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{{Short description|Chinese general and warlord (1901–2001)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Zhang (surname)|ChangZhang]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Warlord of [[Manchuria]]
Line 9 ⟶ 8:
| predecessor = [[Zhang Zuolin]]
| successor = Office abolished
| name = ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang
| native_name = {{nobold|張學良}}
| native_name_lang = zh-Hant
Line 15 ⟶ 14:
| nickname = Young Marshal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|6|3|mdy=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tai'an County|Tai'an]], [[Liaoning|Fengtian]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2001|10|15|1901|6|3|mdy=y}}}}
| death_place = [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Valley of the Temples Memorial Park]], [[Honolulu County]], [[Hawaii]]
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) -->
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|Yu Fengzhi{{NoteTag|Also known as Yu Feng-chih}}|1916|1964|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Gu Ruiyu|1924|1931|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Zhao Yidi{{NoteTag|Also known as Edith Chao Chang<!--From File:Zhang Gravesite.jpg-->}}|1964|2000|reason=died}}}}
| spouse partner = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Yu Feng Tze|1916|1964|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|Edith Chao Chang|1964|2000|end=died}}
}}
| partner = Gu Ruiyu (1924–1931)
| children = 5
| relations =
Line 50 ⟶ 46:
}}
| awards = [[Order of Rank and Merit]]<br />[[Order of Wen-Hu]]<br />[[Order of the Sacred Treasure]]<br />[[Order of Blue Sky and White Sun]]
| caption = ChangZhang in 1928
}}
{{Chinese
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}}
 
'''ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang''' ({{zh|t=張學良}}; June 3, 1901{{NoteTag|According to other accounts, 1898 or 1900}} – October 15, 2001), also [[Romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as '''ZhangChang XueliangHsueh-liang''' and known later in life as '''Peter H. L. Chang''', was thea Chinese warlord ofwho ruled [[Manchuria]] from 1928 to 1936 and the commander-in-chief of the [[Northeastern Army]] after [[Huanggutun incident|the assassination of his father]], [[Zhang Zuolin]]. A reformer who was sympathetic to [[Chinese nationalism|nationalist ideas]], he completed the [[Northeast Flag Replacement|official reunification of China]] at the end of the [[Warlord Era]] by pledging loyalty to the [[Nationalist government]] in [[Nanjing]]. He nonetheless retained Manchuria's ''de facto'' autonomy until the [[Empire of Japan]] [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|invaded and occupied]] the region in 1931. He was frustrated by [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance" and helped plan and lead the 1936 [[Xi'an Incident]]. Northeastern soldiers under ChangZhang's command arrested Chiang to force him to negotiate a [[Second United Front]] with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] against Japan. Chiang eventually agreed, but upon his release he had ChangZhang arrested and sentenced to 50 years of house arrest, first in mainland China and then in Taiwan. Although never personally a communist, ChangZhang is regarded by the Chinese Communist Party and the [[China|People's Republic of China]] as a patriotic hero for his role in ending the [[encirclement campaigns]] and beginning the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|war of resistance against Japan]].<ref name="nytobit">{{cite news |first=Nicholas D. |last=Kristof |page=C13 |title = Zhang Xueliang, 100, Dies; Warlord and Hero of China |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/19/world/zhang-xueliang-100-dies-warlord-and-hero-of-china.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 October 19, 2001 |access-date=25 July 25, 2021 |archive-date=24 October 24, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091024100421/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/19/world/zhang-xueliang-100-dies-warlord-and-hero-of-china.html |department=National news |language= en |oclc=1645522 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |editor1-first=Dean |editor1-last=Baquet |editor2-first=Meghan |editor2-last=Louttit |editor3-first=Philip |editor3-last=Corbett |editor4-first=Lian |editor4-last=Chang |editor5-first=Monica |editor5-last=Drake |editor6-first=Joseph |editor6-last=Kahn |editor7-first=Kathleen |editor7-last=Kingsbury |editor8-first=A.G. |editor8-last=Sulzberger |editor9-first=Meredith Kopit |editor9-last=Levien |editor10-first=Roland A. |editor10-last=Caputo |editor11-first=William |editor11-last=Bardeen |editor12-first=Stephen |editor12-last=Dunbar-Johnson |editor13-first=Diane |editor13-last=Brayton |volume=CL |issue=210 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1602017.stm |title = Tribute for Chinese hero |date = 16 October 16, 2001 |work = BBC News |access-date = 21 July 21, 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.neu.edu.cn/history_zhangxueliang.htm |script-title = zh:张学良老校长 |website = neu.edu.cn |access-date = 15 August 15, 2012 |archive-date = August 16, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015353/http://neu.edu.cn/history_zhangxueliang.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.chinanews.com/2001-10-15/26/130347.html |script-title=zh:张学良先生今逝世 江泽民向其亲属发去唁电 |date = 15 October 15, 2001 |website = chinanews.com |access-date = 16 October 16, 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/4456/502166.html |script-title = zh:伟大的爱国者张学良先生病逝 江泽民发唁电高度评价张学良先生的历史功绩 |date = 16 October 16, 2001 |website = people.com.cn |access-date = 17 October 17, 2001 |archive-date = 27 October 27, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181027125311/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/4456/502166.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>
 
