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Revision as of 14:40, 1 August 2023 edit Willondon (talk \| contribs) Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers 50,686 edits revert last 2 edits; vandalism Tag: Undo ← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 21:42, 17 July 2024 edit undo Dyanega (talk \| contribs) Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers 36,436 edits m →‎Genera: Sycophaginae is in Pteromalidae in most recent references
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Line 1: {{Short description\|Group of mostly pollinating insects whose larvae live in figs.}} {{Paraphyletic group ~~{{Taxobox~~ \| auto = yes \| name = Fig wasps \| image = Blastophaga_psenes.jpg \| image_caption = ''[[Blastophaga psenes]]'' female \| display_parents = 2 ~~\| regnum = [[Animal]]ia~~ \| ~~superfamilia~~parent = [[Chalcidoidea]]▼ ~~\| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a~~ ~~\| classis = [[Insect]]a~~ ~~\| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]~~ ~~\| subordo = [[Apocrita]]~~ ▲\| superfamilia = [[Chalcidoidea]] ~~\| familia = various; see text~~ }} '''Fig wasps''' are [[wasp]]s of the superfamily [[Chalcidoidea]] which spend their larval stage inside [[ficus\|fig]]s. ~~Most~~Some are [[pollinator]]s but others simply feed off the plant. The non-pollinators belong to several groups within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, while the pollinators are in the family [[Agaonidae]]. While pollinating fig wasps are [[gall]]-makers, the remaining types either make their own galls or usurp the galls of other fig wasps; reports of their being [[parasitoid]]s are considered dubious.<ref>Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): a biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, England. 832 pp.</ref> == History == Line 54 ⟶ 51: The fig–wasp [[Mutualism (biology)\|mutualism]] originated between 70 and 90 million years ago as the product of a unique evolutionary event.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Machado\|Jousselin\|Kjellberg\|Compton\|2001}}</ref><ref name="Cook-Rasplus">{{Harvnb\|Cook\|Rasplus\|2003}}</ref><ref name="Herre-etal-2008">Herre et al. (2008)</ref> Since then, [[reproductive coevolution in Ficus\|cocladogenesis and coadaptation on a coarse scale between wasp genera and fig sections]] have been demonstrated by both morphological and molecular studies.<ref name="Herre-etal-2008" /><ref>{{Harvnb\|Molbo\|Machado\|Sevenster\|Keller\|2003}}</ref> This illustrates the tendency towards coradiation of figs and wasps.<ref name="Herre-etal-2008" /> Such strict cospeciation should result in identical [[phylogenetic tree]]s for the two lineages<ref name="Cook-Rasplus" /> and recent work mapping fig sections onto molecular phylogenies of wasp genera and performing statistical comparisons has provided strong evidence for cospeciation at that scale.<ref name="Cook-Rasplus" /> Groups of genetically well-defined pollinator wasp species [[coevolution\|coevolve]] in association with groups of genetically poorly defined figs.<ref name="Machado-etal-2005">~~{{Harvnb\|~~Machado\| C.A., Robbins\| N., Gilbert\| M.T.P., Herre\| E.A. Critical review of host specificity and this coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism. (2005}}). ''Proc. Of the National Acad. Of Sci. of the U.S.A''.102(1), 6558-6565. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501840102</ref> The constant hybridization of the figs promotes the constant evolution of new pollinator wasp species. [[Host switch]]ing and pollinator host sharing may contribute to the incredible diversity of figs and fig wasp species like ''[[Pegoscapus]]'' as they result in hybridization and introgression''.''