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{{Short description|Borough
{{about|the New York City borough}}
{{good article}}
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===={{Anchor|Streets|Roads and Streets}}Streets and roads====
{{See also|List of numbered streets in Manhattan|List of eponymous streets in New York City}}
[[File:Manhattanhenge 2016-07-12-FRD.png|thumb|Tourists observing [[Manhattanhenge]] on [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] on July 12, 2016]]▼
The [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]] called for twelve numbered
▲[[File:Manhattanhenge 2016-07-12-FRD.png|thumb|Tourists observing [[Manhattanhenge]] on July 12, 2016]]
▲The [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]] called for twelve numbered avenues running north and south roughly parallel to the shore of the [[Hudson River]], each {{convert|100|ft|m|-1}} wide, with [[First Avenue (Manhattan)|First Avenue]] on the east side and [[Twelfth Avenue (Manhattan)|Twelfth Avenue]] on the west side.<ref name=MCNY1811/><ref>[[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Gray, Christopher]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/realestate/are-manhattans-right-angles-wrong.html "Are Manhattan's Right Angles Wrong?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 23, 2005. Accessed December 1, 2023. "In 1811, the New York commissioners published their eight-foot-long map, showing 12 main north-south avenues and a dense network of east-west streets for much of Manhattan, with the old angled road of Broadway meandering through."</ref> There are several intermittent avenues east of First Avenue, including four additional lettered avenues running from [[Avenue A (Manhattan)|Avenue A]] eastward to [[Avenue D (Manhattan)|Avenue D]] in an area now known as [[Alphabet City, Manhattan|Alphabet City]] in Manhattan's [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]].<ref>[[Gouverneur Morris|Morris, Gouverneur]]; [[Simeon De Witt|De Witt, Simeon]]; and [[John Rutherfurd|Rutherfurd, John]] (March 1811) [http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm "Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807"], [[Cornell University Library]]. Accessed December 30, 2023. "These are one hundred feet wide, and such of them as can be extended as far north as the village of Harlem are numbered (beginning with the most eastern, which passes from the west of Bellevue Hospital to the east of Harlem Church) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. This last runs from the wharf at Manhattanville nearly along the shore of the Hudson river, in which it is finally lost, as appears by the map. The avenues to the eastward of number one are marked A, B, C, and D."</ref> The numbered streets in Manhattan run east–west, and are generally {{convert|60|ft|m|0}} wide, with about {{convert|200|ft|m|0}} between each pair of streets.<ref name=MCNY1811/> The [[Manhattan address algorithm|address algorithm of Manhattan]] refers to the formulas used to estimate the closest east–west cross street for building numbers on north–south avenues.<ref>[https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/02/unlock-the-grid-then-ditch-the-maps-and-apps/ "Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps"], Metrofocus. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref>
According to the original Commissioner's Plan, there were [[155th Street (Manhattan)|155]] numbered crosstown streets,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/realestate/23scap.html |title=Are Manhattan's Right Angles Wrong, by Christopher Gray |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 23, 2005 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502035251/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/realestate/23scap.html |archive-date=May 2, 2013 |url-status=live |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher }}</ref> but later the grid was extended up to the northernmost corner of Manhattan Island, where the last numbered street is [[220th Street (Manhattan)|220th Street]], though the grid continues to 228th Street in the borough's [[Marble Hill, Manhattan|Marble Hill]] neighborhood.<ref>[https://thegreatestgrid.mcny.org/greatest-grid/north-of-central-park North of Central Park: Revising the Grid], [[Museum of the City of New York]]. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref><ref name=NYT2002>Boland, Ed Jr. [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/nyregion/fyi-414514.html "F.Y.I.: By the Numbers"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 18, 2002. Accessed December 1, 2023. "Q. What is the highest numbered street in New York City?... The highest numbered street in Manhattan is 228th Street, but that is in Marble Hill, a section of Manhattan north of the Harlem River. The highest numbered street on Manhattan Island is 220th Street in Inwood. The northbound numerations that begin in Manhattan continue through the Bronx until New York City meets Yonkers at West 263rd Street."</ref> Moreover, the numbering system continues even in [[the Bronx]], north of Manhattan, despite the fact that the grid plan is not as regular in that borough, whose last numbered street is 263rd Street.<ref name=NYT2002/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gis.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/ |title=New York City Map |publisher=NYC.gov |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043934/http://gis.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/ |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fifteen crosstown streets were designated as {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide, including [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th]], [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd]], [[57th Street (Manhattan)|57th]] and [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th]] Streets,<ref>[http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/nyc1811.htm Remarks of the Commissioners for laying out streets and roads in the City of New York, under the Act of April 3, 1807] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610165318/http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/nyc1811.htm |date=June 10, 2007 }}, [[Cornell University]]. Accessed May 2, 2007. "These streets are all sixty feet wide except fifteen, which are one hundred feet wide, viz.: Numbers fourteen, twenty-three, thirty-four, forty-two, fifty-seven, seventy-two, seventy-nine, eighty-six, ninety-six, one hundred and six, one hundred and sixteen, one hundred and twenty-five, one hundred and thirty-five, one hundred and forty-five, and one hundred and fifty-five—the block or space between them being in general about two hundred feet."