==Early life==
ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang was born in [[Haicheng, Liaoning|Haicheng]], [[Liaoning]] province on June 3, 1901. ChangZhang was educated by private tutors and, unlike his father, the warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=张学良小传 |url=https://www.cctv.com/entertainment/culture/0626/46.html |access-date=2023-03-March 10, 2023 |website=www.cctv.com}}</ref> he felt at ease in the company of westerners.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/12/29/archives/young-chang-an-uneasy-war-lord-of-manchuria-chang-hsuehliang.html |title=Young Chang an Uneasy War Lord of Manchuria; Chang Hsueh-Liang |last=Matthews |first=Herbert L. |date=29 December 29, 1929 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-10-October 12, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
==Career==
ChangZhang graduated from [[Military Academy of the Three Eastern Provinces|Fengtian Military Academy]], was made a colonel in the [[Fengtian Army]], and appointed the commander of his father's bodyguards in 1919. In 1921 he was sent to Japan to observe military maneuvers, where he developed a special interest in aircraft. Later, he developed an air corps for the Fengtian Army, which was widely used in the battles that took place within the [[Great Wall]] during the 1920s. In 1922, he was promoted to major general and commanded an army-sized force. Two years later, he was also made commander of the air units. Upon the death of his father in 1928, he succeeded him as the leader of the Northeast Peace Preservation Forces (popularly "[[Northeastern Army]]"), which controlled China's northeastern provinces of [[Heilongjiang]], [[Fengtian province|Fengtian]], and [[Jilin]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=China at War: An Encyclopedia|editor1-first=Xiaobing|editor1-last=Li|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|article=Zhang Xueliang (Chang Hsueh-liang) (1901-2001)|page=531}}</ref> In December of the same year he proclaimed his allegiance to the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT; Chinese Nationalist Party).
 
===Warlord to republican general===
[[File:Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek.jpg|thumb|ChangZhang with [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in November 1930.]]
 
The Japanese believed that ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang, who was known as a womanizer and an [[Opium|opium addict]], would be much more subject to Japanese influence than was his father. On this premise, an officer of the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]] therefore killed his father, [[Zhang Zuolin]], [[Huanggutun incident|by exploding a bomb above his train]] while it crossed under a railroad bridge. Surprisingly, the younger ChangZhang proved to be more independent and skilled than anyone had expected and declared his support for [[Chiang Kai-shek]], leading to the [[Chinese reunification (1928)|reunification of China in 1928]]. With the assistance of Australian journalist [[William Henry Donald]] and Dr. [[Harry Willis Miller]], he overcame his opium addiction in 1933 with the administering of [[Cantharidin]] auto-serum therapy.<ref name="nytobit" />
 
