Content deleted Content added
Undid revision 1193830238 by Rabia Khalid digital (talk) per el policy |
GreenC bot (talk | contribs) Move 1 url. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#abclocal.go.com |
||
| (29 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{short description|Use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors}}
{{redirect|CCTV|the
{{Distinguish|Closed captioning}}
▲{{redirect|CCTV|the state television broadcaster of China|China Central Television|other uses|CCTV (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
Line 7:
[[File:Cámara CCTV.jpg|thumb|Surveillance camera in a residential community]]
[[File:CCTV dome camera subway Rotterdam.jpg|thumb|Dome camera in [[Rotterdam Centraal station|Rotterdam central metro station]]]]
'''Closed-circuit television''' ('''CCTV'''), also known as '''video surveillance''',<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=Vikas|editor2-last=Svensson|editor2-first=Jakob|title=Promoting Social Change and Democracy Through Information Technology|date=2015|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=9781466685031|page=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkdLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dempsey|first1=John S.|title=Introduction to private security|date=2008|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=9780534558734|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQo7oDMSVXgC&pg=PA78}}</ref> is the use of
Surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world. Video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals' [[right to privacy]] even when in public.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's wrong with public video surveillance?|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/whats-wrong-public-video-surveillance|publisher=ACLU|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Surveillance Cameras and the Right to Privacy|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surveillance-cameras-and-the-right-to-privacy/|access-date=5 January 2017|work=CBS News|date=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Best PoE Security Camera System|url=https://top10reviewss.com/best-poe-security-camera-system-reviews/|access-date=5 January 2017|work=CBS News|date=9 November 2019|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128025924/https://top10reviewss.com/best-poe-security-camera-system-reviews/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Line 13:
In [[Factory|industrial plants]], CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central [[control room]], especially if the environments observed are dangerous or inaccessible to humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, using [[digital video recorder]]s (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as [[motion detection]] and email alerts). More recently, decentralized [[IP camera]]s, perhaps equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to [[network-attached storage]] devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation.
== History ==
Line 35:
=== Application ===
Early CCTV systems were installed in central London by the Metropolitan Police between 1960 and 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://professionalsecurity.co.uk/news/case-studies/polices-1960s-cctv-experiments-part-1/ |title=
Closed-circuit television was used as a form of [[pay-per-view]] [[theatre television]] for sports such as [[professional boxing]] and [[professional wrestling]], and from 1964 through 1970, the [[Indianapolis 500]] automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live.<ref name="Ezra">{{cite book|last=Ezra|first=Michael|title=The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136274756|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL41bsCigZcC&pg=PA105|language=en}}</ref><ref name="bloodyelbow">{{cite news|title=History of Prizefighting's Biggest Money Fights|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2017/8/24/16170894/history-of-prizefightings-biggest-money-fights-boxing-mma-ufc|work=[[Bloody Elbow]]|agency=[[SB Nation]]|date=24 August 2017}}</ref> The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was [[Joe Louis]] vs. [[Jersey Joe Walcott|Joe Walcott]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|title=Television|date=1965|publisher=Frederick A. Kugel Company|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it0aAQAAMAAJ&q=Louis+Walcott|language=en|quote=Teleprompter's main-spring, Irving B. Kahn (he's chairman of the board and president), had a taste of closed circuit operations as early as 1948. That summer, Kahn, then a vice president of 20th Century-Fox, negotiated what was probably the first inter-city closed circuit telecast in history, a pickup of the Joe Louis-Joe Walcott fight.}}</ref> Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with [[Muhammad Ali]] in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="Ezra" /><ref name="bloodyelbow" /> with "[[The Rumble in the Jungle]]" fight drawing 50{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974,<ref>{{cite news|title=Zaire's fight promotion opens new gold mines|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/28336306/|work=[[The Morning Herald]]|date=18 November 1974|language=en}}</ref> and the "[[Thrilla in Manila]]" drawing 100{{nbsp}}million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Karriem Allah|journal=[[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]]|date=1976|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> In 1985, the [[WrestleMania I]] professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wrestlemania In Photographs: 1-10|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wrestlemania-in-photographs-1-10|work=Sportskeeda|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> As late as 1996, the [[Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya]] boxing fight had 750,000 viewers.<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-06-07/sports/9606070183_1_closed-circuit-sites-las-vegas-oscar-de-la-hoya Chavez-De La Hoya Fight Is A Bout About Contrasts], Chicago Tribune article, 1996-06-07, Retrieved on 2015-02-23</ref> Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by [[pay-per-view]] home [[cable television]] in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.<ref name="bloodyelbow" />
Line 49:
== Uses ==
=== Crime prevention ===
[[File:Bulger cctv.jpg|thumb|The two-year-old [[Murder of James Bulger|James Bulger]] being led away by his killers, recorded on shopping centre CCTV in 1993