</ref> which became some of the borough's most significant transportation and [[shopping]] venues. [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], following the route of a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] trail, is the most notable of many exceptions to the grid, starting at [[Bowling Green (New York City)|Bowling Green]] in Lower Manhattan and continuing north for {{Convert|13|mi}} into the Bronx at Manhattan's northern tip.<ref>[https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/NY-01-061-9060 Broadway], [[Society of Architectural Historians]]. Accessed December 30, 2023. "Broadway is a 13-mile roadway running from the southern tip to the northernmost point of the island of Manhattan.... Predating the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, Broadway was initially a Native American trading trail running the length of Manhattan. Various indigenous peoples living on the island—including Lenni Lenape, Delaware Lenape, and Wickquasgeck—used the route, known as the Wickquasgeck Trail, to exchange goods with each other."</ref> In much of Midtown Manhattan, Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid, creating major named intersections at [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]] ([[Park Avenue|Park Avenue South/Fourth Avenue]] and 14th Street), [[Madison Square]] ([[Fifth Avenue]] and 23rd Street), [[Herald Square]] ([[Sixth Avenue]] and 34th Street), [[Times Square]] ([[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] and 42nd Street), and [[Columbus Circle]] ([[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]]/[[Central Park West]] and 59th Street).<ref>[https://urbandesignforum.org/grow-the-green-line/ "Grow the Green Line"], Urban Design Forum, February 26, 2018. Accessed December 30, 2023. "Broadway today is an anomaly, unneeded for vehicular traffic, that cuts through a standardized urban form. It is an extra street modulating an otherwise functioning grid. However, it is the only road that connects four of the most important public spaces in the city: Union Square, Madison Square, Herald Square, and Times Square; each found where this diagonal route crosses an avenue and marks a major street."</ref><ref>[https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/union-square.htm Union Square], [[Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace]]. Accessed December 30, 2023. "New York's famed thoroughfare Broadway is responsible for some of the city's most famous parks. The irregularity of Broadway's span created space for Union Square, Madison Square, Herald Square, Times Square, and Columbus Circle.... Therefore Broadway does not run parallel to the north-south avenues of the grid. Broadway runs diagonally, intersecting other avenues and slicing uniform rectangles into small awkward blocks."</ref>
"Crosstown
Another consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan, and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees, is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as [[Manhattanhenge]] (by analogy with [[Stonehenge]]).<ref name=Manhattanhenge>{{cite news | last=Silverman | first=Justin Rocket | title=Sunny delight in city sight | newspaper=[[Newsday]] | date=May 27, 2006 | url=http://www.newsday.com/news/sunny-delight-in-city-sight-1.502140 | quote='Manhattanhenge' occurs Sunday, a day when a happy coincidence of urban planning and astrophysics results in the setting sun lining up exactly with every east-west street in the borough north of 14th Street. Similar to Stonehenge, which is directly aligned with the summer-solstice sun, "Manhattanhenge" catches the sun descending in perfect alignment between buildings. The local phenomenon occurs twice a year, on May 28 and July 12... | access-date=May 11, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194424/https://www.newsday.com/news/sunny-delight-in-city-sight-1.502140 | archive-date=August 3, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> On May 28 and July 12, the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines, with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level.<ref name=Manhattanhenge/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/city_of_stars/19_sunset_34th.html |title=Special Feature—City of Stars: Sunset on 34th Street Along the Manhattan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516005443/http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/city_of_stars/19_sunset_34th.html |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |work=[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]] |access-date=September 4, 2006 }}</ref> A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise on the eastern horizon on December 5 and January 8.<ref>Morris, Hugh. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/what-is-manhattanhenge-and-where-best-when-does-it-happen/ "Manhattanhenge is coming: what is it, and how can I see it?"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', May 31, 2019. Accessed December 30, 2023. "It is worth noting that the time when the rising sun aligns with Manhattan's streets, around December 5 and January 8, on either side of the winter solstice, is also known as Manhattanhenge but nobody seems that fussed about it. Poor Winter"</ref>
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====Bridges, tunnels, and ferries====
[[File:2016 One World Observatory view southsoutheast towards Brooklyn and Manhattan Bridges.jpg|thumb|The [[Brooklyn Bridge]] (on right) and [[Manhattan Bridge]] (on left), two of three bridges that connect [[Lower Manhattan]] with [[Brooklyn]] over the [[East River]].]]