He was given the nickname "Hero of History" ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=千古功臣|labels=no}}) by [[Historiography of China|PRC historians]] because of his desire to reunite China and rid it of Japanese invaders; and was willing to pay the price and become "vice" leader of China (not because it was good that he was supporting the Kuomintang).{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In order to rid his command of Japanese influence, he had two prominent pro-Tokyo officials executed in front of the assembled guests at a dinner party in January 1929. It was a hard decision for him to make. The two had powers over the heads of others. In May 1929, relations between the Kuomintang Nanjing and the excessively strengthened Feng Yuxiang worsened. In addition, the Japanese government, dissatisfied with the pro-Kuomintang policy of Zhang Zuolin, and now his son, threatened to "take the most decisive measures to ensure that the Kuomintang flag never flies over Manchuria". The "Young Marshal" supported Nanjing, and Feng's troops were pushed back to the outlying provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, and in July 1929, Japan officially recognized Kuomintang China. At the same time, ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang and Chiang Kai-shek held a personal meeting in Beiping, at which a decision was made on the armed seizure of the Chinese Eastern Railway or CER. By pushing ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang to take this step, Chiang Kai-shek sought to make the Young Marshal completely dependent on Nanjing and at the same time raise his prestige and get most of the profits from the operation of the CER at the disposal of Nanjing. ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang, in turn, believed that the capture of the CER would strengthen his position in the Northeast, allow him to personally manage the profits of the CER, and ensure his independence from Nanjing. As a result, on July 10, 1929, the Conflict on the CER began. However, the Red Army showed a higher combat capability, and the conflict ended with the signing of the Khabarovsk Protocol of December 22, 1929.
 
[[File:Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek4.jpg|thumb|ChangZhang and Chiang with their respective wives, Yu Feng TzeFengzhi and [[Soong Mei-ling]].]]
[[File:Chang Hsüeh-liang.jpg|thumb|Autograph of ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang ({{circa |1930s}}).]]
 
In 1930, when warlords [[Feng Yuxiang]] and [[Yan Xishan]] attempted to [[Central Plains War|overthrow]] Chiang Kai-shek's [[Nationalist government|Kuomintang government]], ChangZhang stepped in to support the [[Nanjing]]-based government against the Northern warlords in exchange for control of the key railroads in [[Hebei]] and the customs revenues from the port city of [[Tianjin]]. A year later, in the [[September 18 Incident|September 18 Mukden Incident]], Japanese troops attacked ChangZhang's forces in [[Shenyang]] in order to provoke a full-on war with China, which Chiang did not want to face until his forces were stronger.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chiang-Kai-shek|title=Chiang Kai-shek {{!}} Biography & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=December 5, 2018-12-05}}</ref> In accordance with this strategy, ChangZhang's armies withdrew from the front lines without significant engagements, leading to the effective [[Japanese occupation of Manchuria|Japanese occupation]] of ChangZhang's former northeastern domain.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China|first=Jay|last=Taylor|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|url-access=registration|quote=ma fuxiang.|page=[https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl/page/93 93]|isbn=978-0674033382|access-date=24 April 24, 2014}}</ref> There has been speculation that Chiang Kai-Shek wrote a letter to ChangZhang asking him to pull his forces back, but ChangZhang later stated that he himself issued the orders. Apparently, ChangZhang was aware of how weak his forces were compared to the Japanese and wished to preserve his position by retaining a sizeable army. Nonetheless, this would still be in line with Chiang's overall strategic standings. ChangZhang later traveled in Europe before returning to China to take command of the [[Encirclement Campaigns]], first in Hebei-Henan-Anhui and later in the Northwest.
 
