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{{Short description|Chinese general and warlord (1901–2001)}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Zhang (surname)|
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Warlord of [[Manchuria]]
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| predecessor = [[Zhang Zuolin]]
| successor = Office abolished
| name =
| native_name = {{nobold|張學良}}
| native_name_lang = zh-Hant
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| nickname = Young Marshal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|6|3|mdy=y}}
| birth_place = [[
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2001|10|15|1901|6|3|mdy=y}}}}
| death_place = [[
| resting_place = [[Valley of the Temples Memorial Park]], [[Honolulu County]], [[Hawaii]]
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) -->
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|Yu Fengzhi{{NoteTag|Also known as Yu Feng-chih}}|1916|1964|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Gu Ruiyu|1924|1931|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|Zhao Yidi{{NoteTag|Also known as Edith Chao Chang<!--From File:Zhang Gravesite.jpg-->}}|1964|2000|reason=died}}}}
|
| children = 5
| relations =
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}}
| awards = [[Order of Rank and Merit]]<br />[[Order of Wen-Hu]]<br />[[Order of the Sacred Treasure]]<br />[[Order of Blue Sky and White Sun]]
| caption =
}}
{{Chinese
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}}
'''
==Early life==
==Career==
===Warlord to republican general===
[[File:Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek.jpg|thumb|
The Japanese believed that
He was given the nickname "Hero of History" ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=千古功臣|labels=no}}) by [[Historiography of China|PRC historians]] because of his desire to reunite China and rid it of Japanese invaders; and was willing to pay the price and become "vice" leader of China (not because it was good that he was supporting the Kuomintang).{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In order to rid his command of Japanese influence, he had two prominent pro-Tokyo officials executed in front of the assembled guests at a dinner party in January 1929. It was a hard decision for him to make. The two had powers over the heads of others. In May 1929, relations between the Kuomintang Nanjing and the excessively strengthened Feng Yuxiang worsened. In addition, the Japanese government, dissatisfied with the pro-Kuomintang policy of Zhang Zuolin, and now his son, threatened to "take the most decisive measures to ensure that the Kuomintang flag never flies over Manchuria". The "Young Marshal" supported Nanjing, and Feng's troops were pushed back to the outlying provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, and in July 1929, Japan officially recognized Kuomintang China. At the same time,
[[File:Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek4.jpg|thumb|
[[File:Chang Hsüeh-liang.jpg|thumb|Autograph of
In 1930, when warlords [[Feng Yuxiang]] and [[Yan Xishan]] attempted to [[Central Plains War|overthrow]] Chiang Kai-shek's [[Nationalist government|Kuomintang government]],
==Xi'an incident==
{{
On April 6, 1936,
In December 1936,
After Chiang negotiated with the Communists,
== Life under house arrest ==
[[File:Zhang Xueliang's former residence,Wufeng, Hsinchu, Taiwan.jpg|thumb|[[Former Residence of Zhang Xueliang (Hsinchu County)|Former residence of
▲In December 1936, Chang and General [[Yang Hucheng]] kidnapped Chiang, imprisoning him until he agreed to form a [[Second United Front (China)|united front with the communists]] against the Japanese invasion. After two weeks of negotiations, Chiang agreed to unite with the communists and drive the Japanese out of China.
===Trial===
▲After Chiang negotiated with the Communists, Chang flew back to Nanjing as a demonstration of good faith.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Coble |first=Parks M. |title=The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War |date=2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-29761-5 |location=Cambridge New York, NY |author-link=Parks M. Coble}}</ref>{{Rp|page=53}} Chiang had him placed under house arrest.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=53-54}}
As soon as Zhang landed in Nanjing, Chiang had him placed under arrest by military police.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=98}} Zhang wrote Chiang an obsequious letter of apology. Although he never disavowed his role in the Xi'an incident, he admitted that what he had done was a crime, and asked to be punished. He intended the letter to be a private assurance of loyalty to Chiang, but the latter had the letter published so as to discredit Zhang.{{sfn|Shai|2012|pp=99-100}} [[Li Liejun]] then presided over a show trial which convicted Zhang of abducting the Generalissimo and attempting to change government policy, sentencing him to ten years in prison.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=101}} Chiang had him pardoned just a few days later, on 4 January 1937, but with the stipulation that he not be given his civil rights back and that he would remain under protective detention.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=102}}
===Mainland China===
== Later life from 1949 ==▼
During the first few years of Zhang's imprisonment, he was regularly moved from location to location under the close supervision of Chiang Kai-shek. He was soon joined by his first wife, Yu Fengzhi. The couple began living with the family of one of his wardens, Liu Yiguang. Zhang was allowed access to his bank account, but was (according to custom) expected to pay for most of the expenses related to his detention.{{sfn|Shai|2012|pp=106-107}} In 1940 Yu Fengzhi became sick with breast cancer and was granted permission to seek treatment in the United States.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=113}} Although they remained affectionate in their letters to one another, the couple would never see each other again. In 1964, Yu agreed to divorce Zhang so that he could marry Zhao.{{sfn|Shai|2012|p=131}}
===Taiwan===
▲[[File:Zhang Xueliang's former residence,Wufeng, Hsinchu, Taiwan.jpg|thumb|[[Former Residence of Zhang Xueliang (Hsinchu County)|Former residence of Chang Hsueh-liang]] in [[Wufeng, Hsinchu|Wufeng]], [[Hsinchu County]], [[Taiwan]].]]