[[File:Video surveillance sign.jpg|thumb|Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras]]
{{further|crime prevention|predictive policing}}
A 2009 systematic review by researchers from [[Northeastern University]] and [[University of Cambridge]] used [[meta-analysis|meta-analytic]] techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies.<ref name="Public">{{cite web|url = http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/housing/surveillance-cameras-and-crime/ |title = Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |publisher = Journalist's Resource.org |date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref>
The studies included in the meta-analysis used [[quasi-experiment|quasi-experimental evaluation designs]] that involve before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and control areas.<ref name="Public"/> However, several researchers have pointed to methodological problems associated with this research literature. First, researchers have argued that the British car park studies included in the meta-analysis cannot accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security-related measures.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The economics of subjective security and camera surveillance|url = https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/wipo/Alois_Stutzer/Zehnder_B-099.pdf |date = 2009|last = Zehnder|journal = WWZ Research Paper|access-date = 27 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706060053/https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/wipo/Alois_Stutzer/Zehnder_B-099.pdf|archive-date = 6 July 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref> Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with [[selection bias]] since the introduction of CCTV was potentially [[Endogeneity (econometrics)|endogenous]] to previous crime trends.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Effects of Surveillance Cameras on Crime: Evidence from the Stockholm Subway|journal = The Economic Journal|date = 1 November 2015|issn = 1468-0297|pages = F289–F305|volume = 125|issue = 588|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12327|first = Mikael|last = Priks|s2cid = 96452277}}</ref> In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Is camera surveillance an effective measure of counterterrorism?|journal = Defence and Peace Economics|date = 2013|pages = 1–14|volume = 24|doi = 10.1080/10242694.2011.650481|last = Stutzer|doi-access = free}}</ref>
It has been argued that problems of selection bias and endogeneity can be addressed by stronger research designs such as [[randomized controlled trials]] and [[natural experiments]]. A 2017 review published in [[Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention]] compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies included in the review found that CCTV reduced crime by 24-28% in public streets and urban subway stations. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores. However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Furthermore, the review indicates that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than in violent crimes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Surveillance cameras and crime: a review of randomized and natural experiments|journal = Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention|date = 2017|pages = 210–222|volume = 18|issue = 2| author = Gustav Alexandrie|doi = 10.1080/14043858.2017.1387410|s2cid = 149144413}}</ref>
[[File:Alexis Navy Yard 012 1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg|thumb|left|Closed circuit television cameras captured the perpetrator of the [[Washington Navy Yard shooting]], Aaron Alexis, during his rampage
Another question in the effectiveness of CCTV for policing is around uptime of the system; in 2013 City of Philadelphia Auditor found that the $15M system was operational only 32% of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viakoo.com/orphaned-video-system-in-philadelphia/|title=Orphaned Video System in Philadelphia?|date=May 2015|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042359/https://www.viakoo.com/orphaned-video-system-in-philadelphia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is strong anecdotal evidence that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders; for example, UK police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10512087/10484338Police-are-failing-to-recover-crucial-CCTV-footage-new-figures-suggest.html?fbHow&goback=%2Egde_1889337_member_5817222616544473092 "Police are failing to recover crucial CCTV footage, new figures suggest"], The Daily Telegraph</ref> Moreover, CCTV has played a crucial role in tracing the movements of suspects or victims and is widely regarded by anti-terrorist officers as a fundamental tool in tracking terrorist suspects. Large-scale CCTV installations have played a key part of the defenses against terrorism since the 1970s. Cameras have also been installed on [[public transport]] in the hope of deterring crime.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hereford/worcs/3101016.stm "CCTV to drive down cab attacks"], BBC</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/4295859.stm "Taxi CCTV cameras are installed"], BBC</ref>
A more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap, the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allthings.com.au/Catalogue/cctv%20security%20surveillance%20ip%20network%20dome%20camera%20articles/Tip%20Sheet%205.pdf|title=National community Crime Prevention Programme|access-date=2016-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229022046/http://www.allthings.com.au/Catalogue/cctv%20security%20surveillance%20ip%20network%20dome%20camera%20articles/Tip%20Sheet%205.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gill and Spriggs did a [[Cost-effectiveness analysis]] (CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss.<ref name="Assessing">{{cite web|url=http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr1205.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr1205.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-02-18|title=Assessing the impact of CCTV|access-date=2011-10-16}}</ref> Critics however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional Cost Effectiveness Analysis and were omitted from their study.<ref name ="Assessing" /> A 2008 Report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV.<ref>[http://forward-edge.net/the-big-question-are-cctv-cameras-a-waste-of-money-in-the-fight-against-crime-822079.html "Are CCTV cameras a waste of money in the fight against crime?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061337/http://www.forward-edge.net/the-big-question-are-cctv-cameras-a-waste-of-money-in-the-fight-against-crime-822079.html |date=4 March 2016 }} Forward Edge, 7 May 2008</ref> In London, a [[Metropolitan Police]] report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras.<ref>{{cite news |title=CCTV in the spotlight: one crime solved for every 1,000 cameras |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/cctv-in-the-spotlight-one-crime-solved-for-every-1000-cameras-1776774.html|last=Hughe|first=Mark|date=25 August 2009|publisher=Independent News and Media Limited}}</ref> In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/3676550.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/]" BBC</ref>