==Xi'an incident==
{{FurtherMain|Xi'an incident}}
On April 6, 1936, ChangZhang met with CPC delegate [[Zhou Enlai]] to plan the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]]. KMT leader Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] at the time took a passive position against Japan and considered the communists to be a greater danger to the Republic of China than the Japanese, and his overall strategy was to annihilate the communists before focusing his efforts on the Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> He believed that "communism was a cancer while the Japanese represented a superficial wound." Growing nationalist anger against Japan made this position very unpopular, and led to ChangZhang's action against Chiang, known as the [[Xi'an Incident]].
 
In December 1936, ChangZhang and General [[Yang Hucheng]] kidnapped Chiang, imprisoning him until he agreed to form a [[Second United Front (China)|united front with the communists]] against the Japanese invasion. After two weeks of negotiations, Chiang agreed to unite with the communists and drive the Japanese out of China. ▼
 
After Chiang negotiated with the Communists, ChangZhang flew back to Nanjing as a demonstration of good faith.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Coble |first=Parks M. |title=The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War |date=2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-29761-5 |location=Cambridge New York, NY |author-link=Parks M. Coble}}</ref>{{Rp|page=53}} Chiang had him placed under house arrest.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=53-54}}▼
 
== Life under house arrest ==
 
[[File:Zhang Xueliang's former residence,Wufeng, Hsinchu, Taiwan.jpg|thumb|[[Former Residence of Zhang Xueliang (Hsinchu County)|Former residence of ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang]] in [[Wufeng, Hsinchu|Wufeng]], [[Hsinchu County]], [[Taiwan]].]]▼
▲In December 1936, Chang and General [[Yang Hucheng]] kidnapped Chiang, imprisoning him until he agreed to form a [[Second United Front (China)|united front with the communists]] against the Japanese invasion. After two weeks of negotiations, Chiang agreed to unite with the communists and drive the Japanese out of China.
 
===Trial===
▲After Chiang negotiated with the Communists, Chang flew back to Nanjing as a demonstration of good faith.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Coble |first=Parks M. |title=The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War |date=2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-29761-5 |location=Cambridge New York, NY |author-link=Parks M. Coble}}</ref>{{Rp|page=53}} Chiang had him placed under house arrest.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=53-54}}
As soon as Zhang landed in Nanjing, Chiang had him placed under arrest by military police.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=98}} Zhang wrote Chiang an obsequious letter of apology. Although he never disavowed his role in the Xi'an incident, he admitted that what he had done was a crime, and asked to be punished. He intended the letter to be a private assurance of loyalty to Chiang, but the latter had the letter published so as to discredit Zhang.{{sfn|Shai|2012|pp=99-100}} [[Li Liejun]] then presided over a show trial which convicted Zhang of abducting the Generalissimo and attempting to change government policy, sentencing him to ten years in prison.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=101}} Chiang had him pardoned just a few days later, on 4 January 1937, but with the stipulation that he not be given his civil rights back and that he would remain under protective detention.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=102}}
 
===Mainland China===
== Later life from 1949 ==▼
During the first few years of Zhang's imprisonment, he was regularly moved from location to location under the close supervision of Chiang Kai-shek. He was soon joined by his first wife, Yu Fengzhi. The couple began living with the family of one of his wardens, Liu Yiguang. Zhang was allowed access to his bank account, but was (according to custom) expected to pay for most of the expenses related to his detention.{{sfn|Shai|2012|pp=106-107}} In 1940 Yu Fengzhi became sick with breast cancer and was granted permission to seek treatment in the United States.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=113}} Although they remained affectionate in their letters to one another, the couple would never see each other again. In 1964, Yu agreed to divorce Zhang so that he could marry Zhao.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=131}}
{{Further|Republic of China retreat to Taiwan}}
 
===Taiwan===
▲[[File:Zhang Xueliang's former residence,Wufeng, Hsinchu, Taiwan.jpg|thumb|[[Former Residence of Zhang Xueliang (Hsinchu County)|Former residence of Chang Hsueh-liang]] in [[Wufeng, Hsinchu|Wufeng]], [[Hsinchu County]], [[Taiwan]].]]
ChangZhang was eventually taken to Taiwan, where he remained under house arrest until Chiang's 1975 death.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=53}} Much of his time was spent studying [[Ming dynasty]] literature and the [[Manchu language]] and collecting Chinese fan paintings, calligraphy, and other works of art by illustrious artists (a collection of more than 200 works, using his studio's name "Dingyuanzhai" ({{lang|zh-Hant|定遠齋}}), was auctioned with tremendous success by Sotheby's on 10 April 10, 1994). ▼
 