Being primarily an island, Manhattan is linked to New York City's outer boroughs by numerous bridges, of various sizes. Manhattan has fixed [[highway]] connections with [[New Jersey]] to its west by way of the [[George Washington Bridge]], the [[Holland Tunnel]], and the [[Lincoln Tunnel]], and to three of the four other New York City boroughs—[[the Bronx]] to the northeast, and [[Brooklyn]] and [[Queens]] (both on [[Long Island]]) to the east and south. Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough, [[Staten Island]], is the [[Staten Island Ferry]] across [[New York Harbor]], which is free of charge. The ferry terminal is located near [[Battery Park (New York)|Battery Park]] at Manhattan's southern tip. It is also possible to travel on land to Staten Island by way of Brooklyn, via the [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]].
The 14-lane George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge,<ref name="panynj.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html |access-date=September 13, 2013 |title=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey – George Washington Bridge |publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920192211/http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html |archive-date=September 20, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=abcgwb>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/george-washington-bridge-painters-dangerous-job-top-worlds/story?id=17771877|title=GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge|author1=Bod Woodruff|author2=Lana Zak|author3=Stephanie Wash|name-list-style=amp|work=ABC News|date=November 20, 2012|access-date=September 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928002159/http://abcnews.go.com/US/george-washington-bridge-painters-dangerous-job-top-worlds/story?id=17771877|archive-date=September 28, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> connects [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], in [[Upper Manhattan]] to [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]] in [[New Jersey]].<ref>Lynn, Kathleen. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/realestate/fort-lee-nj-like-being-in-the-city-without-being-in-the-city.html "Fort Lee, N.J.: 'Like Being in the City Without Being in the City'"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 4, 2023. Accessed December 4, 2023.</ref> There are numerous bridges to the Bronx across the [[Harlem River]], and five (listed north to south)—the [[Triborough Bridge|Triborough]] (known officially as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), [[Queensboro Bridge|Ed Koch Queensboro]] (also known as the 59th Street Bridge), [[Williamsburg Bridge|Williamsburg]], [[Manhattan Bridge|Manhattan]], and [[Brooklyn Bridge]]s—that cross the [[East River]] to connect Manhattan to Long Island.<ref>Sharif, Mo. [https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/mayjune-2005/protecting-new-york-citys-bridge-assets "Protecting New York City's Bridge Assets"], [[Federal Highway Administration]] ''Public Roads'', May / June 2005. Accessed December 4, 2023.</ref>
Several tunnels also link Manhattan Island to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey. The [[Lincoln Tunnel]], which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and [[Midtown Manhattan]], is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/lincoln/|title=Lincoln Tunnel Historic Overview|publisher=Eastern Roads|access-date=August 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609143937/http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/lincoln/|archive-date=June 9, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and [[cargo ship]]s that sail through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The [[Holland Tunnel]], connecting Lower Manhattan to [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Holland Tunnel |work=National Historic Landmark Quicklinks |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2176&ResourceType=Structure |access-date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629011542/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2176&ResourceType=Structure |archive-date=June 29, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Queens–Midtown Tunnel]], built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/queens-midtown/|title=Queens-Midtown Tunnel Historic Overview|publisher=Eastern Roads|access-date=August 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609162348/http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/queens-midtown/|archive-date=June 9, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was the first person to drive through it.<ref>{{cite news|title=President the 'First' to Use Midtown Tube; Precedence at Opening Denied Hundreds of Motorists|work=The New York Times|date= November 9, 1940|page= 19}}</ref> The [[Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel]] runs underneath [[The Battery (Manhattan)|Battery Park]] and connects the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] at the southern tip of Manhattan to [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] in Brooklyn.
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