Cities such as Manchester in the UK are using [[Digital video recorder|DVR]]-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2070312.stm Digital CCTV Scheme Switches On]," ''BBC''</ref>
Line 67:
In October 2009, an "Internet Eyes" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add "more eyes" to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners criticized the idea as "a distasteful and a worrying development".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8293784.stm Public to Monitor CCTV From Home], ''[[BBC]]''</ref>
In 2013 [[Oaxaca]] hired deaf police officers to [[lip reading|lip read]] conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies.<ref>[https://archive.today/
In Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped deter loan sharks, nab litterbugs, and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/network-of-cctv-cameras-proving-effective|title=Network of CCTV cameras proving effective | publisher= straitstimes|access-date=2017-02-06|date=8 March 2016 }}</ref>
Russia has implemented a video surveillance system called 'Safe City', which has the capability to recognize facial features and moving objects, sending the data automatically to government authorities. However, the widespread tracking of individuals through video surveillance has raised significant privacy issues.<ref>Artificial intelligence in local government services: Public perceptions from Australia and Hong Kong, Government Information Quarterly, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2023, 101833</ref>
===Crime solving===
Line 148 ⟶ 150:
== Prevalence ==
[[File:Surveillance cameras mapped.png|thumb|left|A crowdsourced map of CCTV cameras near [[Grande Arche]] using [[OpenStreetMap]] data<ref>{{cite web |url=http://osmcamera.tk/index.php?lat=48.89280064&lon=2.2415328&zoom=17&layer=osm |title=The CCTV Map |website=osmcamera |author=khris78 |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025180244/http://osmcamera.tk/index.php?lat=48.89280064&lon=2.2415328&zoom=17&layer=osm |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref>]]
[[File:SurveillanceCamera2.jpg|thumb|Surveillance camera mounted on the walls of Rosenbad, one of the Swedish's government buildings in central Stockholm, which houses the Prime Minister's office
[[File:SurveillanceCamera4.jpg|thumb|upright|A surveillance camera, aimed at a public street (Kungsgatan) in Stockholm, Sweden, mounted on top of the pole]]
Line 154 ⟶ 156:
=== Asia ===
About 65% of CCTV cameras in the world are installed in Asia.<ref name="SDM2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.sdmmag.com/articles/92407-rise-of-surveillance-camera-installed-base-slows |website=SDM Magazine |title=Rise of Surveillance Camera Installed Base Slows|date=5 May 2016|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> In Asia, different human activities attracted the use of surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to business and related industries,{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walton, Greg|title=China's Golden Shield: corporations and the development of surveillance technology in the People's Republic of China|publisher=Rights & Democracy|year=2001}}</ref> transportation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/australian-state-government-to-expand-cctv-use-across-transport-network|title=Australian state government to expand CCTV use across transport network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091654/http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/australian-state-government-to-expand-cctv-use-across-transport-network|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref> sports,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/chinese-tv-station-cctv-provide--old-school--analysis-of-afc-asian-cup-match-133815624.html|title=Chinese TV station CCTV provide 'old school' analysis of AFC Asian Cup match|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref> and care for the environment.<ref>{{cite web| last = Ng | first = Kelly|url=http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/4530-indian-state-government-uses-cctv-to-cut-forest-crimes|title=Indian state government uses CCTV to cut forest crimes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012135/http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/4530-indian-state-government-uses-cctv-to-cut-forest-crimes|date = 11 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-03-11}}</ref>
In 2018, China was reported to have [[Mass surveillance in China|a huge surveillance network]] of over 170 million CCTV cameras with 400 million new cameras expected be installed in the next three years, many of which use facial recognition technology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43751276|title=Smart cameras catch man in 60,000 crowd|date=13 April 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-GB}}</ref>
Line 162 ⟶ 164:
===United States===
[[File:2017-08-13 Sunriver Airport 18.jpg|thumb|Surveillance camera mounted on a tripod in [[Sunriver, Oregon]]]]