ChangZhang studied the [[New Testament]] [[Bible]]. In 1964, he formally married Edith Chao, daughter of a senior official, who left her family in her teens to become his companion and later followed him into exile. His first wife, Ms. Yu, said she was so moved by Ms. Chao's devotion that she released her husband from his vows. ChangZhang and his wife, Edith, became devout Christians who also regularly attended Sunday services at [[Shilin Official Residence|the Methodist chapel]] in [[Shilin District|Shilin]], a Taipei suburb, with Chiang Kai-Shekshek's family. AfterOn March 26, 1988, two months after the death of Chiang Kai-shek's deathson in[[Chiang 1975Ching-kuo]], his freedom was officially restored.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-22154-3| last = Jacobs| first = J. Bruce| author-link= J. Bruce Jacobs| title = Democratizing Taiwan| location = Leiden ; Boston| date = 2012}}</ref>▼
▲Chang was eventually taken to Taiwan where he remained under arrest until Chiang's 1975 death.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=53}} Much of his time was spent studying [[Ming dynasty]] literature and the [[Manchu language]] and collecting Chinese fan paintings, calligraphy and other works of art by illustrious artists (a collection of more than 200 works, using his studio's name "Dingyuanzhai" ({{lang|zh-Hant|定遠齋}}), was auctioned with tremendous success by Sotheby's on 10 April 1994).
 
▲== Later life from 1949and death==
▲Chang studied the [[New Testament]] [[Bible]]. In 1964, he formally married Edith Chao, daughter of a senior official, who left her family in her teens to become his companion and later followed him into exile. His first wife, Ms. Yu, said she was so moved by Ms. Chao's devotion that she released her husband from his vows. Chang and his wife, Edith, became devout Christians who also regularly attended Sunday services at [[Shilin Official Residence|the Methodist chapel]] in [[Shilin District|Shilin]], a Taipei suburb, with Chiang Kai-Shek's family. After Chiang's death in 1975, his freedom was officially restored.
[[File:Zhang Gravesite.jpg|thumb|ChangZhang's Gravesitegravesite atin [[Valley of the Temples Memorial Park]]]]▼
In 1991, Zhang made his first trip abroad after being released from house arrest, visiting San Francisco to see friends and family who had moved there.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiang Kai-shek's kidnapper makes a visit to U.S. |work=Daily Breeze |date=March 11, 1991 |page=A2}}</ref> Zhang emigrated to [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] in 1995. There he lived with his younger brother Chang Hsueh-sen, who was working as a hotelier.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchurian warlord of yore is 94 and has moved to Hawaii |work=The Washington Times |date=July 14, 1995 |page=A17}}</ref> There were numerous pleas for him to visit [[mainland China]], but Zhang declined, citing his political closeness to the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] and his frail health.<ref name="nytobit" /><ref name="DengSon">{{cite news |last1=Kwan |first1=Daniel |title=Deng's son visits former warlord |work=South China Morning Post |date=September 28, 2000}}</ref> However, he was named as the honorary President of [[Northeastern University (China)|Northeastern University]] in 1993, where he served as President between 1928 and 1937. Zhang was also named as the honorary chairman of [[Harbin Institute of Technology]] in 1993.<ref name="nytobit" />
 
