Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Add: s2cid. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | #UCB_toolbar |
→Paintings: gallery |
||
(11 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Art of the Sasanian Empire}}
[[File:Irnp105-Grobowce Naqsh-
[[File:
'''Sasanian art''', or Sassanid art, was produced under the [[Sasanian Empire]] which ruled from the 3rd to 7th centuries AD, before the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] was completed around 651. In 224 AD, the last [[Parthia]]n king was defeated by [[Ardashir I]]. The resulting [[List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire|Sasanian dynasty]] would last for four hundred years, ruling modern Iran, Iraq, and much territory to the east and north of modern Iran. At times the Levant, much of Anatolia and parts of Egypt and Arabia were under its control. It began a new era in Iran and [[Mesopotamia]], which in many ways was built on [[Achaemenid]] traditions, including the art of the period. Nevertheless, there were also other influences on art of the period that came from as far as China and the Mediterranean.<ref>Harper; Cotterell, 177–178;</ref>
Line 10:
==Sculpture and rock reliefs==
[[File:The Colossal Statue of Shapur I.jpg|thumb
[[File:Naghsh-e rostam, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 12.jpg|thumb|The triumph of [[Shapur I]] over the Roman Emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]], and [[Philip the Arab]], [[Naqsh-e Rustam]].]]
[[File:
Free standing sculptures are rare in this period, compared under the Parthians. The [[Colossal Statue of Shapur I]] (r. AD 240–272) is the single outstanding exception to survive.
Line 70:
==Stucco==
In addition to the rock reliefs, stucco reliefs played a major role in art under the Sassanids. Since stone brick buildings were conceived as ugly, they were covered in stucco. Within these stucco walls reliefs were often carved of mainly floral patterns, but also figurative representations and especially animals. Often important state buildings, such as palaces and administrative headquearers, would have been decorated as such, often colored white
==Paintings==
Line 81:
At [[Bishapur]] floor [[mosaic]]s in a broadly Greco-Roman style have survived, and these were probably widespread in other elite settings, perhaps made by craftsmen from the Greek world.<ref>Keall for Bishapur; see Harper for other sites</ref>
<gallery>
File:Parte della composizione a più registri della sala cerimoniale (blu), pendjikent, sett. VI, cam. 41, angolo n.o., 740 ca. 2.JPG|Sections of wall-paintings from [[Panjakent]], c. 740
File:Relief plaque with confronted ibexes, Iran, Sasanian period, 5th or 6th century AD, stucco originally with polychrome painting - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC03952.JPG|[[Stucco]] relief with confronted [[ibex]]es, 5th or 6th century, once with polychrome painting
File:Coupe de Chosroès.JPG|The so-called "Coupe de Chosroès", metal and [[hardstone carving|carved semi-precious stone]]
File:Bishapur zan, AO 26169.jpg|Mosaic at [[Bishapur]] of a musician playing an [[angular harp]]
</gallery>
==Architecture==
[[File:
[[File:Firuz abad iwan.jpg|thumb
The grandest buildings of [[Sassanid architecture]] were very large palaces in brick, with high vaulted halls, that were important in the development of the [[iwan]] in [[Islamic architecture]]. The Sassanids further developed the vaults and arches used by the Parthians, usually with a large opening to one side of the hall in iwan style.
Line 105:
==Coinage==
[[File:Ardaschiri coin 3.jpg|thumb
[[File:Hormidzii.jpg|thumb
[[Sasanian coinage|Sasanian coins]] are a particularly important source for a major reason; they are easily datable from all periods of Sasanian history. Using the name of the ruler's image on the coin in [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] and it can be used to date other works of art. The front usually shows the image of the ruler, sometimes together with a son or wife, rarely with both. On the back there are several scenes, including an investiture or an altar, on which the eternal fire is burning. The tradition of these designs begins with the rather stiff image of [[Ardashir I]] (224-242), and under [[Shapur I]] (240–270). Under [[Shapur II]] (310–379), it is again made of the same material, while the detail modeling is slightly decreased. This is, however, important again later. In the following period the designs are often highly stylized and have been partially recorded.
Line 121:
Another group of metal goods are present; richly decorated vessels whose shape may have been adopted from the customs of the Mediterranean.
<gallery
File:
File:Anahita Vessel, 300-500 AD, Sasanian, Iran, silver and gilt - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08129.JPG|The "Anahita Vessel", c. 300-500, gilted silver: the female dancers may be Zoroastrian religious images or bacchantes, followers of the cult of the wine god Bacchus<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1962.294|title = Anahita Vessel|date = 31 October 2018}}</ref>
File:Woman and water buffalo rhyton, c. 600-700 CE, silver, Sasanian, Cleveland Museum of Art.JPG|[[Rhyton]] with female head and [[water buffalo]], c. 600-700, silver
Line 138:
==Influence==
Sassanid art had a strong influence on the Islamic art of [[Persia]] and the wider Islamic world. Arches are one of the most characteristic elements of Persian architecture. Especially in Central Asia, such as [[Sogdiana]] the methods and customs of art are directly attributable to the Sassanids.<ref>{{cite web| title =Soldier on wall painting from Pendischkent in a heavily influenced Sassanid style| work =Kroraina| url =http://www.kroraina.com/ca/pict/ca18bg.jpg}}</ref>▼
▲Sassanid art had a strong influence on the Islamic art of [[Persia]]. Arches are one of the most characteristic elements of Persian architecture. Especially in Central Asia, such as [[Sogdiana]] the methods and customs of art are directly attributable to the Sassanids.<ref>{{cite web| title =Soldier on wall painting from Pendischkent in a heavily influenced Sassanid style| work =Kroraina| url =http://www.kroraina.com/ca/pict/ca18bg.jpg}}</ref>
Sasanian influences are found in medieval Byzantine textiles, jewelry, and architectural sculpture. A notable example of Sasanian-influenced decorative motifs can be found in the fifth- and sixth-century floor mosaics of [[Antioch]]. The Sasanian motifs did not appear before the fifth century in Roman-Byzantine art, but the impact was long-lived.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Eva R. |title=Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World |date=9 February 2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-8207-2 |page=45 |language=en}}</ref>
Line 155 ⟶ 154:
==Literature==
*Canepa, Matthew P., "Topographies of Power, Theorizing the Visual, Spatial and Ritual Contexts of Rock Reliefs in Ancient Iran", in Harmanşah (2014), [https://books.google.
*Cotterell, Arthur (ed), ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Classical Civilizations'', 1993, Penguin, {{ISBN|0670826995}}
* [[Kurt Erdmann]]: ''The Art of Iran in the Time of the Sassanids''. Berlin 1943, 1969
|