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{{Redirect|POW|other uses|POW (disambiguation)|and|Prisoner of war (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}<!-- for consistency in the article (quoted content excluded) -->
[[File:Serbian troops, now prisoners-of-war in Belgrade of Austro-Hungarian forces, 1915 (21780846970).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.7|Serbian prisoners of war in [[Austro-Hungarian forces|Austrian]] captivity during [[World War I]], 1915]]▼
{{War}}
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For a large part of human history, prisoners of war would most often be either slaughtered or [[Slavery|enslaved]].<ref>Wickham, Jason (2014) The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans up to 146 BC, University of Liverpool PhD Dissertation. {{cite web |url= http://repository.liv.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf |title=The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC|access-date =24 May 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150524213405/http://repository.liv.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf |archive-date= 24 May 2015 |df= dmy-all }} Wickham 2014 notes that for Roman warfare the outcome of capture could lead to release, ransom, execution or enslavement.</ref> Early Roman [[gladiator]]s could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as [[Samnites]], [[Thracians]], and [[Gauls]] (''Galli'').<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/%7Egrout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/gladiators.html "The Roman Gladiator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126174158/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/gladiators.html |date=26 January 2020 }}, The University of Chicago – "Originally, captured soldiers had been made to fight with their own weapons and in their particular style of combat. It was from these conscripted prisoners of war that the gladiators acquired their exotic appearance, a distinction being made between the weapons imagined to be used by defeated enemies and those of their Roman conquerors. The Samnites (a tribe from Campania which the Romans had fought in the fourth and third centuries BC) were the prototype for Rome's professional gladiators, and it was their equipment that first was used and later adopted for the arena. [...] Two other gladiatorial categories also took their name from defeated tribes, the Galli (Gauls) and Thraeces (Thracians)."</ref> Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'' describes Trojan and Greek soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see [[Lycaon of Troy|Lycaon]] for example.
Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as ''[[raptio]]''; the [[Rape of the Sabines]] involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no [[women's rights|rights]], and were held legally as [[Personal property|chattel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/|title= History of the Women's Rights Movement|last1= Eisenberg|first1= Bonnie|last2= Ruthsdotter|first2= Mary|date= 1998|website= www.nwhp.org|language= en-US|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154817/http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/|archive-date= 12 July 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref>
In the fourth century AD, Bishop [[Acacius of Amida]], touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the Greek Empire, who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually [[canonised]].<ref>
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==World War I==
{{Main|Prisoners of war in World War I}}
[[File:German POWs captured in Flanders by Brits2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|German soldiers captured by the British in [[Flanders]]]]▼
▲[[File:Serbian troops, now prisoners-of-war in Belgrade of Austro-Hungarian forces, 1915 (21780846970).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.7|Serbian prisoners of war in [[Austro-Hungarian forces|Austrian]] captivity during [[World War I]], 1915]]
[[File:US pow.jpg|thumb|American soldiers of the 11th Engineer Regiment taken as prisoners of war by Germany in 1917]]
[[File:Americans in German prison camp. A group of American prisoners in a German prison camp listening at . . . - NARA - 533544.tif|thumb|US POWs at German prison camp Rastatt, Germany 1918<ref>Years later Several ex POWS identified themselves (Ref: AMerican Legion Monthly Magazine September 1927)</ref>]]
▲[[File:German POWs captured in Flanders by Brits2.jpg|thumb|German soldiers captured by British in [[Flanders]]]]
[[File:Type of German prisoners captured in the new push (4688031177).jpg|thumb|German soldier of Infantry Regiment 120, POW 1 January 1918]]
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We are thankful that this longed for day has arrived, & that back in the old Country you will be able once more to enjoy the happiness of a home & to see good days among those who anxiously look for your return.|George R.I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueenandtechnology.aspx |title=The Queen and technology |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509195352/http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueenandtechnology.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2012 }}</ref>}}
While the Allied prisoners were sent home at the end of the war, the same treatment was not granted to [[Central Powers]] prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom had to serve as [[forced labour]], e.g. in France, until 1920. They were released after many approaches by the [[ICRC]] to the [[Allied Supreme Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQGQ|title=Search results – Resource centre|work=International Committee of the Red Cross|date=3 October 2013|access-date=9 April 2010|archive-date=19 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719030032/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JQGQ|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==World War II==
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The first Americans were captured in Romania following [[Operation Tidal Wave]]. The airmen were interned at first in the court of the Central Seminary in [[Bucharest]], with the wounded airmen taken to the no. 415 Hospital in [[Sinaia]]. After Marshal Antonescu's visits, a new camp was to be set up, and the prisoners were to be treated according to the Geneva Convention. In September, all 110 POWs were transferred to the villas belonging to the Brașov and Giurgiu City Halls at [[Timișul de Jos]], in the newly established Camp No. 14 (''Lagărul de prizonieri nr. 14'').<ref name="Dutu2">{{cite web|url=https://alesandrudutu.wordpress.com/2015/08/02/1943-1944-prizonieri-de-razboi-americani-si-englezi-in-romania/|title=1943 – 1944. Prizonieri de război americani și englezi în România|language=ro|first=Alesandru|last=Duțu|date=2 August 2015}}</ref> The excellent living conditions at the camp earned it the nickname "gilded cage", with the prisoners describing it as "probably the best prison camp in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historia.ro/sectiune/general/prizonierii-americani-in-colivia-de-aur-de-la-2317030.html|title=Prizonierii americani în "colivia de aur" de la Timișu de Jos|language=ro|first=Alexandru|last=Armă|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> The treatment of the Allied POWs was overlooked by Princess [[Catherine Caradja]], who was nicknamed "The Angel of Ploiești" by the airmen.<ref name="reunion">{{cite web|url=https://www.iar80flyagain.org/operatiunea-reunion-i/|title=Operatiunea Reunion (I)|language=ro|website=iar80flyagain.org|date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
In the spring of 1944, with the increasing number of American and British prisoners due to the [[Western Allied Campaign in Romania|restarted air campaign]], a new camp was set up in Bucharest.<ref name="Dutu2"/> Camp No. 13 from Bucharest was initially located within the barracks of the [[Michael the Brave 30th Guards Brigade|6th Guard Regiment "Mihai Viteazul"]], in a frequently bombed area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aircrewremembered.com/tichborne-lawrence-franklin.html|title=No. 40 Squadron Wellington X ME990 -R F/O. Lawrence Franklin Tichborne|website=aircrewremembered.com|date=October 2018}}</ref> It was later moved to the [[Normal School]] on St. Ecaterina Street. In June 1944, the non-commissioned officers were transferred to a wing of the {{ill|"Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital|ro|Spitalul Universitar de Urgență Militar Central „Dr. Carol Davila”}}. After 23 August, at the request of the prisoners to be organised into a military unit, General [[Mihail Racoviță]] approved the transfer of 896 POWs to the barracks of the 4th [[Vânători (military unit)|Vânători]] Regiment. All Western Allied POWs were
===Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union===
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