In June 2000, Edith Chao passed away at the age of 88.<ref name="DengSon" /> On October 14 of the following year, Zhang died of [[pneumonia]] at the age of 100.{{NoteTag|Following the [[East Asian age reckoning|Chinese way of counting]], his age is often given as 101.}} at [[Straub Hospital]] in Honolulu.<ref name="nytobit" /> Representatives from both China and Taiwan attended his funeral in Honolulu, along with [[Yan Mingfu]], the former head of China's [[United Front Work Department]] and the son of Zhang's close friend, {{ill|Yan Baohang|zh|阎宝航}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fong |first1=Tak-ho |title=Political heavyweights for warlord's funeral |work=South China Morning Post |date=October 23, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two sides of Taiwan Strait honor warlord |work=The Washington Times |agency=Kyodo News |date=October 26, 2001 |page=A16}}</ref>
==Death==
▲[[File:Zhang Gravesite.jpg|thumb|Chang Gravesite at [[Valley of the Temples Memorial Park]]]]
Chang emigrated to [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] in 1995. There were numerous pleas for him to visit [[mainland China]], but Chang declined, citing his political closeness to the [[Kuomintang|KMT]]. He died of [[pneumonia]] at the age of 100{{NoteTag|Following the [[East Asian age reckoning|Chinese way of counting]], his age is often given as 101.}} at [[Straub Hospital]] in Honolulu,<ref name="nytobit" /> and was buried in Hawaii.
 
== Awards ==
Line 110 ⟶ 114:
**[[File:Order_of_the_Striped_Tiger_GC_ribbon.svg|80px]] [[Order of Wen-Hu]], 1st class, twice (1919, 1921)<ref name=":1" />
* {{Flagicon|France}}:
**[[File:Legion_of_Honour_-_Commander_(France).png|60px]] Commandeur of the [[Legion of Honor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Alamy|title=General Chang Hsueh Liang , son of Chang Tso Lin . 1927 Stock Photo - Alamy|url=https://www.alamy.com/general-chang-hsueh-liang-son-of-chang-tso-lin-1927-image359759150.html|access-date=2021-11-November 27, 2021|website=www.alamy.com|language=en}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Empire of Japan}}:
**[[File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_blank_BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]]
** [[File:JPN_Zuiho-sho_(WW2)_2Class_BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], second class<ref>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Alamy|title=Opposing the Japanese in Manchuria . General Chang Hsueh Liang . He is Chinese Military Governor and is popularly known as Young Chang . 3 February 1932 Stock Photo - Alamy|url=https://www.alamy.com/opposing-the-japanese-in-manchuria-general-chang-hsueh-liang-he-is-chinese-military-governor-and-is-popularly-known-as-young-chang-3-febuary-1932-image359761895.html|access-date=2021-11-November 27, 2021|website=www.alamy.com|language=en}}</ref>
 
==Family==
;Parents
*[[Zhang Zuolin]] (張作霖 ''Chang Tso-lin'') (1875–1928), father of Chang, Warlord of Manchuria, assassinated by the Japanese
*Zhao Chungui (趙春桂) (?–1912), mother of Chang
 
;Spouses
*Yu Feng TzeFengzhi ({{zh|c=于鳳至 ''|w=Yu Fengzhi''Feng Tze|links=no}}) (c. 1899–1990), known in the U.S. as Feng Tze Chang, first wife of ChangZhang (m. 1916; div. 1964),. She immigrated to the U.S. in 1940, where she was known as Feng Tze Chang. She died in Los Angeles, CA.
*Gu Ruiyu (谷瑞玉) (1904–1946), concubinesecond wife of ChangZhang (m. 1924; div. 1931)
*EdithZhao Chao ChangYidi ({{zh|c=趙一荻|links=no}}; ''ZhaoEdith Chao Yidi''Chang) (1912–2000), mistress and later second wife of ChangZhang (m. 1964), immigrated with him to the U.S. in 1995, died in Honolulu, HI<ref>{{cite news
|first=Edith |last=Chao |date=25 June 25, 2000 |title=Wife of legendary Chinese warlord dies in US at 88 |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2000/06/25/0000041354 |page=2 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |publication-place=[[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] |publisher=The Liberty Times Group |editor1-first=Lin |editor1-last=Rong-San |editor1-link=Lin Rong-San |issn=1563-9525 |archive-date=24 June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203413/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2000/06/25/0000041354 |department=Local edition |volume=II |issue=270
}}</ref>
 
