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|also known as = COP26 ([[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]])<br />CMP16 ([[Kyoto Protocol]])<br />CMA3 ([[Paris Agreement]])
|organisers = [[United Kingdom]] and [[Italy]]
|participants =
|blank_label=[[President for COP26|President]]|blank_data=[[Alok Sharma]]|blank1_label = Previous event
|blank1_data = [[2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference|← Madrid 2019]]
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|website = {{Official URL}}
}}
The '''2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference''', more commonly referred to as '''COP26''', was the 26th [[United Nations Climate Change conference]], held at the [[SEC Centre]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]], from 31 October to 13 November 2021. The [[President for COP26|president of the conference]] was UK cabinet minister [[Alok Sharma]].<ref name="eciu"
The conference was the first since the Paris Agreement of [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP21]] that expected parties to make enhanced commitments towards [[Climate change mitigation|mitigating climate change]]; the Paris Agreement requires parties to carry out a process colloquially known as the '[[#Ratchet mechanism|ratchet mechanism]]' every five years to provide improved [[Nationally
▲The conference was the first since the Paris Agreement of [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP21]] that expected parties to make enhanced commitments towards [[Climate change mitigation|mitigating climate change]]; the Paris Agreement requires parties to carry out a process colloquially known as the '[[#Ratchet mechanism|ratchet mechanism]]' every five years to provide improved [[Nationally Determined Contributions|national pledges]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://blog.alfaenergygroup.com/the-importance-of-cop26/ |title=The Importance of COP26 |first=Nick |last=Fedson |date=21 August 2019 |website=The Energy Compass |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730173920/https://blog.alfaenergygroup.com/the-importance-of-cop26/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The result of COP26 was the [[Glasgow Climate Pact]], negotiated through consensus of the representatives of the 197 attending parties. Owing to late interventions from India and China that weakened a move to end [[coal power]] and [[fossil fuel subsidies]], the conference ended with the adoption of a less stringent resolution than some anticipated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2021 |title=Cop26 ends in climate agreement despite India watering down coal resolution |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/13/cop26-countries-agree-to-accept-imperfect-climate-agreement |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114003957/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/13/cop26-countries-agree-to-accept-imperfect-climate-agreement |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hook |first1=Leslie |last2=Hodgson |first2=Camilla |last3=Pickard |first3=Jim |date=13 November 2021 |title=India and China weaken pledge to phase out coal as COP26 ends |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/471c7db9-925f-479e-ad57-09162310a21a |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114010445/https://www.ft.com/content/471c7db9-925f-479e-ad57-09162310a21a |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, the pact was the first climate deal to explicitly commit to [[Coal phase-out|reducing the use of coal]]. It included wording that encouraged more urgent [[greenhouse gas emissions]] cuts and promised more [[climate finance]] for [[developing countries]] to [[Climate change adaptation|adapt to climate impacts]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shasi |first1=Anula |title=COP26 keeps 1.5C alive and finalises Paris Agreement |url=https://ukcop26.org/cop26-keeps-1-5c-alive-and-finalises-paris-agreement/ |website=ukcop26.org |date=13 November 2021 |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113213717/https://ukcop26.org/cop26-keeps-1-5c-alive-and-finalises-paris-agreement/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
In the midst of the conference, on 6 November 2021, a march against inadequate action at the conference, as well as for other climate change-related issues, became the largest protest in Glasgow since [[15 February 2003 anti-war protests|anti-Iraq War marches in 2003]].<ref name="BBC Nov6"/> Additional rallies took place in 100 other countries.
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===Presidency===
[[File:Boris Johnson and Giuseppe Conte at the launch of COP26.jpg|thumb|Italian Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]] (left) and UK Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] (right) in London at the launch of COP26 in February 2020, prior to it being postponed a year
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Naftali Bennett, in Glasgow, Scotland on November 02, 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|Israeli Prime Minister [[Naftali Bennett|Naftali Bennet]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at COP26
The United Kingdom holds the presidency of COP26 until the start of [[COP27]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=15 November 2021 |title=Climate leaders call for pressure on stubborn nations before Cop27 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/15/climate-leaders-call-for-pressure-on-stubborn-nations-before-cop27 |
[[Nigel Topping]], the former CEO of climate change action organization We Mean Business, was appointed the UK Government's High Level Climate Action Champion for COP26.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2020 |title=Nigel Topping appointed UK High Level Climate Action Champion |url=https://www.ukcop26.org/nigel-topping-appointed-uk-high-level-climate-action-champion/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426035026/https://ukcop26.org/nigel-topping-appointed-uk-high-level-climate-action-champion/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Topping |first=Nigel |date=18 December 2019 |title=Getting ready for the decade of delivery |url=https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/nigel-topping-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=We Mean Business Coalition |publisher= |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225221819/https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/nigel-topping-2/}}</ref>
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===Postponement===
Because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], in April 2020 the conference was postponed to 31 October–12 November 2021.<ref name=":1"
Convention Secretary [[Patricia Espinosa]] tweeted that "in light of the ongoing, worldwide effects of COVID-19, holding an ambitious, inclusive, COP26 in November 2020 is not possible."<ref name=":2">{{Cite tweet |last=Espinosa C. |first=Patricia |author-link=Patricia Espinosa |date=1 April 2020 |title=The Bureau decided to also postpone #COP26 , in a date to be set after the #COP26 presidency consults with all Parties. The Bureau assessed that in light of the ongoing, worldwide effects of #COVIDー19, holding an ambitious, inclusive COP26 in November 2020 is no possible. |url=https://twitter.com/PEspinosaC/status/1245452695219159040 |access-date=2 April 2020 |number=1245452695219159040 |user=PEspinosaC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030112256/https://twitter.com/PEspinosaC/status/1245452695219159040 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also indicated that economies restarting would be an opportunity to "shape the 21st
Independent observers noted that though not directly related, the postponement gave the international community time to respond to the outcome of the [[2020 United States presidential election|United States presidential election]], held in November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gustin |first=Georgina |date=1 April 2020 |title=COP's Postponement Until 2021 Gives World Leaders Time to Respond to U.S. Election |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01042020/cop-26-glasgow-delay-coronavirus-covid-united-nations |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=InsideClimate News |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921124344/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01042020/cop-26-glasgow-delay-coronavirus-covid-united-nations/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Farand|first1=
