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|place = [[SEC Centre]], [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|55|51|40|N|04|17|17|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}}
|also known as = COP26 ([[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]])<br />CMP16 ([[Kyoto Protocol]])<br />CMA3 ([[Paris Agreement]])
|organisers = [[United Kingdom]] and [[Italy]]
|participants =
|blank_label=[[President for COP26|President]]|blank_data=[[Alok Sharma]]|blank1_label = Previous event
|blank1_data = [[2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference|← Madrid 2019]]
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[[File:Boris Johnson and Giuseppe Conte at the launch of COP26.jpg|thumb|Italian Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]] (left) and UK Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] (right) in London at the launch of COP26 in February 2020, prior to it being postponed a year]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Naftali Bennett, in Glasgow, Scotland on November 02, 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|Israeli Prime Minister [[Naftali Bennett|Naftali Bennet]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at COP26]]
The United Kingdom holds the presidency of COP26 until the start of [[COP27]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=15 November 2021 |title=Climate leaders call for pressure on stubborn nations before Cop27 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/15/climate-leaders-call-for-pressure-on-stubborn-nations-before-cop27 |
[[Nigel Topping]], the former CEO of climate change action organization We Mean Business, was appointed the UK Government's High Level Climate Action Champion for COP26.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2020 |title=Nigel Topping appointed UK High Level Climate Action Champion |url=https://www.ukcop26.org/nigel-topping-appointed-uk-high-level-climate-action-champion/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426035026/https://ukcop26.org/nigel-topping-appointed-uk-high-level-climate-action-champion/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Topping |first=Nigel |date=18 December 2019 |title=Getting ready for the decade of delivery |url=https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/nigel-topping-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=We Mean Business Coalition |publisher= |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225221819/https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/nigel-topping-2/}}</ref>
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| caption3 = [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] Director General [[Rafael Grossi|Rafael Mariano Grossi]] meeting with CEO and Special Representative of the [[UNSG]] for [[Sustainable Energy]] for all and Co-Chair on UN Energy [[Damilola Ogunbiyi]]
}}
Twenty-five thousand delegates from nearly 200 countries were expected to attend,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=11 October 2021 |title=What is Cop26 and why does it matter? The complete guide
Australian prime minister [[Scott Morrison]] spoke.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy|first=Katharine|location=Glasgow|date=1 November 2021 |title=Scott Morrison tells Cop26 Australia will exceed 2030 target in bid to fend off criticism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/scott-morrison-tells-cop26-australia-will-exceed-2030-target-in-bid-to-fend-off-criticism |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102002328/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/scott-morrison-tells-cop26-australia-will-exceed-2030-target-in-bid-to-fend-off-criticism |url-status=live}}</ref>
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The pact "Reaffirms the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels" and "Recognizes that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around midcentury, as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases."<ref name=Glasgow>{{cite book |title=Glasgow Climate Pact |publisher=The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement |location=Glasgow |page=3 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma3_auv_2_cover%20decision.pdf |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115132413/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma3_auv_2_cover%20decision.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> However, achieving the target is not ensured, as with existing pledges the emissions in the year 2030 will be 14% higher than in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Masood |first1=Ehsan |last2=Tollefson |first2=Jeff |title='COP26 hasn't solved the problem': scientists react to UN climate deal |journal=Nature |date=14 November 2021 |volume=599 |issue=7885 |pages=355–356 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03431-4 |pmid=34782787 |bibcode=2021Natur.599..355M |s2cid=244132496 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
The final agreement explicitly mentions coal, which is the single biggest contributor to climate change. Previous COP agreements have not mentioned coal, [[oil]] or [[gas]], or even [[fossil fuels]] in general, as a driver, or major cause of climate change, making the Glasgow Climate Pact the first ever climate deal to explicitly plan to reduce unabated coal power. The wording in the agreement refers to an intention to "phase down" use of unabated coal power, rather than to phase it out.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shalima |first=Halim |title=COP26: New global climate deal struck in Glasgow. |work=BBC News |date=13 November 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-59277788 |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113195412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-59277788 |url-status=live}}</ref> From this wording it implicitly follows that utilizing coal power with "abation" (net-zero emission), e.g. by neutralizing the resulting carbon dioxide via the CO<sub>2</sub>-to-stone process, need not be reduced. However, this [[carbon capture and storage]] is too expensive for most [[coal fired power stations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Is carbon capture too expensive? – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=IEA |date=17 February 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024201314/https://www.iea.org/commentaries/is-carbon-capture-too-expensive |url-status=live}}</ref>