Line 135 ⟶ 139:
 
;Siblings
*[[Zhang Xueming]] (張學銘 ''Chang Hsueh-ming'') (1908–1983), defected to the Communists, died in Beijing
*Hsueh Tseng Chang (張學曾 ''Zhang Xuezeng'') (1911–2004), died in Novato, CA
*Zhang Xuesi (張學思 ''Chang Hsueh-ssu'') (1916–1970), defected to the Communists, died in China
Line 144 ⟶ 148:
 
==In popular culture==
* ChangZhang was portrayed by [[Andy Lau]] in a cameo appearance in the 1994 martial arts film ''[[Drunken Master II]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ChangZhang was centrally featured in the 1981 Chinese film ''[[The Xi'an Incident (film)|The Xi'an Incident]]'' (Xi'an Shibian), directed by Cheng Yin,. withThe Changfilm playedwon bythree Jinawards Angeat the 2nd annual [[Golden Rooster Awards]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cao |first1=Junbing |title=Deviation and Restoration of Mundaneness and Mythological Nature in Chinese Cinema—Evolution of Chinese Directors of Different Generations over the Past Forty Years after the Reform and Opening-up Policy |journal=Comparative Literature: East & West |date=2018 |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=137}}</ref>
* A 2007 TV series on the Xi'an Incident was produced and aired in mainland China, with ChangZhang Hsueh-liangXueliang being portrayed by [[Hu Jun]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=西安事变 - 搜狗百科|url=https://baike.sogou.com/v101514516.htm|access-date=2021-11-November 27, 2021|website=[[Sogou]]}}</ref>
* The Peter H. L. Chang reading room at [[Columbia University]]'s [[Butler Library]] is named after Zhang. The library hosts a collection of Zhang's papers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.columbia.edu/about/news/libraries/2002/20020603_chang.html|title=The Peter H.L. Chang <nowiki>[Zhang Xueliang]</nowiki> and Edith Chao Chang Papers Open at The Rare Book and Manuscript Library|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|date=2002-06-03|access-date=2024-06-12}}<br>{{cite web|url=https://exhibitions.library.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/jewels/themes/east_asian/35|title=35. Peter H. L. Chang (Zhang Xueliang), (1901-2001). "Recollections of Xian Incident [Review]".|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=2024-06-12}}</ref>
* Chang is a main figure in the American novel ''[[Soul Slip Peak]]'' (2013).
* Beijing [[microbrewery]] [[Great Leap Brewing]] named its Little General [[India pale ale|IPA]] after ChangZhang.<ref name="Asia Blog post">{{cite web|last=McDonnell|first=Justin|title=Interview: Great Leap Brewery Founder Taps into China's Thirst for a Good Microbrew|url=http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/interview-great-leap-brewery-founder-taps-chinas-thirst-good-microbrew|publisher=[[Asia Society]]|date=23 July 23, 2013|access-date=13 May 13, 2015}}</ref>▼
* The Peter H. L. Chang reading room at [[Columbia University]]'s [[Butler Library]] is named after Chang. The library hosts a collection of Chang's papers.
* A Chinese TV series titled {{ill|Young Marshal (TV series)|lt=''Young Marshal''|zh|少帅}} is based on Zhang's life.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Xu |first1=Fan |title=A look at the Xi'an Incident hero's formative years |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-01/21/content_23177646.htm |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=China Daily |date=Jan 21, 2016}}</ref>
▲* Beijing [[microbrewery]] [[Great Leap Brewing]] named its Little General [[India pale ale|IPA]] after Chang.<ref name="Asia Blog post">{{cite web|last=McDonnell|first=Justin|title=Interview: Great Leap Brewery Founder Taps into China's Thirst for a Good Microbrew|url=http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/interview-great-leap-brewery-founder-taps-chinas-thirst-good-microbrew|publisher=[[Asia Society]]|date=23 July 2013|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref>
* A Chinese TV series titled {{ill|Young Marshal (TV series)|lt=''Young Marshal''|zh|少帅}} is based on Chang's life.
 