▲Chang was eventually taken to Taiwan where he remained under arrest until Chiang's 1975 death.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=53}} Much of his time was spent studying [[Ming dynasty]] literature and the [[Manchu language]] and collecting Chinese fan paintings, calligraphy and other works of art by illustrious artists (a collection of more than 200 works, using his studio's name "Dingyuanzhai" ({{lang|zh-Hant|定遠齋}}), was auctioned with tremendous success by Sotheby's on April 10, 1994).
▲Chang studied the [[New Testament]] [[Bible]]. In 1964, he formally married Edith Chao, daughter of a senior official, who left her family in her teens to become his companion and later followed him into exile. His first wife, Ms. Yu, said she was so moved by Ms. Chao's devotion that she released her husband from his vows. Chang and his wife, Edith, became devout Christians who also regularly attended Sunday services at [[Shilin Official Residence|the Methodist chapel]] in [[Shilin District|Shilin]], a Taipei suburb, with Chiang Kai-Shek's family. After Chiang's death in 1975, his freedom was officially restored.
[[File:Zhang Gravesite.jpg|thumb|
In 1991, Zhang made his first trip abroad after being released from house arrest, visiting San Francisco to see friends and family who had moved there.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiang Kai-shek's kidnapper makes a visit to U.S. |work=Daily Breeze |date=March 11, 1991 |page=A2}}</ref> Zhang emigrated to [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] in 1995. There he lived with his younger brother Chang Hsueh-sen, who was working as a hotelier.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchurian warlord of yore is 94 and has moved to Hawaii |work=The Washington Times |date=July 14, 1995 |page=A17}}</ref> There were numerous pleas for him to visit [[mainland China]], but Zhang declined, citing his political closeness to the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] and his frail health.<ref name="nytobit" /><ref name="DengSon">{{cite news |last1=Kwan |first1=Daniel |title=Deng's son visits former warlord |work=South China Morning Post |date=September 28, 2000}}</ref> However, he was named as the honorary President of [[Northeastern University (China)|Northeastern University]] in 1993, where he served as President between 1928 and 1937. Zhang was also named as the honorary chairman of [[Harbin Institute of Technology]] in 1993.<ref name="nytobit" />
In June 2000, Edith Chao passed away at the age of 88.<ref name="DengSon" /> On October 14 of the following year, Zhang died of [[pneumonia]] at the age of 100.{{NoteTag|Following the [[East Asian age reckoning|Chinese way of counting]], his age is often given as 101.}} at [[Straub Hospital]] in Honolulu.<ref name="nytobit" /> Representatives from both China and Taiwan attended his funeral in Honolulu, along with [[Yan Mingfu]], the former head of China's [[United Front Work Department]] and the son of Zhang's close friend, {{ill|Yan Baohang|zh|阎宝航}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fong |first1=Tak-ho |title=Political heavyweights for warlord's funeral |work=South China Morning Post |date=October 23, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two sides of Taiwan Strait honor warlord |work=The Washington Times |agency=Kyodo News |date=October 26, 2001 |page=A16}}</ref>
▲[[File:Zhang Gravesite.jpg|thumb|Chang Gravesite at [[Valley of the Temples Memorial Park]]]]
== Awards ==
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==Family==
;Parents
*[[Zhang Zuolin]]
*Zhao Chungui (趙春桂) (?–1912), mother of Chang
;Spouses
*Yu
*Gu Ruiyu (谷瑞玉) (1904–1946),
*
|first=Edith |last=Chao |date=June 25, 2000 |title=Wife of legendary Chinese warlord dies in US at 88 |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2000/06/25/0000041354 |page=2 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |publication-place=[[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] |publisher=The Liberty Times Group |editor1-first=Lin |editor1-last=Rong-San |editor1-link=Lin Rong-San |issn=1563-9525 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203413/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2000/06/25/0000041354 |department=Local edition |volume=II |issue=270
}}</ref>