===Sponsors===
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In September 2021, the conference was urged by [[Climate Action Network]] to ensure attendees would be able to attend in spite of [[travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]. In the months before the conference, the British government had [[The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021|restrictions on travel from certain countries]] in place, and [[COVID passports in the United Kingdom|COVID passports]] were required in certain venues. Critics suggested unequal [[deployment of COVID-19 vaccines]] worldwide could exclude the participation of representatives of poorer countries most affected by climate change.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2021 |title=Cop26 will be 'rich nations stitch-up' if poorer countries kept away by Covid |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/07/cop26-will-be-rich-nations-stitch-up-if-poorer-countries-kept-away-by-covid |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101111226/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/07/cop26-will-be-rich-nations-stitch-up-if-poorer-countries-kept-away-by-covid |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=COP26: Fresh concerns that unequal vaccine access may jeopardise key UN climate talks |work=[[Sky News]] |url=https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-fresh-concerns-that-unequal-vaccine-access-may-jeopardise-key-un-climate-talks-12368229 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028195350/https://news.sky.com/story/cop26-fresh-concerns-that-unequal-vaccine-access-may-jeopardise-key-un-climate-talks-12368229 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2021 |title=Cop26 will be whitest and most privileged ever, warn campaigners |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/30/cop26-will-be-whitest-and-most-privileged-ever-warn-campaigners |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101112157/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/30/cop26-will-be-whitest-and-most-privileged-ever-warn-campaigners |url-status=live}}</ref> The UK subsequently relaxed travel rules for delegations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2021 |title=COP26: Covid travel rules relaxed for overseas delegates |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-58153616 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031181735/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-58153616 |url-status=live}}</ref> Only four Pacific Islands nations sent delegations due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, with most island nations compelled to send smaller teams than they otherwise would have.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2021 |title='Thin' Pacific island teams at COP26 spark fears of inequity |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-lifestyle-glasgow-travel-ef4243532251d2a4830ea402effae676 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101085220/https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-lifestyle-glasgow-travel-ef4243532251d2a4830ea402effae676 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=COP26: What do the poorest countries want from climate summit? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101013648/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |url-status=live}}</ref> Organizers have in place numerous COVID-19 rules for attendees, dependent on vaccination status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=What are the Covid rules at Cop26 and why did maskless PM sit next to Attenborough? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/cop26-covid-rules-david-attenborough-boris-johnson-b1949721.html |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102122511/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/cop26-covid-rules-david-attenborough-boris-johnson-b1949721.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 June 2021, a nighttime light projection onto the [[Glasgow Tolbooth|Tolbooth Steeple]] was installed, under the [[Climate Clock]] initiative. The projected Deadline and Lifeline statistics count the time window before [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|1.5 °C warming]] would become inevitable, and the percentage of [[World energy supply and consumption|global energy]] delivered through [[Renewable energy|renewables]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Paul English, Christina O'Neill |date=2021-06-04 |title=Historic clock in Glasgow to become daily reminder of climate crisis |language=en |work=GlasgowLive |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-climate-clock-20741668 |accessdate=2022-04-15 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613175643/https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-climate-clock-20741668 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Scottish Events Campus (SEC), known as the Blue Zone, temporarily became United Nations territory: the other main venue is the Green Zone at [[Glasgow Science Centre]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2021 |title=COP26: Climate summit venue becomes UN territory |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59089946 |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030032434/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59089946 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The summit was described as receiving "the cleanest electricity in the UK", as 70% was supplied from [[Low-carbon power|low-carbon]] [[nuclear power]] from plants in [[Torness nuclear power station|Torness]] and [[Hunterston B nuclear power station|Hunterston B]], while the rest mostly came from [[wind power]].<ref>{{cite web |title=COP26 and southern Scotland receive cleanest power in the U.K. -- ANS / Nuclear Newswire |url=https://www.ans.org/news/article-3401/cop26-and-southern-scotland-receive-cleanest-power-in-the-uk/ |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=
=== Medical cover ===
The provision of medical services for the event was provided by [[BASICS Scotland]], Amvale Medical and the Scottish Ambulance Service. The medical centre was visited by both Scottish National Clinical Director [[Jason Leitch]] and [[Cabinet Secretary for NHS Recovery, Health and Social Care|Scottish Health Secretary]] [[Humza Yousaf]] during the conference.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1458078802135994368 |title=While at #COP26 the @scotgovhealth Health Secretary Humza Yousaf and the National Clinical Director Jason Leitch called in to see our staff supporting our response to the conference.|date=2021-11-09|last=O'Meara|first=Pat|access-date=2022-01-23 |user=PatOMearaSAS|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111102715/https://twitter.com/patomearasas/status/1458078802135994368|archive-date=2022-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |title=Health Secretary Humza Yousaf met with ambulance staff and doctors who have been providing support at #COP26. He visited the medical centre in the Blue Zone to thank them for their work to keep everyone safe at #COP26, and during the #coronavirus pandemic.|number=1458129519160725504 |user=scotgovhealth|author=Scot Gov Health|date=2021-11-10|access-date=2022-01-23|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111102851/https://twitter.com/scotgovhealth/status/1458129519160725504|archive-date=2022-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Attendees ===
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| caption3 = [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] Director General [[Rafael Grossi|Rafael Mariano Grossi]] meeting with CEO and Special Representative of the [[UNSG]] for [[Sustainable Energy]] for all and Co-Chair on UN Energy [[Damilola Ogunbiyi]]