Over 140 countries pledged to reach net-zero emissions. This includes 90% of global GDP.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 2021 |title=New Glasgow Climate Pact offers some 'breakthroughs' but also 'deep disappointment' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211114-new-glasgow-climate-pact-offers-some-breakthroughs-but-also-deep-disappointment |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115015023/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211114-new-glasgow-climate-pact-offers-some-breakthroughs-but-also-deep-disappointment |url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Reception ==
===
Business leaders and politicians including [[Jeff Bezos]], Prince Charles, Boris Johnson, Joe Biden and Angela Merkel who travelled to Glasgow in private airplanes were accused of hypocrisy by commentators and campaigners. Event planners, however, insisted that the conference would be carbon-neutral.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beals |first=Rachel |date=2 November 2021 |title=Climate hotshots in hot seat over private jets and other habits expanding carbon footprint at COP26 |work=MarketWatch |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/climate-hotshots-in-hot-seat-over-private-jets-and-other-habits-expanding-carbon-footprint-at-cop26/ar-AAQf9i1 |access-date=3 November 2021 |issn= |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102220852/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/climate-hotshots-in-hot-seat-over-private-jets-and-other-habits-expanding-carbon-footprint-at-cop26/ar-AAQf9i1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 400 private jets arrived at Glasgow for the talks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/eco-hypocrite-leaders-businessmen-arrive-in-fuel-guzzling-private-jets-at-cop26-425903 |title='Eco-hypocrite': Leaders, businessmen arrive in fuel-guzzling private jets at COP26 |website=WION |date=November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106041506/https://www.wionews.com/world/eco-hypocrite-leaders-businessmen-arrive-in-fuel-guzzling-private-jets-at-cop26-425903 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In October 2021, the [[BBC]] reported that a huge leak of documents revealed that [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Japan]] and [[Australia]] were among countries asking the UN to play down the need to move rapidly away from [[fossil fuel]]s. It also showed that some wealthy nations (including [[Switzerland]] and Australia) were questioning paying more to poorer states to move to [[Environmental technology|greener technologies]]. The BBC reported that the lobbying raised questions for the COP26 climate summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=COP26: Document leak reveals nations lobbying to change key climate report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58982445 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102110331/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58982445 |url-status=live}}</ref> The <!--{{flagicon|Australia}} -->Australian government has been criticized for hosting a fossil fuel company at the summit, not enhancing its ambitions closer to its capacities, not pledging to reduce methane emissions and not pledging to phase out coal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Adam |title=Australian government refuses to join 40 nations phasing out coal, saying it won't 'wipe out industries' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/05/australia-refuses-to-join-40-nations-phasing-out-coal-as-angus-taylor-says-coalition-wont-wipe-out-industries |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=5 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107022713/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/05/australia-refuses-to-join-40-nations-phasing-out-coal-as-angus-taylor-says-coalition-wont-wipe-out-industries |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Funnell |first=Dominica |title=Australia dodges pledge to phase out coal by 2030s |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/australia-withholds-signature-from-cop26-pledge-to-phase-out-coal-by-2030s/news-story/4abef8f0ef59a1ee91a44c30505506d2 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=SkyNews |date=4 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107234850/https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/australia-withholds-signature-from-cop26-pledge-to-phase-out-coal-by-2030s/news-story/4abef8f0ef59a1ee91a44c30505506d2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Crellin |first=Zac |title=Inside Australia's COP26 'propaganda' pavilion, which went viral for touting fossil fuel companies |url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2021/11/03/australia-cop26-pavilion/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=[[The New Daily]] |date=3 November 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621004655/https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2021/11/03/australia-cop26-pavilion/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Adam |title=Australia puts fossil fuel company front and centre at Cop26 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/03/australia-puts-fossil-fuel-company-front-and-centre-at-cop26 