There were an estimated 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|title=Technocreep : the surrender of privacy and the capitalization of intimacy.|date=2014|publisher=Greystone Books|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-1771641227|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RExHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|title=Surveillance Society: New High-Tech Cameras Are Watching You|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a2398/4236865/|access-date=31 October 2015|work=Popular Mechanics|date=30 September 2009|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|title=Lawmakers want more surveillance on the ground -- and in the sky|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/20/17830619-lawmakers-want-more-surveillance-on-the-ground-and-in-the-sky?lite|access-date=31 October 2015|work=NBC News|date=20 April 2013|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last1=Dempsey|first1=John|last2=Forst|first2=Linda|title=An Introduction to Policing|date=2015|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781305544680|page=485|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4TCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA485}}</ref> Video surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Video Surveillance: Is It An Effective Crime Prevention Tool?|url=http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/05/|publisher=California Research Bureau|access-date=5 February 2015|date=June 1997|quote=The popularity of CCTV security systems has not gone unnoticed by the manufacturers of camera surveillance systems. ...A leading CCTV manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995, compared with net earnings of $16 million the previous year. ...Over 50 percent of all CCTV surveillance equipment sales are to industrial and commercial clients. CCTV surveillance is also very common in the American workplace.|archive-date=17 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417005043/http://www.library.ca.gov/CRB/97/05/|url-status=dead}}</ref> With lower cost and easier installation, sales of home security cameras increased in the early 21st century. Following the [[September 11 attacks]], the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to deter future terrorist attacks.<ref name="Yesil, Bilge"/> Under the [[Homeland Security Grant Program]], government grants are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Minoli|first1=Daniel|title=Building the internet of things with IPv6 and MIPv6 the evolving world of M2M communications|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=New Jersey|isbn=9781118647134|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DW8UbAiaLEC&pg=PT85}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=The great surveillance boom|url=http://fortune.com/2013/04/26/the-great-surveillance-boom/|magazine=Fortune|access-date=24 January 2016|date=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Privacy Fears Grow as Cities Increase Surveillance|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/technology/privacy-fears-as-surveillance-grows-in-cities.html|access-date=5 January 2017|work=The New York Times|date=13 October 2013}}</ref> In 2009, there were an estimated 15,000 CCTV systems in [[Chicago]], many linked to an integrated camera network.<ref name=WSJ2009>{{cite news|title=Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704538404574539910412824756|access-date=5 January 2017|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=
===United Kingdom===
Line 194 ⟶ 196:
In the [[United States]], the Constitution does not explicitly include the [[right to privacy]] although the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] has said several of the amendments to the Constitution implicitly grant this right.<ref>{{cite web|title=Your Right to Privacy|url=https://www.aclu.org/your-right-privacy|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> Access to video surveillance recordings may require a judge's [[writ]], which is readily available.<ref>[[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] - [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/7mcrm.htm Video Surveillance] Retrieved 6 August 1982</ref> However, there is little legislation and regulation specific to video surveillance.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Wrong With Public Video Surveillance|url=https://www.aclu.org/whats-wrong-public-video-surveillance|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Inga Kroener|title=CCTV: A Technology Under the Radar?|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=9781472400963|page=110}}</ref>
All countries in the [[European Union]] are signatories to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] which protects individual rights including the right to privacy
In the [[United Kingdom]] the [[Data Protection Act 1998]] imposes legal restrictions on the uses of CCTV recordings and mandates the registration of CCTV systems with the Data Protection Agency. In 2004, the successor to the Data Protection Agency, the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] clarified that this required registration of all CCTV systems with the Commissioner, and prompt deletion of archived recordings. However, subsequent case law (Durant vs. FSA) limited the scope of the protection provided by this law, and not all CCTV systems are currently regulated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Memorandum by A A Adams, BSc, MSc, PhD, LLM, MBCS, CITP School of Systems Engineering|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldconst/18/18we03.htm|website=UK Parliament Constitution Committee - Written Evidence. Surveillance: Citizens and the State|date=January 2007}}</ref>
Line 248 ⟶ 250:
[[File:Lorex digital wireless camera.jpg|thumb|[[Wireless security camera]]]]
Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install but lack the reliability of hard-wired cameras.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCTV Camera Installation Guide |url=https://is3tech.com/commercial-security-camera-systems/cloud-based |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=iS3 Tech}}</ref> Previous generations of wireless security cameras relied on analogue technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology which delivers crisper audio, sharper video, and a secure and interference-free signal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Digital Video Essentials: Shoot, Transfer, Edit, Share By Erica Sadun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_yb92nsqnUC&q=video+digital+vs+analog&pg=PA3|access-date=16 October 2013|isbn=9780470113196|last1=Sadun|first1=Erica|date=26 December 2006| publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> Now-a-days Smart dual light is used in cameras for night vision and to record brighter videos of dark rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=Smart Dual Light - thaiccd.com |url=https://thaiccd.com/smart-dual-light/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=th}}</ref>
=== Talking CCTV ===
Line 307 ⟶ 309:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Closed-Circuit Television}}
[[Category:Applications of computer vision]]
[[Category:Assistive technology]]
| |||