}}
Twenty-five thousand delegates from nearly 200 countries were expected to attend,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=11 October 2021 |title=What is Cop26 and why does it matter? The complete guide
Australian
Czech prime minister [[Andrej Babiš]] denounced the proposed [[European Union]] [[Fit for 55]] laws, part of the [[European Green Deal]], saying that the bloc "can achieve nothing without the participation of the largest polluters such as China or the USA".<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=Andrej Babiš: It is absolutely crucial for individual states to choose their own energy mix to achieve carbon neutrality |work=Government of the Czech Republic |publisher= |url=https://www.vlada.cz/en/clenove-vlady/premier/speeches/andrej-babis-it-is-absolutely-crucial-for-individual-states-to-choose-their-own-energy-mix-to-achieve-carbon-neutrality-191508/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101231706/https://www.vlada.cz/en/clenove-vlady/premier/speeches/andrej-babis-it-is-absolutely-crucial-for-individual-states-to-choose-their-own-energy-mix-to-achieve-carbon-neutrality-191508/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Non-attendees ===
In October 2021, China's leader [[Xi Jinping]] announced he would not be attending the conference in person<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2021 |title=China's revised climate pledge 'casts shadow' over Glasgow summit |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/29/china-offers-few-new-climate-targets-ahead-of-un-conference |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029082129/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/29/china-offers-few-new-climate-targets-ahead-of-un-conference |url-status=live}}</ref> and instead delivered a written address as the organizers did not provide an opportunity for a video address.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/china-says-xi-given-no-094132995.html |title=REFILE-China says Xi was given no option for video address to COP26 |website=ca.finance.yahoo.com |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106040734/https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/china-says-xi-given-no-094132995.html |url-status=live}}</ref> With [[greenhouse gas emissions by China]] being the world's largest,
Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] said his non-attendance was due to concerns relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |last=McKeever |first=Vicky |date=13 October 2021 |title=Putin says he may not attend climate summit COP26 over Covid fears |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/13/russian-president-vladimir-putin-says-he-may-not-attend-cop26.html |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022230549/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/13/russian-president-vladimir-putin-says-he-may-not-attend-cop26.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian president [[Ebrahim Raisi]] did not attend;<ref name=":6"
The non-attendance of both Putin and Xi received criticism from U.S. president Joe Biden<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden Rebukes Russia, China Leaders After Apologizing for American Inaction |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2021-11-02/biden-rebukes-russia-china-leaders-for-skipping-cop26-climate-summit-theyve-walked-away |access-date=11 November 2021 |agency=US News |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023249/https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2021-11-02/biden-rebukes-russia-china-leaders-for-skipping-cop26-climate-summit-theyve-walked-away |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Biden attacks China and Russia leaders for missing summit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59138578 |access-date=11 November 2021 |agency=BBC |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023302/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-59138578 |url-status=live}}</ref> and former American president Barack Obama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama faults Russia, China for 'lack of urgency' on climate |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-donald-trump-joe-biden-united-nations-barack-obama-33aacb939b5ee0b8aa1add7688cb267a |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111023249/https://apnews.com/article/climate-donald-trump-joe-biden-united-nations-barack-obama-33aacb939b5ee0b8aa1add7688cb267a |url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Ratchet mechanism ==
<!-- NOTE: see talk page before re-introducing the chart to article. [[File:CO2 emission pie chart.svg|thumb|Global [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|carbon dioxide emissions]] by jurisdiction (as of 2015). [[China]] said its {{CO2}} emissions should peak by 2030 and then decline.<ref>{{cite news |title=China submits updated climate pledges to UN ahead of Glasgow talks |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/china-submits-updated-climate-pledges-united-nations-2021-10-28/ |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=28 October 2021}}</ref>]] -->
Under the Paris Agreement, countries submitted pledges called [[Nationally Determined Contributions|nationally determined contributions]], to limit their [[greenhouse gas]] emissions. Under the framework of the Paris Agreement, each country is expected to submit enhanced nationally determined contributions every five years, to ratchet up the ambition to mitigate climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |title=The Paris Agreement |website=unfccc.int |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |url-status=live}}</ref> When the Paris Agreement was signed at [[
== Outcomes ==
{{Main|Glasgow Climate Pact}}
On 13 November 2021, the participating 197 countries agreed to a new deal, known as the Glasgow Climate Pact, aimed at staving off dangerous [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite news |
The pact "Reaffirms the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels" and "Recognizes that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around midcentury, as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases."<ref name=Glasgow>{{cite book |title=Glasgow Climate Pact |publisher=The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement |location=Glasgow |page=3 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma3_auv_2_cover%20decision.pdf |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115132413/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma3_auv_2_cover%20decision.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> However, achieving the target is not ensured, as with existing pledges the emissions in the year 2030 will be 14% higher than in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Masood |first1=Ehsan |last2=Tollefson |first2=Jeff |title='COP26 hasn't solved the problem': scientists react to UN climate deal |journal=Nature |date=14 November 2021 |volume=599 |issue=7885 |pages=355–356 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03431-4 |pmid=34782787 |bibcode=2021Natur.599..355M |s2cid=244132496
The final agreement explicitly mentions coal, which is the single biggest contributor to climate change. Previous COP agreements have not mentioned coal, [[oil]] or [[gas]], or even [[fossil fuels]] in general, as a driver, or major cause of climate change, making the Glasgow Climate Pact the first ever climate deal to explicitly plan to reduce unabated coal power. The wording in the agreement refers to an intention to "phase down" use of unabated coal power, rather than to phase it out.<ref>{{cite
Over 140 countries pledged to reach net-zero emissions. This includes 90% of global GDP.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2021 |title=New Glasgow Climate Pact offers some 'breakthroughs' but also 'deep disappointment' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211114-new-glasgow-climate-pact-offers-some-breakthroughs-but-also-deep-disappointment |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115015023/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211114-new-glasgow-climate-pact-offers-some-breakthroughs-but-also-deep-disappointment |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Joko Widodo at the opening ceremony of COP26 (10).jpg|thumb|[[Indonesia]]n President [[Joko Widodo]] promised to end and reverse [[deforestation in Indonesia]] by 2030]]