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;Siblings
*[[Zhang Xueming]]
*Hsueh Tseng Chang (張學曾 ''Zhang Xuezeng'') (1911–2004), died in Novato, CA
*Zhang Xuesi (張學思 ''Chang Hsueh-ssu'') (1916–1970), defected to the Communists, died in China
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==In popular culture==
*
*
* A 2007 TV series on the Xi'an Incident was produced and aired in mainland China, with
* The Peter H. L. Chang reading room at [[Columbia University]]'s [[Butler Library]] is named after Zhang. The library hosts a collection of Zhang's papers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.columbia.edu/about/news/libraries/2002/20020603_chang.html|title=The Peter H.L. Chang <nowiki>[Zhang Xueliang]</nowiki> and Edith Chao Chang Papers Open at The Rare Book and Manuscript Library|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|date=2002-06-03|access-date=2024-06-12}}<br>{{cite web|url=https://exhibitions.library.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/jewels/themes/east_asian/35|title=35. Peter H. L. Chang (Zhang Xueliang), (1901-2001). "Recollections of Xian Incident [Review]".|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=2024-06-12}}</ref>
* Beijing [[microbrewery]] [[Great Leap Brewing]] named its Little General [[India pale ale|IPA]] after
* A Chinese TV series titled {{ill|Young Marshal (TV series)|lt=''Young Marshal''|zh|少帅}} is based on Zhang's life.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Xu |first1=Fan |title=A look at the Xi'an Incident hero's formative years |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2016-01/21/content_23177646.htm |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=China Daily |date=Jan 21, 2016}}</ref>
▲* Beijing [[microbrewery]] [[Great Leap Brewing]] named its Little General [[India pale ale|IPA]] after Chang.<ref name="Asia Blog post">{{cite web|last=McDonnell|first=Justin|title=Interview: Great Leap Brewery Founder Taps into China's Thirst for a Good Microbrew|url=http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/interview-great-leap-brewery-founder-taps-chinas-thirst-good-microbrew|publisher=[[Asia Society]]|date=July 23, 2013|access-date=May 13, 2015}}</ref>
== See also ==
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==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine |last1=Mitter |first1=Rana |title=The Last Warlord |work=History Today |volume=54 |issue=2 |date=February 2004 |pages=28-33}}
* {{cite book |last1=Itoh
* {{cite book |last1=Shai
*
* {{cite journal|author=Iriye, Akira|title=Chang Hsueh-Liang and the Japanese|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]]|volume=20|issue=1|date=November 1960|pages=33–43|doi=10.2307/2050070|jstor=2050070|s2cid=155052191 }}▼
* Rainer Kloubert, Warlords. Ein Bilderbogen aus dem chinesischen Bürgerkrieg, Elfenbeinverlag, Berlin 2023,ISBN 978-3-96-160-077-9.
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Matray
▲* Itoh, Mayumi. ''The Making of China’s War with Japan: Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang'' (Springer, 2016).
▲* Shai, Aron. ''Zhang Xueliang: The General Who Never Fought'' (Springer, 2012)
▲* Yilin, Jin. "Yan Xishan’s Activities Opposing Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang before and after the Nanjing-Guangdong Conflict." ''Modern Chinese History Studies'' 5 (2005): 2.
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021027053543/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/oral/zhangII.html|title=Peter H.L. Chang (Zhang Xueliang) Oral History Materials}}
* {{cite book |last1=Liu
▲*{{cite journal|author=Iriye, Akira|title=Chang Hsueh-Liang and the Japanese|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]]|volume=20|issue=1|date=November 1960|pages=33–43|doi=10.2307/2050070|jstor=2050070|s2cid=155052191 }}
▲*Liu, Bernard. ''The House Arrest of Zhang Xueliang: A Memoir of Growing Up with China's Most Famous Political Prisoner'' (Caruachi Press LLC 2022).
; Obituaries
*{{cite news|author=Heller, Richard|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/oct/18/guardianobituaries1|title=Chang Hsueh-liang |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 18, 2001}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
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