<ref name="Machado-etal-2005" /> ==Genera== Fig wasps genera and classification according to the various publications:<ref name="Cruaud-etal-2010"/><ref name="Heraty-etal-2013"/><ref>{{Harvnb\|Cruaud\|Jabbour-Zahab\|Genson\|Kjellberg\|2011}}</ref><ref name=BurksEtAl>{{Cite Q\|Q115923766\|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{div col\|colwidth=25em}} '''[[Agaonidae]]''' Line 81 ⟶ 78: ''[[Ceratosolen]]'' ''[[Kradibia]]'' [[Sycophaginae]]▼ ''[[Anidarnes]]''▼ ''[[Eukoebelea]]''▼ ''[[Idarnes]]''▼ ''[[Pseudidarnes]]''▼ ''[[Sycophaga]]''▼ [[Tetrapusiinae]] **''[[Tetrapus]]'' [[Epichrysomallidae]] ''[[Acophila]]'' ''[[Asycobia]]'' ''[[Camarothorax]]'' ''[[Epichrysomalla]]'' *''[[Eufroggattia]]''▼ ''[[Herodotia (wasp)\|Herodotia]]''▼ ''[[Lachaisea]]''▼ ''[[Meselatus]]''▼ ''[[Neosycophila]]''▼ ''[[Odontofroggatia]]''▼ ''[[Parapilkhanivora]]''▼ ''[[Sycobia]]''▼ ''[[Sycobiomorphella]]''▼ ''[[Sycomacophila]]''▼ ''[[Sycophilodes]]''▼ ''[[Sycophilomorpha]]''▼ *''[[Sycotetra]]''▼ '''[[Pteromalidae]]''' [[Colotrechinae]] ''[[Podvina]]'' [[~~Epichrysomallinae~~Pteromalinae]] ''[[~~Acophila~~Adiyodiella]]'' ''[[~~Asycobia~~Apocrypta]]'' ''[[~~Camarothorax~~Arachonia]]'' ''[[~~Epichrysomalla~~Bouceka]]'' ▲''[[Eufroggattia]]'' ▲''[[Herodotia (wasp)\|Herodotia]]'' ▲''[[Lachaisea]]'' ▲''[[Meselatus]]'' ▲''[[Neosycophila]]'' ▲''[[Odontofroggatia]]'' ▲''[[Parapilkhanivora]]'' ▲''[[Sycobia]]'' ▲''[[Sycobiomorphella]]'' ▲''[[Sycomacophila]]'' ▲''[[Sycophilodes]]'' ▲''[[Sycophilomorpha]]'' ▲''[[Sycotetra]]'' [[Otitesellinae]] *''[[Comptoniella]]'' ''[[Critogaster]]''▼ ''[[Crossogaster]]''▼ ''[[Diaziella]]''▼ ''[[Dobunabaa]]''▼ ''[[Eujacobsonia]]'' ''[[Ficicola]]''▼ ''[[Gaudalia]]'' ''[[Grandiana]]'' ''[[Grasseiana]]'' ''[[Hansonita]]''▼ ''[[Lipothymus]]'' ''[[Marginalia (wasp)\|Marginalia]]'' Line 121 ⟶ 122: ''[[Micrognathophora]]'' ''[[Otitesella]]'' ''[[Parasycobia]]''▼ ''[[Philocaenus]]''▼ ''[[Philosycus]]'' ''[[Philosycella]]'' ''[[~~Walkerella~~Philotrypesis]]'' ''[[~~Pteromalinae~~Philoverdance]]'' ▲''[[Ficicola]]'' ▲''[[Hansonita]]'' [[Sycoecinae]] ▲*''[[Crossogaster]]'' ▲''[[Diaziella]]'' ▲''[[Philocaenus]]'' ''[[Robertsia]]'' ''[[Seres (wasp)\|Seres]]'' ''[[Sycoecus]]'' [[Sycoryctinae]] ''[[Adiyodiella]]'' ''[[Apocrypta]]'' ''[[Arachonia]]'' ''[[Bouceka]]'' ▲''[[Critogaster]]'' ▲''[[Dobunabaa]]'' ▲''[[Parasycobia]]'' ''[[Philotrypesis]]''▼ ▲''[[Philoverdance]]'' ''[[Sycoscapter]]'' ▲''[[~~Philotrypesis~~Walkerella]]'' ''[[Watshamiella]]'' ▲[[Sycophaginae]] ▲''[[Anidarnes]]'' ▲''[[Eukoebelea]]'' ▲''[[Idarnes]]'' ▲''[[Pseudidarnes]]'' ▲*''[[Sycophaga]]'' '''[[Ormyridae]]''' **''[[Ormyrus]]'' Line 161 ⟶ 155: == Museum collections == One of the world's major fig wasp collections resides in [[Leeds Museums & Galleries\|Leeds Museums and Galleries]]' [[Leeds Discovery Centre\|Discovery Centre]],<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Natural Science – Leeds Museums and Galleries\|url=https://museumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk/about-us/collections/natural-science/\|access-date=19 August 2020\|website=Leeds Museums and Galleries}}</ref> and was collected by Dr. Steve Compton.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Compton\|first=Steve\|title=Dr Steve Compton\|url=https://biologicalsciences.leeds.ac.uk/school-of-biology/staff/49/dr-steve-compton\|access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Compton\|first=S\|title=Host‐parasitoid relationships within figs of an invasive fig tree: a fig wasp community structured by gall size\|journal=Insect Conservation and Diversity\|year=2018\|volume=11:4\|issue=4\|pages=341–351\|doi=10.1111/icad.12282\|s2cid=89701549\|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/139055/1/Host-parasitoid%20relationships%20within%20figs%20of%20an%20invasive%20fig%20tree.pdf}}</ref> == References == Line 194 ⟶ 188: \| pmid = 34875808 \| s2cid = 85436401 \| doi-access = free }}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Cruaud\|Jabbour-Zahab\|Genson\|Cruaud\|2010}} --> {{Cite journal Line 217 ⟶ 212: \| volume = 11 \| pages = 178 \| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-178 \| pmid = 21696591 \| pmc = 3145598 \| doi-access = free }}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Cruaud\|Jabbour-Zahab\|Genson\|Kjellber\|2011}} --> * {{Cite journal