More than 100 countries, including Brazil, pledged to reverse [[deforestation]] by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-02|title=COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59088498|access-date=2022-02-09|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121032101/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59088498|url-status=live}}</ref>
The final text of the [[Glasgow Climate Pact]] include a call to: "accelerating efforts towards... phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies".<ref name=Glasgow/> 34 countries with several banks and financial agencies pledged to stop international funding for "unabated fossil fuel energy sector by the end of 2022, except in limited and clearly defined circumstances that are consistent with a 1.5°C warming limit and the goals of the Paris Agreement" and increase financing of more sustainable projects,<ref name="ukcop26">{{cite web |title=Statement on international public support for the clean energy transition |url=https://ukcop26.org/statement-on-international-public-support-for-the-clean-energy-transition/ |website=UN climate change conference UK 2021 |date=4 November 2021 |publisher=United Nations Climate Change, UK government |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123173907/https://ukcop26.org/statement-on-international-public-support-for-the-clean-energy-transition/ |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Canada]]
More than 40 countries pledged to move away from coal.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Plumer |first1=Brad |last2=Friedman |first2=Lisa |date=4 November 2021 |title=Over 40 Countries Pledge at U.N. Climate Summit to End Use of Coal Power |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/climate/cop26-coal-climate.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115061302/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/climate/cop26-coal-climate.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
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The United States and China reached an agreement about cooperation on measures to stop climate change, including lowering methane emissions, phasing out the use of coal, and forest conservation.<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news |title=U.S. and China unveil deal to ramp up cooperation on climate change |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/china-us-make-joint-statement-cop26-climate-summit-2021-11-10 |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Reuters |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110234317/https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/china-us-make-joint-statement-cop26-climate-summit-2021-11-10/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
39 countries and institutions signed the [[Glasgow Statement]], an international agreement to shift international public finance away from fossil fuels towards clean energy. If implemented properly, the Glasgow Statement will shift $28 billion per year from fossil fuels to clean energy.<ref name="ukcop26"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report: Countries could shift almost USD 28 billion/year from fossil fuels to jump-start the energy transition—if they follow through on their pledges |url=https://www.iisd.org/articles/press-release/glasgow-statement-could-shift-annual-28-billion-to-clean |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=International Institute for Sustainable Development |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620125334/https://www.iisd.org/articles/press-release/glasgow-statement-could-shift-annual-28-billion-to-clean |url-status=live }}</ref>
India promised to draw half of its energy requirement from renewable sources by 2030 and achieve [[carbon neutrality]] by 2070.<ref>{{cite news |title=India pledges net-zero emissions by 2070 — but also wants to expand coal mining |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/03/1051805674/modi-india-cop26-coal-renewable-energy?t=1636899927203 |work=NPR |date=3 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145317/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/03/1051805674/modi-india-cop26-coal-renewable-energy?t=1636899927203 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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Governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major [[Automotive industry|car manufacturers]] such as GM, Ford, Volvo, BYD Auto, Jaguar Land Rover, and Mercedes-Benz have committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |work=Financial Times |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145317/https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040 |url=https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040 |work=CarExpert |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145318/https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040 |url-status=live}}</ref> Major car manufacturing nations like China, the US, Japan, Germany, and South Korea, as well as Toyota, Volkswagen, Nissan-Renault-Mitsubishi, Stellantis, Honda, and Hyundai had not signed up to the pledge.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114122411/https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202 |url-status=live}}</ref>
New pledges for financial help for climate change mitigation and adaptation were announced.<ref>{{cite news |
[[Climate Action Tracker]] on 9 November 2021, described the results as follows: the global temperature will rise by 2.7 °C by the end of the century with current policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if only the pledges for 2030 are implemented, by 2.1 °C if the long-term targets are also achieved and by 1.8 °C if all the announced targets are fully achieved.<ref name="climateactiontracker1">{{cite web |title=Glasgow's 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/glasgows-2030-credibility-gap-net-zeros-lip-service-to-climate-action/ |website=climateactiontracker.org |access-date=9 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109140537/https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/glasgows-2030-credibility-gap-net-zeros-lip-service-to-climate-action/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero ([[GFANZ]]) announced that financial institutions controlling $130 trillion were now signed up to
== Negotiations ==
The world leaders' summit was on 1 and 2 November, with each leader giving a national statement.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Leaders Summit at COP 26 |url=https://unfccc.int/cop26/world-leaders-summit |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=unfccc.int |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029074019/https://unfccc.int/cop26/world-leaders-summit/}}</ref>
An important goal of the conference organizers is to keep a {{
[[China]] said it aims to peak {{CO2}} emissions before 2030 and to become [[Carbon neutrality|carbon neutral]] by 2060.<ref name="guard0">{{cite news |title=China's new climate plan falls short of Cop26 global heating goal, experts say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/28/disappointing-but-not-unexpected-china-climate-goal-leaves-experts-unsatisfied |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102112339/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/28/disappointing-but-not-unexpected-china-climate-goal-leaves-experts-unsatisfied |url-status=live}}</ref> It was asked to set a clear earlier date as this would have a very large "positive impact" on the Paris Agreement targets.<ref>{{cite news |
=== Deforestation ===