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=2 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106152048/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/03/australia-puts-fossil-fuel-company-front-and-centre-at-cop26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Paul |title=Coalition member hits out at PM over Macron, climate change on Q+A |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-05/australia-morrison-criticised-cop26-coal-macron-stoush-qa/100596086 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=ABC News |date=4 November 2021 |language=en-AU |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106184110/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-05/australia-morrison-criticised-cop26-coal-macron-stoush-qa/100596086 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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In an interview shortly before the conference, [[Greta Thunberg]], asked how optimistic she was that the conference could achieve anything, responded "Nothing has changed from previous years really. The leaders will say 'we'll do this and we'll do this, and we will put our forces together and achieve this', and then they will do nothing. Maybe some symbolic things and creative accounting and things that don't really have a big impact. We can have as many COPs as we want, but nothing real will come out of it."<ref name="hattenstone">{{Cite news |title=Interview: The transformation of Greta Thunberg |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 September 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164705/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/sep/25/greta-thunberg-i-really-see-the-value-of-friendship-apart-from-the-climate-almost-nothing-else-matters |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] voiced concerns in a private conversation overheard via a [[hot mic]], saying: "It's really irritating when they talk, but they don't do."<ref name="reuters"/>
COP26 feedback from experts like [[Edmond Fernandes]], Fatemeh Rezaei<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatemeh Rezaei |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=om3RNOMAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> stated that a public health in all policies approach, built on a singular agenda to strengthen risk reduction initiatives, reduce the disease burden and also equip health systems to handle surge capacities will be critical for sustainability.<ref>{{Cite journal |
=== Protests ===
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=== Results ===
On 9 November, [[Climate Action Tracker]] reported that the global human [[civilization]] is on track for a 2.7 °C temperature increase [[Earth system science#Climate science|in the Earth system]] by the end of the century with current policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if the pledges for 2030 will be implemented, by 2.1 °C if the long-term targets will be implemented also and by 1.8 °C if in addition all the targets in discussion will be fully implemented. Current targets for 2030 remain "totally inadequate". Coal and natural gas consumption are the main cause for the gap between pledges and policies. They assessed pledges by 40 countries that account for 85% of pledged net-zero emissions cuts and found that only polities responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions—[[EU]], [[UK]], [[Chile]] and [[Costa Rica]]—have pledged a set of targets that they rated to be "acceptable" for comprehensiveness and for having a published detailed<!--relatively concrete--> official policy{{nbhyph}}[[plan]] that describes the steps and ways by which these targets could be realized.<ref name="climateactiontracker1"/><ref name="stockwell-etal-2021">{{cite book |last1=Stockwell |first1=Claire |last2=Geiges |first2=Andreas |last3=Ramalope |first3=Deborah |last4=Gidden |first4=Matthew |last5=Hare |first5=Bill |last6=de Villafranca Casas |first6=Maria José |last7=Moisio |first7=Mia |last8=Hans |first8=Frederic |last9=Mooldijk |first9=Silke |last10 = Höhne |first10 = Niklas |last11=Fekete |first11=Hanna |title=Glasgow's one degree 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute |location=Berlin, Germany and Cologne, Germany |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/997/CAT_2021-11-09_Briefing_Global-Update_Glasgow2030CredibilityGap.pdf | access-date = 10 November 2021| archive-date = 9 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211109231956/https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/997/CAT_2021-11-09_Briefing_Global-Update_Glasgow2030CredibilityGap.pdf | url-status = live}} {{open access}}</ref><ref name="harvey-2021">{{cite news |last=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=9 November 2021 |title=Cop26: world on track for disastrous heating of more than 2.4C, says key report
On 10 November, it was reported that the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce [[carbon emissions]] by cooperating on measures to lower the use of [[methane]], phase out the use of coal and increased [[Forest protection|protection of forests]].<ref name="reuters1"/>
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== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=Vietnam Releases Guidance on Implementation of COP26 Commitments |url=https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/perspectives-events/publications/2022/02/vietnam-releases-guidance-on-implementation-of-cop26-commitments |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Mayer Brown |language=en}}
* {{cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=COP26: Key outcomes agreed at the UN climate talks in Glasgow |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop26-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-glasgow |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}
== External links ==
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