John, Duke of Berry: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=AugustMarch 20202023}}

| name = John

| title = [[Duke of Berry]]

| image = Duc de Berry.jpg

| caption = Image of John, Duke of Berry from the [[Très Riches Heures]]

| spouse = [[Joanna of Armagnac|Joan of Armagnac]]<br>[[Joan II, Countess of Auvergne]]

| issue = [[John de Valois, Count of Montpensier|Jean de Valois, Count of Montpensier]]<br>[[Bonne of Berry|Bonne, Viscountess of Carlat]]<br>[[Marie, Duchess of Auvergne]]

| house = [[House of Valois|Valois]]

| father = [[John II of France]]

| mother = [[Bonne of Bohemia]]

'''John of Berry''' or '''John the Magnificent''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Jean de Berry'', {{Lang-la|Johannes de Bituria}}; 30 November 1340 &ndash; 15 June 1416) was [[Duke of Berry]] and [[Rulers of Auvergne|Auvergne]] and [[Count of Poitiers]] and [[Montpensier]]. He was Regent of France during the minority of his nephew 1380-1388. His brothers were King [[Charles V of France]], Duke [[Louis I of Anjou]] and Duke [[Philip the Bold]] of Burgundy. He was Regent of France from 1380 to 1388 during the minority of his nephew [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]].

John is primarily remembered as a collector of the important [[illuminated manuscript]]s and other works of art commissioned by him, such as the ''{{lang|fr|[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry|Très Riches Heures]]''}}. His personal [[motto]] was ''Le temps venra'' ("the time will come").<ref>Jean de Berry, la science et les Très Riches Heures, la devise Le temps venra et le chiffre EV [article]

[[Image:Arms of Jean de Berry.svg|150px|thumb|Coat of arms of John, Duke of Berry, 1360.]]

Upon the death of his older brother Charles V in 1380, histhe latter's son and heir, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] was a minor, so John and his brothers, along with the king's maternal uncle the [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon|Duke of Bourbon]] acted as regents. He was also appointed [[Lieutenant General in Languedoc]] in November of the same year,{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=381}} where he was forced to deal with the [[Harelle]], a peasants' revolt spurred by heavy taxation in support of the war effort against the English. Following the death of Louis of Anjou in 1384, John and his brother, the Duke of Burgundy, were the dominant figures in the kingdom. The king ended the regency and took power into his own hands in 1388, giving the governance of the kingdom largely to his father's former ministers, who were political enemies of the king's powerful uncles. John was also stripped of his offices in Languedoc at that time. John and Burgundythe duke bided their time, and were soon able to retake power, in 1392, when the Kingking had his first attack of insanity, an affliction which would remain with him throughout his life. The two royal dukes continued to rule until 1402, when the king, in one of his moments of lucidity, took power from them and gave it to his brother [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans|Louis, Duke of Orléans]].

In his later years, John became a more conciliatory figure in France. After the death of Philip the Bold in 1404, he was the last survivorsurviving of the sonsson of King John,{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=381}} and generally tried to play the role of a peacemaker between the factions of his nephews [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans|Louis of Orléans]] and [[John the Fearless]]. After the murder of Orléans at the orders of the Duke of Burgundy, he generally took the Orléanist or [[Armagnac (party)|Armagnac]] side in the civil war that erupted, but was always a moderate figure, attempting to reconcile the two sides and promote internal peace. It was largely due to John's urging that Charles VI and his sons were not present at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415. Remembering his father's fate as a captive after the [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Battle of Poitiers]] 59fifty-nine years before, he feared the fate of France shouldif the king and his heirs should be taken captive and he therefore successfully prevented their participation. John died on 15 June 1416 in [[Paris]] a few months after the battle, which proved as disastrous as he had feared.{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=382}}

John hadsired the following issuechildren by his first wife, [[Joanna of Armagnac]] (1346&ndash;1387), whom he married in 1360:<ref>''Ars subtilior and the Patronage of French Princes'', Yolanda Plumley, '''Early Music History: Volume 22: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music''', ed. Iain Fenlon, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 145-146.</ref>{{sfn|Emmerson|2013|page=381}}

*[[Bonne of Berry]] (1367&ndash;1435), who succeeded him as Viscountess of Carlat and married first [[Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy]],<ref>Joni M. Hand, ''Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350–1550'', (Ashgate, 2013), 25.</ref> and then [[Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac]].

*[[Marie, Duchess of Auvergne|Marie of Berry]] (1375–1434), who succeeded him as [[Rulers of Auvergne|Duchess of Auvergne]] and married first [[Louis III of Châtillon]],{{sfn|Figg|Palmer|2001|p=690}} then [[Philip of Artois, Count of Eu]] and finally [[John I, Duke of Bourbon]].

*[[John de Valois, Count of Montpensier]], (1375/1376–1397), first married [[Catherine of Valois (1378–1388)|Catherine of France]], daughter of [[Charles V of France|Charles V, King of France]]; and later married [[Anne de Bourbon]].

John of Berry was also a notable patron who commissioned amongworks othersuch worksas the most famous [[Book of Hours]], the [[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry|''Très Riches Heures'']]. "Like other works produced on the duke’s auspices, this model of elegance reflected many of the artistic tendencies of the time in its fusion of Flemish realism, of the refined Parisian style, and of Italian panel-painting techniques."<ref>Strayer, J. R. (1982). Dictionary of the middle ages. New York: Scribner.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Admiring the artistic productions of [[Jean Pucelle]], John employed several well-known artists such as the [[Limbourg Brothers]], [[Jacquemart de Hesdin]], the [[Master of the Brussels Initials]], and [[André Beauneveu]]. His curiosity to illumination and patronage led to much success on preserving and absorbing talented miniaturist painters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Marcel |title=The Golden Age: Manuscript Painting at the Time of Jean, Duc de Berry |publisher=Book Club Associates |year=1980 |location=London |pages=10-1210–12 |language=en}}</ref> His spending on his art collection severely taxed his estates, and he was deeply in debt when he died in 1416 at Paris.

The web site of the [[Louvre]] says of him:<ref>[http://www.museedulouvre.fr/llv/dossiers/page_theme.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226583&CURRENT_LLV_THEME%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226583&CURRENT_LLV_PAGE_THEME%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226586 Dossier thématique : La France en 1400 : Jean de Berry]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at museedulouvre.fr (accessed 20 February 2008)</ref> {{cquote|By his exacting taste, by his tireless search for artists, from [[Jacquemart de Hesdin]] to the [[Limbourg brothers]], Jean de Berry made a decisive contribution to the renewal of art which took place in his time and to a number of religious houses, notably [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre Dame de Paris]].}}After the death of John's maternal grandfather, [[John the Blind]], during the [[Battle of Crécy|Battle of Crecy]] (1346), the famed court composer and poet [[Guillaume de Machaut]] entered into the service of John of Berry.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wimsatt |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLNItAEACAAJ |title=Le Jugement Du Roy de Behaigne and Remede de Fortune |last2=Kibler |first2=Williams |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-8203-5354-8 |pages=3–4 |language=en}}</ref>

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| before = [[John of Valois, Count of Montpensier|John I]]
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| before = [[John II, Count of Auvergne|John II and III]]
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[[Category:14th-century viceregal rulersregents]]