[[File:COP26-UNFCCC (51653176649).jpg|thumb|[[Brazil]], home to 60% of the [[Amazon rainforest]], promised to halt and reverse [[deforestation]] by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26 deforestation: Brazil backtracks on forests pledge before conference is even over |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/cop26-deforestation-brazil-backtracks-forests-pledge-before-conference-over-1294831 |work=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110008/https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/cop26-deforestation-brazil-backtracks-forests-pledge-before-conference-over-1294831 |url-status=live}}</ref> (National Confederation of Industry virtual cast from [[Brasilia]] on 3 September 2021)]]
Leaders of more than 100 countries with around 85% of the world's forests, including [[Deforestation in North America|Canada]], [[Deforestation in Russia|Russia]], the [[Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and the [[Deforestation in the United States|United States]],<ref name=BBC-Deforestation/> agreed to end [[deforestation]] by 2030, improving on a similar 2014 agreement by now including [[Deforestation in Brazil|Brazil]],<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Don't Be Fooled by Bolsonaro's Pledges |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/cop26-dont-be-fooled-bolsonaros-pledges |work=Human Rights Watch |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110007/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/cop26-dont-be-fooled-bolsonaros-pledges |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Deforestation in Indonesia|Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Hot air: Scepticism over Indonesia's COP26 deforestation pledges |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/9/hot-air-scepticism-over-indonesias-cop26-deforestation-pledges |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111110008/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/9/hot-air-scepticism-over-indonesias-cop26-deforestation-pledges |url-status=live}}</ref> businesses<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=The world should prove its love for forests by putting carbon prices on them |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/the-world-should-prove-its-love-for-forests-by-putting-carbon-prices-on-them/21806086 |access-date=3 November 2021 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102220548/https://www.economist.com/international/the-world-should-prove-its-love-for-forests-by-putting-carbon-prices-on-them/21806086 |url-status=live}}</ref> and more financial resources.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=COP26 climate change summit: So far, so good-ish |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59150807 |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103150119/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59150807 |url-status=live}}</ref> Signatories of the 2014 agreement, the [[New York Declaration on Forests]], pledged to half deforestation by 2020 and end it by 2030
[[Indonesia]]'s environment minister [[Siti Nurbaya Bakar]] stated that "forcing Indonesia to zero deforestation in 2030 is clearly inappropriate and unfair".<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesia walks back zero-deforestation pledge at COP26 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211104-indonesia-walks-back-zero-deforestation-pledge-at-cop26 |work=France 24 |date=4 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112175732/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211104-indonesia-walks-back-zero-deforestation-pledge-at-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Article 6 ===
[[Paris Agreement#Mitigation provisions and carbon markets|Article 6 of the Paris Agreement]], which describes rules for an international [[carbon market]] (such as for trees in the deforestation agreement<ref name=":7"
=== Finance ===
[[Climate finance]] for [[Funding for climate change adaptation|adaptation]] and [[Climate change mitigation|mitigation]] was one of the principal topics of negotiation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Briefing for ministerial discussions on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement |url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/briefing-for-ministerial-discussions-on-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement/ |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=Carbon Market Watch |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020060209/https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/briefing-for-ministerial-discussions-on-article-6-of-the-paris-agreement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Poor countries want more money for adaptation, whereas donors prefer to finance mitigation as that has a chance of making a profit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2021 |title=COP26: Time to sober up |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59193769 |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107004733/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59193769 |url-status=live}}</ref> Appointed to the role of Climate Finance Adviser was [[Mark Carney]], former [[Governor of the Bank of England]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Carney to drive finance action for UK climate talks |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mark-carney-to-drive-finance-action-for-uk-climate-talks |website=gov.uk |access-date=19 November 2021 |date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119224903/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mark-carney-to-drive-finance-action-for-uk-climate-talks |url-status=live}}</ref> The Paris agreement included US$100 billion annually in finance by 2020 for developing countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2021 |title=NDCs, climate finance and 1.5C: your Cop26 jargon buster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/cop26-jargon-buster |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030065243/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/11/cop26-jargon-buster |url-status=live}}</ref> However, wealthy countries failed to live up to that promise, with members of the [[OECD]] behind in their commitments and unlikely to reach the agreed amount before 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=COP26: What do the poorest countries want from climate summit? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103213316/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59054696 |url-status=live}}</ref> A group of large finance companies committed to net zero portfolios and loan books by 2050.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=What is happening at COP26? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/11/03/what-is-happening-at-cop26 |access-date=4 November 2021 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104000717/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/11/03/what-is-happening-at-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scotland became the first country to contribute to a [[loss and damage (climate change)|loss and damage]] fund.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2021 |title=COP26: UK pledges £290m to help poorer countries cope with climate change |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59202129 |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108034108/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59202129 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ursula von der Leyen attends the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference (24).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], European Commission President [[Ursula von der Leyen]] and US President [[Joe Biden]] at COP26]]
===Coal===
South Africa is set to receive $8.5 billion to end its [[Coal in South Africa|reliance on coal]], details are sparse regarding capping mines, exports and local community support for the workers in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=COP26: South Africa hails deal to end reliance on coal |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59135169 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102181706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59135169 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=COP26 latest: Europe to invest €1bn in clean technologies such as green hydrogen |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4bf0f579-d44c-4e21-91bc-88058fa297fa |access-date=2 November 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/
Japan is to invest $100 million in the transformation of fossil-fired plants into ones based on [[ammonia#Minor and emerging uses|ammonia]] and [[hydrogen fuel]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=COP26: Japan to invest $100 mil to convert fossil-fired plants to ammonia, hydrogen based |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/110221-cop26-japan-to-invest-100-mil-to-convert-fossil-fired-plants-to-ammonia-hydrogen-based |work=[[S&P Global]] |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128023230/https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/110221-cop26-japan-to-invest-100-mil-to-convert-fossil-fired-plants-to-ammonia-hydrogen-based |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Methane ===
The US and many other countries agreed to limit [[methane emissions]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=Biden to unveil pledge to slash global methane emissions by 30% |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/joe-biden-plan-cut-global-methane-emissions-30-percent |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102072117/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/joe-biden-plan-cut-global-methane-emissions-30-percent |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 80 countries signed up to a global methane pledge, agreeing to cut emissions by 30% by the end of the decade. The US and European leaders say tackling the potent greenhouse gas is crucial to keeping warming limited to {{
[[Russia]] demanded [[Economic sanctions|sanction]] relief on green investment projects for [[Petroleum industry in Russia|energy companies]] such as [[Gazprom]]. Russia's climate envoy Ruslan Edelgeriyev accused Western countries of hypocrisy for urging Russia "to reduce [[methane leakages]] and yet we have Gazprom under sanctions".<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia to Lobby for Sanctions Relief on Climate Projects at COP26 – Bloomberg |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/22/russia-to-lobby-for-sanctions-relief-on-climate-projects-at-cop-26-bloomberg-a75372 |work=The Moscow Times |date=22 October 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172945/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/22/russia-to-lobby-for-sanctions-relief-on-climate-projects-at-cop-26-bloomberg-a75372 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Net-zero targets ===
Many attendees committed to [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero carbon emissions]], with India and Japan making specific commitments at the conference. India, [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide by jurisdiction]], set the latest target date planning to be net-zero by 2070. Japan is to offer up to $10 billion in additional funding to support decarbonization in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: India and Japan pledge carbon neutrality, China's top leader Xi stays home |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-india-and-japan-pledge-carbon-neutrality-chinas-xi-stays-home/a-59692137 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102125237/https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-india-and-japan-pledge-carbon-neutrality-chinas-xi-stays-home/a-59692137 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
[[File:Fumio Kishida met with Australian PM Morrison at the COP26 (2).jpg|thumb|Japanese Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] and Australian Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] at COP26 ]]
=== Adaptation ===
Big city mayors concerned about
=== Socioeconomic transformation ===
==== Agriculture ====
45 countries, including the UK, U.S., [[Japan]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Morocco]], Vietnam, Philippines, Gabon, Ethiopia, Ghana and [[Uruguay]], pledged to give more than $4 billion for transition to sustainable agriculture. The organization "Slow Food" expressed concern about the effectivity of the spendings, as they concentrate on technological solutions and reforestation in place of "a holistic agroecology that transforms food from a mass-produced commodity into part of a [[Sustainable food system|sustainable system]] that works within natural boundaries".<ref>{{cite news |
==== Transportation ====
[[File:390121 - EUS.jpg|thumb|[[Avanti West Coast]] [[British Rail Class 390|Class 390]] in COP26 Climate livery departs from [[Euston railway station|London Euston]].]]
The conference placed electric vehicles and pledges for vehicle electrification at the centre, including the electric OX truck,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Ox BEV displayed at COP26 climate conference |url=https://www.newpowerprogress.com/news/ox-bev-displayed-at-cop26-climate-conference/8016181.article |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=New Power Progress |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809174319/https://www.newpowerprogress.com/news/ox-bev-displayed-at-cop26-climate-conference/8016181.article |url-status=live }}</ref> while, according to activists, better investment and political will for sustainable transport modes have not been forced through with the focus not being on public transport and cycling.<ref>{{cite news |title='What if we just gave up cars?': Cop26 leaders urged to dream big |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/10/what-if-we-just-gave-up-cars-activists-press-cop26-leaders-to-dream-big |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=10 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112022910/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/10/what-if-we-just-gave-up-cars-activists-press-cop26-leaders-to-dream-big |url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Fossil fuels ====
A draft text published on 10 November asked governments to accelerate phase-outs and [[Energy subsidy|desubsidization of fossil fuels]], the largest source of (anthropogenic) global greenhouse gas emissions,<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenhouse gases' effect on climate - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/energy-and-the-environment/greenhouse-gases-and-the-climate.php |website=
== Reception ==
===
Business leaders and politicians including [[Jeff Bezos]], Prince Charles, Boris Johnson, Joe Biden and Angela Merkel who travelled to Glasgow in private airplanes were accused of hypocrisy by commentators and campaigners. Event planners, however, insisted that the conference would be carbon-neutral.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beals |first=Rachel |date=2 November 2021 |title=Climate hotshots in hot seat over private jets and other habits expanding carbon footprint at COP26 |work=MarketWatch |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/climate-hotshots-in-hot-seat-over-private-jets-and-other-habits-expanding-carbon-footprint-at-cop26/ar-AAQf9i1 |access-date=3 November 2021 |issn= |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102220852/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/climate-hotshots-in-hot-seat-over-private-jets-and-other-habits-expanding-carbon-footprint-at-cop26/ar-AAQf9i1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 400 private jets arrived at Glasgow for the talks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/eco-hypocrite-leaders-businessmen-arrive-in-fuel-guzzling-private-jets-at-cop26-425903 |title='Eco-hypocrite': Leaders, businessmen arrive in fuel-guzzling private jets at COP26 |website=WION |date=November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106041506/https://www.wionews.com/world/eco-hypocrite-leaders-businessmen-arrive-in-fuel-guzzling-private-jets-at-cop26-425903 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In October 2021, the
In an interview shortly before the conference, [[Greta Thunberg]], asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded "Nothing has changed from previous years really. The leaders will say 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it."<ref name="hattenstone">{{Cite news |title=Interview: The transformation of Greta Thunberg |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 September 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] voiced concerns in a private conversation overheard via a [[hot mic]], saying: "It's really irritating when they talk, but they don't do."<ref name="reuters"
▲In October 2021, the ''[[BBC]]'' reported that a huge leak of documents revealed that [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] were among countries asking the UN to play down the need to move rapidly away from [[fossil fuel]]s. It also showed that some wealthy nations (including [[Switzerland]] and Australia) were questioning paying more to poorer states to move to [[Environmental technology|greener technologies]]. The BBC reported that the lobbying raised questions for the COP26 climate summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Document leak reveals nations lobbying to change key climate report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58982445 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102110331/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58982445 |url-status=live}}</ref> The <!--{{flagicon|Australia}} -->Australian government has been criticized for hosting a fossil fuel company at the summit, not enhancing its ambitions closer to its capacities, not pledging to reduce methane emissions and not pledging to phase out coal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morton |first1=Adam |title=Australian government refuses to join 40 nations phasing out coal, saying it won't 'wipe out industries' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/05/australia-refuses-to-join-40-nations-phasing-out-coal-as-angus-taylor-says-coalition-wont-wipe-out-industries |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=5 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107022713/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/05/australia-refuses-to-join-40-nations-phasing-out-coal-as-angus-taylor-says-coalition-wont-wipe-out-industries |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Funnell |first1=Dominica |title=Australia dodges pledge to phase out coal by 2030s |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/australia-withholds-signature-from-cop26-pledge-to-phase-out-coal-by-2030s/news-story/4abef8f0ef59a1ee91a44c30505506d2 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=SkyNews |date=4 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107234850/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/australia-withholds-signature-from-cop26-pledge-to-phase-out-coal-by-2030s/news-story/4abef8f0ef59a1ee91a44c30505506d2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Crellin |first1=Zac |title=Inside Australia's COP26 'propaganda' pavilion, which went viral for touting fossil fuel companies |url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2021/11/03/australia-cop26-pavilion/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=[[The New Daily]] |date=3 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Morton |first1=Adam |title=Australia puts fossil fuel company front and centre at Cop26 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/03/australia-puts-fossil-fuel-company-front-and-centre-at-cop26 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=2 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106152048/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/03/australia-puts-fossil-fuel-company-front-and-centre-at-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Paul |title=Coalition member hits out at PM over Macron, climate change on Q+A |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-05/australia-morrison-criticised-cop26-coal-macron-stoush-qa/100596086 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=ABC News |date=4 November 2021 |language=en-AU |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106184110/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-05/australia-morrison-criticised-cop26-coal-macron-stoush-qa/100596086 |url-status=live}}</ref>
COP26 feedback from experts like [[Edmond Fernandes]], Fatemeh Rezaei<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatemeh Rezaei |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=om3RNOMAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> stated that a public health in all policies approach, built on a singular agenda to strengthen risk reduction initiatives, reduce the disease burden and also equip health systems to handle surge capacities will be critical for sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Edmond |last2=Rezaei |first2=Fatemeh |date=2021-12-20 |title=Climate Actions, COP 26 and Implications on Public Health for Asia Pacific Region |url=https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/EpidemInternational/article/view/858 |journal=Epidemiology International |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–2 |issn=2455-7048}}</ref>
▲In an interview shortly before the conference, [[Greta Thunberg]], asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded "Nothing has changed from previous years really. The leaders will say 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it."<ref name="hattenstone">{{Cite news |title=Interview: The transformation of Greta Thunberg |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 September 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] voiced concerns in a private conversation overheard via a [[hot mic]], saying: "It's really irritating when they talk, but they don't do."<ref name="reuters" />
=== Protests ===
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By 1 November, at the outset of the conference, the climate change activist Greta Thunberg criticized the summit at a protest in Glasgow with members from the organization [[School Strike for Climate|Fridays for Future]], saying "This COP26 is so far just like the previous COPs and that has led us nowhere. They have led us nowhere."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lukpat |first1=Alyssa |last2=Santora |first2=Marc |date=1 November 2021 |title=Greta Thunberg joins a protest in Glasgow. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/world/europe/greta-thunberg-cop26-glasgow.html |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101230425/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/01/world/europe/greta-thunberg-cop26-glasgow.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=COP26: Thunberg tells Glasgow protest politicians are pretending |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59116611 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102021402/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59116611 |url-status=live}}</ref>
On 5 November, a [[Fridays for Future]] protest at which Thunberg spoke gathered thousands of people, largely schoolchildren. Attendees supported more immediate and far-reaching action on climate change. [[Glasgow City Council]] and most neighbouring councils stated that students would not be punished if parents informed their schools of the absence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59165781 |title=COP26: Greta Thunberg tells protest that COP26 has been a 'failure' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 November 2021 |accessdate=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107005400/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-59165781 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 November—the Global Day of Action for Climate Justice—around 100,000 people joined a march in Glasgow, according to [[BBC News]], with coaches and group cycle rides organized for participants to travel from around the United Kingdom. The protests were the largest in Glasgow since [[15 February 2003 anti-war protests|anti-Iraq War marches in 2003]]. A London march drew 10,000 people according to police and 20,000 according to organizers.<ref name="BBC Nov6"
[[Vanessa Nakate]] and indigenous activists gave speeches at Glasgow. Issues highlighted by protesters included putting corporate interests at the forefront and politicians' failure to address the climate emergency with the required urgency as well as its underlying causes. [[Kahnawake Mohawk]] people, ecology scientists, vegan activists, trade unionists and socialists were present at marches.<ref name="BBC Nov6">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-59185007 |title=COP26: Thousands march for Glasgow's biggest protest |publisher=BBC News |date=6 November 2021 |accessdate=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107005359/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-59185007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian Nov6">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/06/nicola-sturgeon-says-glasgow-climate-march-will-be-policed-appropriately |title='The time for change is now': demonstrators around the world demand action on climate crisis |work=[[The Guardian]] |last1=Brooks |first1=Libby |last2=Lakhani |first2=Nina |last3=Watts |first3=Jonathan |last4=Taylor |first4=Matthew |last5=Strzyżyńska |first5=Weronika |date=6 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107005359/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/06/nicola-sturgeon-says-glasgow-climate-march-will-be-policed-appropriately |url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Further criticism ===
Further <!--common -->criticisms{{Who|date=November 2021}} of the results include that it needs not only commitments but also clear directions for mitigation and adaptation and robust mechanisms put in place for the relevant parties to be held accountable to their commitments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Specia |first1=Megan |last2=Castle |first2=Stephen |title=Young Activists Want Action as Protesters Rally at COP26 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/05/world/europe/cop-protests.html |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106225147/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/05/world/europe/cop-protests.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[CNBC]], [[BBC]], [[Axios (website)|Axios]]
There is a criticism about the lack of people from [[Most Affected People and Areas|most affected people and areas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Ferrer |first=Marthe |date=2021-11-01 |title=The missing voices of the most affected: Who isn't at COP26? |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/01/the-missing-voices-of-cop26-who-is-being-left-out-of-the-climate-conversation |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801161306/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/01/the-missing-voices-of-cop26-who-is-being-left-out-of-the-climate-conversation |url-status=live }}</ref>
Academicians and practitioners on the field have floated several missing links of COP26 particularly the approach to climate change, disasters and public health consequences stemming from the meeting and how the neglect of healthcare will impact the Asia Pacific Region as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Actions, COP 26 and Implications on Public Health for Asia Pacific Region |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=jcGWKRsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=jcGWKRsAAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=scholar.google.com |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622224840/https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=jcGWKRsAAAAJ&citation_for_view=jcGWKRsAAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Misinformation ===
According to the [[Institute for Strategic Dialogue]] and a network of journalism organizations, the COP meeting became a target for climate misinformation, prominently "narratives of delay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Jennie |title=Deny, Deceive, Delay: Documenting and Responding to Climate Disinformation at COP26 and Beyond |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/deny-deceive-delay-documenting-and-responding-to-climate-disinformation-at-cop26-and-beyond-full/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=ISD |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610095053/https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/deny-deceive-delay-documenting-and-responding-to-climate-disinformation-at-cop26-and-beyond-full/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Results ===
On 9 November, [[Climate Action Tracker]] reported that the global human [[civilization]] is on track for a 2.7 °C temperature increase [[Earth system science#Climate science|in the Earth system]] by the end of the century with current policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if the pledges for 2030 will be implemented, by 2.1 °C if the long-term targets will be implemented also and by 1.8 °C if in addition all the targets in discussion will be fully implemented. Current targets for 2030 remain "totally inadequate". Coal and natural gas consumption are the main cause for the gap between pledges and policies. They assessed pledges by 40 countries that account for 85% of pledged net-zero emissions cuts and found that only polities responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas
On 10 November, it was reported that the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce [[carbon emissions]] by cooperating on measures to lower the use of [[methane]], phase out the use of coal and increased [[Forest protection|protection of forests]].<ref name="reuters1"/>
On 11 November, the [[Like-Minded Developing Countries]] (LMDC), a group of 22 countries including China and India, asked for the commitment to [[mitigation]] to be entirely removed from the draft text, as they apparently [[argument|argue]] that developing countries should not be held to the same deadlines as wealthier nations.<ref name="cnn20211111">{{cite news |last=Dewan |first=Angela |date=11 November 2021 |title=China and India among 22 nations calling for key section on emissions be ditched from COP26 agreement |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/11/world/china-india-bolivia-cop26-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2021 |website=CNN |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111121227/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/11/world/china-india-bolivia-cop26-climate-intl/index.html}}</ref> The request was criticized as illogical and self-defeating as it would end up harming people in developing countries the most<ref name="cnn20211111"/> and an article in the ''[[The Daily Beast|Daily Beast]]'' described the request as an attempt by China to sabotage the draft commitment.<ref>{{cite news |
== See also ==
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<ref name="eciu">{{cite web |url=https://eciu.net/briefings/international-perspectives/cop-26 |title=UK to host 2020 UN climate summit, COP26 |publisher=The Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit | access-date=16 December 2019 | archive-date=16 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216235142/https://eciu.net/briefings/international-perspectives/cop-26 | url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CNET_show_us_the_money">{{cite news |
}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=Vietnam Releases Guidance on Implementation of COP26 Commitments |url=https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/perspectives-events/publications/2022/02/vietnam-releases-guidance-on-implementation-of-cop26-commitments |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Mayer Brown |language=en}}
* {{cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=COP26: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Glasgow |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop26-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-glasgow |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}
== External links ==
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[[Category:2021 in Scotland]]
[[Category:2021 in the environment]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Events in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
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