatique|volume=February 1981}}</ref> Both in his press conference held after the government was overthrown<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kenan Evrenin anıları 2 (Memoirs of Kenan Evren 2)|last=Evren|first=Kenan|publisher=Milliyet yayınları|year=1990|pages=46}}</ref> and when interrogated by public prosecutor in 2011<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/diger/259170/_ABD_ye_soyleyin__yonetime_el_koyuyoruz_.html|title='ABD'ye söyleyin, yönetime el koyuyoruz'|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> General Kenan Evren said "the US did not have pre-knowledge of the coup but we informed them of the coup 2 hours in advance due to our soldiers coinciding with the American community JUSMAT that is in Ankara."
Tahsin Şahinkaya – then general in charge of the Turkish Air Forces who is said to have travelled to the United States just before the coup, told the US army general was not informed of the upcoming coup and the general was surprised to have been uninformed of the coup after the government was overthrown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/diger/338100/_Bizim_cocuklar__haber_vermis.html|title="Bizim çocuklar" haber vermiş|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref>
Michael Butter argued that outside of some anecdotes, there was no proof of American involvement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butter |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5IBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60 |title=The Nature of Conspiracy Theories |date=2020-10-06 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-5095-4083-9 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref>
==In culture==
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* 1994 – ''{{ill|Babam Askerde|tr}}'' ([[Handan İpekçi]])
* 1995 – ''{{ill|80. Adım|tr}}'' ([[Tomris Giritlioğlu]])
* 1998 – ''{{ill|Gülün Bittiği Yer|tr}}'' ({{ill|İsmail Güneş (director)|lt=İsmail Güneş|hy|Իսմայիլ Գյունեշ|ru|Гюнеш, Исмаил|tr|İsmail Güneş (yönetmen)}})
* 1999 – ''{{ill|Eylül Fırtınası|tr}}'' ([[Atıf Yılmaz]])
* 2000 – ''[[Coup/Darbe - A Documentary History of the Turkish Military Interventions]]'' (Documentary, [[Elif Savaş Felsen]])
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* 2006 – ''[[Beynelmilel (film)|Beynelmilel]]'' ([[Sırrı Süreyya Önder]])
* 2006 – ''[[Home Coming (2006 film)|Home Coming (Eve Dönüş)]]'' ({{ill|Ömer Uğur|tr}})
* 2007 – ''
* 2008 – ''[[O... Çocukları]]'' ([[Murat Saraçoğlu]])
* 2010 – ''[[September 12 (film)|September 12]]'' (Özlem Sulak)
* 2015 – ''{{ill|Bizim Hikaye (film)|lt=Bizim Hikaye|tr|Bizim Hikaye (film)}}''
* 2015 – ''[[Kar Korsanları]]''
* 2015 – ''Kafes''
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* [[Ozan Arif]], [[Bir İt Vardı]]
* [[Sexen]], [[A.D. 12 September]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100606085726/http://www.censoredinc.com/ Listen]
* [[Sexen]], [[Censored Inc.
* [[Sezen Aksu]], 'Son Bakış' (1989)
* [[Suavi]] 'Eylül' (1996)
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1980]]
[[Category:Military coups in Turkey]]
[[Category:1980 crimes in Turkey|Coup d'etat]]
[[Category:1980s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:September 1980 events in
[[Category:Economic history of Turkey]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Turkey]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
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