== See also ==
Line 167 ⟶ 170:
 
==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine |last1=Mitter |first1=Rana |title=The Last Warlord |work=History Today |volume=54 |issue=2 |date=February 2004 |pages=28-33}}
* {{cite book |last1=Itoh, |first1=Mayumi. ''|title=The Making of China’s War with Japan: Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang'' (Springer, |date=2016). |publisher=Springer}}▼
* {{cite book |last1=Shai, |first1=Aron. ''|title=Zhang Xueliang: The General Who Never Fought'' (Springer, |date=2012) |publisher=Palmgrave MacMillan}}▼
* Yilin,{{cite journal |last1=Jin. "|first1=Yilin |title=Yan Xishan’s Activities Opposing Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang before and after the Nanjing-Guangdong Conflict." ''|journal=Modern Chinese History Studies'' |date=2005 |volume=5 (2005): |issue=2.}}▼
* {{cite journal|author=Iriye, Akira|title=Chang Hsueh-Liang and the Japanese|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]]|volume=20|issue=1|date=November 1960|pages=33–43|doi=10.2307/2050070|jstor=2050070|s2cid=155052191 }}▼
* Rainer Kloubert, Warlords. Ein Bilderbogen aus dem chinesischen Bürgerkrieg, Elfenbeinverlag, Berlin 2023,ISBN 978-3-96-160-077-9.
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Matray, |editor1-first=James I., ed. ''|title=East Asia and the United States: an encyclopedia of relations since 1784.'' (2 vol,|date=2002 |location=Greenwood, 2002)|page=700 |edition=Volume 2:700.}}
* Mitter, Rana. "The Last Warlord" ''History Today'' (Feb 2004), Vol. 54 Issue 2, p28-33 online
▲* Itoh, Mayumi. ''The Making of China’s War with Japan: Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang'' (Springer, 2016).
▲* Shai, Aron. ''Zhang Xueliang: The General Who Never Fought'' (Springer, 2012)
▲* Yilin, Jin. "Yan Xishan’s Activities Opposing Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang before and after the Nanjing-Guangdong Conflict." ''Modern Chinese History Studies'' 5 (2005): 2.
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021027053543/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/oral/zhangII.html|title=Peter H.L. Chang (Zhang Xueliang) Oral History Materials}}
* {{cite book |last1=Liu, |first1=Bernard. ''|title=The House Arrest of Zhang Xueliang: A Memoir of Growing Up with China's Most Famous Political Prisoner'' (|date=2022 |publisher=Caruachi Press LLC 2022).}}▼
▲*{{cite journal|author=Iriye, Akira|title=Chang Hsueh-Liang and the Japanese|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]]|volume=20|issue=1|date=November 1960|pages=33–43|doi=10.2307/2050070|jstor=2050070|s2cid=155052191 }}
▲*Liu, Bernard. ''The House Arrest of Zhang Xueliang: A Memoir of Growing Up with China's Most Famous Political Prisoner'' (Caruachi Press LLC 2022).
; Obituaries
*{{cite news|author=Heller, Richard|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/oct/18/guardianobituaries1|title=Chang Hsueh-liang |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2001-12-December 18, 2001}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1359532/Chang-Hsueh-liang.html|title=Chang Hsueh-liang|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2001-10-October 16, 2001}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2001/10/25/chang-hsueh-liang|title=Chang Hsueh-liang|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=2001-10-October 25, 2001}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-16-me-57743-story.html|title=Chang Hsueh-liang, 101; General Abducted Chiang Kai-shek in 1936|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2001-10-October 16, 2001}}
 
==External links==
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{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang,Zhang Hsueh-liangXueliang}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang"