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{{Short description|
{{For|the structure of the Catholic Church in the United States|List of Catholic dioceses in the United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
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| imagewidth = 200px
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| caption = [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], the largest Catholic cathedral in [[North America]]
| abbreviation =
| type = [[National polity]]
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| area = [[United States]] and other [[territories of the United States]], excluding [[Puerto Rico]].
| language = [[American English|English]], [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], [[French language in the United States|French]], [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]]
| headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| origin_link =
| founder =
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{{Catholic Church by country}}
The '''Catholic Church in the United States''' is part of the worldwide [[Catholic Church]] in [[full communion|communion]] with the [[pope]]. With 23 percent of the [[United States]]' population {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, the [[Catholic Church]] is the country's second-largest religious grouping after [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]], and the country's largest single church
==History==
{{Main|History of the Catholic Church in the United States}}
Catholicism has had a significant cultural, social, and political impact on the United States.<ref name="Kinder2012">{{Cite book |last1=Kinder |first1=Donald |title=The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America |last2=Dale-Riddle |first2=Allison |date=2012 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300183597 |chapter=Religion as a short-term force in 1960}}</ref>
===Early colonial period===
{{Main|Catholic Church in the Thirteen Colonies|Spanish missions in California}}
[[File:St Francis Xavier Church.jpg|thumb|[[St. Francis Xavier Church and Newtown Manor House Historic District|St. Francis Xavier Church]] in [[Compton, Maryland]], the oldest Catholic church in continuous operation from the [[Thirteen Colonies]]<ref name="maryland"/>]]
[[File:King louis statue tonemapped.jpg|thumb|[[Apotheosis of St. Louis]] in [[St. Louis]]<ref name="colcath">{{Cite web |title=The Colonial Beginnings of North American Catholicism |date=April 24, 2017 |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2017/04/24/colonial-beginnings-north-american-catholicism |publisher=America Magazine |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017144741/https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2017/04/24/colonial-beginnings-north-american-catholicism |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref>]]
One of the
Much of the religious situation in the Thirteen Colonies reflected the sectarian divisions of the [[English Civil War]]. <ref name="newengland">{{Cite web |title=New England's God: Anti-Catholicism and Colonial New England |url=https://collected.jcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1016&context=mastersessays |publisher=John Carroll University |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115205634/https://collected.jcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1016&context=mastersessays |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020. </ref> This predicament was especially precarious for Catholics. For this reason, Calvert wanted to provide "a refuge for his fellow Catholics" who were "harassed in England by the Protestant majority." King Charles I, as a "Catholic sympathizer," favored and facilitated Calvert's plan if only to make evident that a "policy of religious toleration could permit Catholics and Protestants to live together in harmony." <ref> Alan Taylor, ''American Colonies'' (New York: Viking, 2001), 137. ISBN: 0-670-87282-2 </ref>
The [[Province of Pennsylvania]], which was given to the [[Quakers|Quaker]] [[William Penn]] by the last Catholic King of England, [[James II of England|James II]], advocated religious toleration as a principle and thus some Catholics lived there.<ref name="colcath"/><ref>{{Cite journal |title="Good Will to All Men... from the King on the throne to the beggar on the dunghill": William Penn, the Roman Catholics and Religious Toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27773762 |publisher=Paul Douglas Newman |jstor=27773762 |last1=Newman |first1=Paul Douglas |journal=Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies |date=1994 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=457–479 |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022171537/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27773762 |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> There were also some Catholics in the [[Province of New York]] (named after the aforementioned James II). In 1785, the estimated number of Catholics was at 25,000; 15,800 in Maryland, 7,000 in Pennsylvania and 1,500 in New York.<ref name="eightyfive">{{Cite web |title=Welfare and Conversion: The Catholic Church in African-American Communities in the U.S. South, 1884–1939 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |publisher=William Francis Collopy |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019101651/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> There were only 25 priests serving the faithful. This was less than 2% of the total population in the Thirteen Colonies.<ref name="eightyfive"/>▼
▲The [[Province of Pennsylvania]], which was given to
Once the [[Second Continental Congress]] unanimously adopted and issued the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, the [[United States]] came to incorporate into itself territories with a pre-existing Catholic history under their previous governance by [[New France]] and [[New Spain]]; the two premier European Catholic powers active in [[North America]].<ref name="colcath"/> The [[territorial evolution of the United States]] since 1776 has meant that today more areas that are now part of the United States were Catholic in colonial times before they were Protestant. In 1803, the [[Louisiana Purchase]] saw vast territories in [[French Louisiana]] transferred over from the First French Republic, areas that would become the following states; [[Arkansas]], [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Nebraska]], [[Minnesota]], [[Louisiana]], [[South Dakota]], [[Wyoming]] and [[Montana]], half of [[Colorado]] and [[North Dakota]], parts of [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]] and [[North Dakota]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Louisiana-Purchase |title=Louisiana Purchase {{!}} History, Facts, & Map|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=July 21, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200210/https://www.britannica.com/event/Louisiana-Purchase|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The French named a number of their settlements after Catholic saints, such as [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Ste. Marie]], [[St. Ignace, Michigan|St. Ignace]], [[St. Charles, Missouri|St. Charles]] and others.<ref name="cities">{{Cite web |title=The Story Behind 54 American Cities Named After Catholic Saints |date=July 7, 2016 |url=https://epicpew.com/american-cities-named-saints/ |publisher=Epic Pew |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131731/https://epicpew.com/american-cities-named-saints/ |url-status=dead}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> The Catholic, culturally French population of Americans, descended from this colony are today known as the [[Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creole]] and [[Cajuns|Cajun people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sociolinguistic Situation of Creoles in South Louisiana: Identity, Characteristics, Attitudes |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8282&context=gradschool_disstheses |publisher=Louisiana State University |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202190453/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8282&context=gradschool_disstheses |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Catholic soul of Cajun Country |date=January 29, 2010 |url=http://www.catholicdigest.com/travel/201001-29the-catholic-soul-of-cajun-country/ |publisher=Catholic Digest |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017131556/http://www.catholicdigest.com/travel/201001-29the-catholic-soul-of-cajun-country/ |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref>▼
In 1785, the estimated number of Catholics was at 25,000; 15,800 in Maryland, 7,000 in Pennsylvania and 1,500 in New York.<ref name="eightyfive">{{Cite web |title=Welfare and Conversion: The Catholic Church in African-American Communities in the U.S. South, 1884–1939 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |publisher=William Francis Collopy |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019101651/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> There were only 25 priests serving the faithful. This was less than 2% of the total population in the Thirteen Colonies.<ref name="eightyfive"/>
During the 19th century, territories previously belonging to the Catholic [[Spanish Empire]] became part of the United States, starting with [[Florida]] in the 1820s.<ref>Gannon, "''The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513–1870''", University of Florida Press, 1983</ref> Most of the Spanish American territories with a Catholic heritage became independent during the early 19th century, this included [[Mexico]] on the border of the United States. The United States subsequently annexed parts of Mexico, starting with [[Texas]] in the 1840s and after the end of the [[Mexican–American War]] an area known as the [[Mexican Cession]], including what would become the states of [[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], most of [[Arizona]], the rest of New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.<ref name="BLM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929200726/http://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf|url-status=dead |title=Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781–1867|archive-date=September 29, 2006}}</ref> To an even greater extent than the French, the Spanish had named many settlements in the colonial period after Catholic saints or in reference to Catholic religious symbolism, names that they would retain after becoming part of the United States, especially in California ([[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]], [[San Diego]], [[Sacramento]], [[San Bernardino]], [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]], [[San Juan Capistrano]], [[San Luis Obispo]] and numerous others), as well as Texas ([[San Antonio]], [[San Juan, Texas|San Juan]], [[San Marcos, Texas|San Marcos]] and [[San Angelo, Texas|San Angelo]]), New Mexico ([[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]) and Florida ([[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]]).<ref name="cities"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanish Place Names in the USA: from Colonial to Mainstream |url=https://www.academia.edu/6760370 |publisher=Pascale Smorag |last1=Smorag |first1=Pascale |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414034805/https://www.academia.edu/6760370 |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> As late as 1898, following the [[Spanish–American War]], the United States took control of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]] and the [[Philippines]], as well as [[Cuba]] for a time, all of which had several centuries of Spanish Catholic colonial history (though they were not made into states).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Religion, the Spanish-American War, and the Idea of American Mission |date=2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275318626 |journal=Journal of Church and State |doi=10.1093/jcs/csr050 |last1=McCartney |first1=P. T. |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=257–278}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref>▼
In 1776, after the [[Second Continental Congress]] unanimously adopted and issued the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] and the [[Continental Army]] prevailed over the British in the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[United States]] came to incorporate into itself territories with a pre-existing Catholic history under their previous governance by [[New France]] and [[New Spain]], the two premier European Catholic powers active in [[North America]].<ref name="colcath"/> The [[territorial evolution of the United States]] since 1776 has meant that today more areas that are now part of the United States were Catholic in colonial times before they were Protestant.
===Towards the founding of the United States===▼
{{Main|History of the Catholic Church in the United States}}
[[File:John Carroll Gilbert Stuart.jpg|thumb|[[John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore)|John Carroll]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]], the first Catholic bishop in the United States. His cousin, [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton|Charles Carroll]], was
Anti-Catholicism was the policy for the English who first settled the New England colonies, and it persisted in the face of warfare with the French in [[New France]],
In 1650, the [[Puritans]] in the colony rebelled and repealed the Act of Toleration. Catholicism was outlawed and Catholic priests were hunted and exiled. By 1658, the Act of Toleration was reinstated and Maryland became the center of Catholicism into the mid-19th century. In 1689, Puritans rebelled and again repealed the [[Maryland Toleration Act]]. These rebels cooperated with the colonial assembly "dominated by Anglicans to endow the Church of England with tax support and to bar Catholics (and Quakers) from holding public office."<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Alan |last1=Taylor |author1-link=Alan Taylor (historian) |title=[[American Colonies]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] |date=2001 |page=283}}</ref> New York, interestingly enough, proved more tolerant with its Catholic governor, Thomas Dongan, and other Catholic officials.{{sfn|Middleton|2002|p=158}} Freedom of religion returned with the American Revolution.
After the Revolution, Rome made entirely new arrangements for the creation of an American diocese under American bishops.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Breidenbach |first1=Michael |title=Conciliarism and the American Founding |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |date=July 2016 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=487–88 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467 |s2cid=148090971 |via=[[JSTOR]] and [[Project Muse]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>{{sfn|Maynard|1941|p=155}} Numerous Catholics served in the American army and the new nation had very close ties with Catholic France.{{sfn|Maynard|1941|pp=126–142}} General George Washington insisted on toleration; for example, he issued strict orders in 1775 that "[[Pope's Day]]," the colonial equivalent of [[Guy Fawkes Night]], was not to be celebrated. European Catholics played major military roles, especially [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette]], [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau]], [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing]], [[Casimir Pulaski]] and [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]].{{sfn|Maynard|1941|pp=140–141}} Irish-born Commodore [[John Barry (naval officer)|John Barry]] from [[County Wexford|Co Wexford]], [[Ireland]], often credited as "the Father of the American Navy," also played an important military role.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Martin I. J. |last1=Griffin |title=Catholics and the American Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLQTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 |date=1909 |pages=1–7}}</ref> In a letter to Bishop Carroll, Washington acknowledged this unique contribution of French Catholics as well as the patriotic contribution of Carroll himself: "And I promise that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishments of their Revolution, and the establishment of their government; nor the important assistance which they received from a nation in which the Roman Catholic religion is professed."{{sfn|Ellis|1969|p=39}}▼
In 1756, a Maryland Catholic official estimated seven thousand practicing Catholics in Maryland and three thousand in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Dale |last1=Taylor |title=The Writers' Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America, 1607–1783 |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |publisher=[[Writer's Digest Books]] |date=1997 |page=273 |url=https://archive.org/embed/writersguidetoev0000tayl |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The Williamsburg Foundation estimates in 1765 Maryland Catholics at 20,000 and 6,000 in Pennsylvania. The population of these colonies at the time was approximately 180,000 and 200,000, respectively. By the time the American War for Independence started in 1776, Catholics formed 1.6%, or 40,000 persons of the 2.5 million population of the 13 colonies.{{sfn|Middleton|2002|p=95–100, 145, 158, 159, 349n}}{{sfn|Maynard|1941|p=126}} Another estimate is 35,000 in 1789, 60% in Maryland with not many more than 30 priests.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Mark A. |last1=Noll |title=A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada |date=1992 |location=London |publisher=[[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]] |isbn=0-281-04693-X |url=https://archive.org/embed/historyofchristi0000noll |via=[[Internet Archive]] |page=205}}</ref> John Carroll, first Catholic Bishop, in 1785, two years after the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]], reported 24,000 registered communicants in the new country, of whom 90% were in Maryland and Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Faragher |first1=John Mack |author1-link=John Mack Faragher |title=The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America |url=https://archive.org/embed/encyclopediaofco00fara |location=New York |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |date=1996 |page=376 |isbn=0-306-80687-8 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
Beginning in approximately 1780 there was a [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery#Emergence of the American Catholic Church|struggle]] between [[Trusteeism#United States|lay trustees]] and bishops over the ownership of church property, with the trustees losing control following the 1852 [[Plenary Councils of Baltimore]].<ref name="Howard C. Lee 1997 6">{{Cite book |first4=Howard C. |last4=Lee |first2=Emily |last2=Albu |first3=Carter |last3=Lindberg |first1=J. William |last1=Frost |first5=Dana L. |last5=Robert |display-authors=1 |title=Christianity: A Social and Cultural History |url=https://archive.org/embed/christianitysoci0000unse_l5d3 |edition=2nd |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=1997 |section=33. An American Roman Catholic Church |page=456 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>▼
▲After the Revolution, Rome made entirely new arrangements for the creation of an American diocese under American bishops.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Breidenbach |first1=Michael |title=Conciliarism and the American Founding |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |date=July 2016 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=487–88 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467 |s2cid=148090971
▲Beginning in approximately 1780 there was a [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery#Emergence of the American Catholic Church|struggle]] between [[Trusteeism#United States|lay trustees]] and bishops over the ownership of church property, with the trustees losing control following the 1852 [[Plenary Councils of Baltimore]].<ref name="Howard C. Lee 1997 6">{{Cite book |first4=Howard C. |last4=Lee |first2=Emily |last2=Albu |first3=Carter |last3=Lindberg |first1=J. William |last1=Frost |first5=Dana L. |last5=Robert |display-authors=1 |title=Christianity: A Social and Cultural History |url=https://archive.org/embed/christianitysoci0000unse_l5d3 |edition=2nd |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=1997 |section=33. An American Roman Catholic Church |page=456 |isbn=978-0-13-578071-8 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
Historian Jay Dolan, writing on the colonial era in 2011, said:
:They had lived as second-class citizens, discriminated against politically, professionally, and socially. The revolution changed all this. New laws and new constitutions gave them religious freedom.... [leading] John Carroll to observe in 1779 that Roman Catholics are members of Congress, assemblies, and hold civil and military posts.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Jay P. |last1=Dolan |author1-link=Jay P. Dolan |title=The American Catholic Experience: A History from Colonial Times to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/americancatholic0000dola |date=2011 |pages=180–81 |publisher=Crown Publishing |isbn=9780307553898 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
[[File:St. Augustine - Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine - 20220626101741.jpg|thumb|18th century [[New Spain|New Spanish]] [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine]]]]▼
President Washington promoted religious tolerance by proclamations and by publicly attending services in various Protestant and Catholic churches.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Paul F. |last1=Boller |title=George Washington and Religious Liberty |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |volume=17 |number=4 |date=October 1960 |pages=486–506 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |jstor=1943414 |doi=10.2307/1943414 |via=[[JSTOR]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The old colonial laws imposing restrictions on Catholics were gradually abolished by the states, and were prohibited in the new federal constitution.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=James |last1=MacCaffrey |author1-link=James MacCaffrey |title=History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (1789–1908) |publisher=M.H. Gill |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092366404 |date=1910 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924092366404/page/n289 270] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>▼
▲President Washington promoted religious tolerance by proclamations and by publicly attending services in various Protestant and Catholic churches.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Paul F. |last1=Boller |title=George Washington and Religious Liberty |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |volume=17 |number=4 |date=October 1960 |pages=486–506 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |jstor=1943414 |doi=10.2307/1943414
In 1787, two Catholics, [[Daniel Carroll]] of the Irish O'Carrolls and Irish born [[Thomas Fitzsimons]], helped draft the new [[United States Constitution]].{{sfn|Maynard|1941|pp=145–146}} John Carroll was appointed by the Vatican as Prefect Apostolic, making him superior of the missionary church in the thirteen states. He formulated the first plans for Georgetown University and became the first American bishop in 1789.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Catherine |last1=O'Donnell |title=John Carroll and the Origins of an American Catholic Church, 1783–1815 |journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]] |volume=68 |number=1 |date=January 2011 |pages=101–126 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.1.0101 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.1.0101 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |via=[[JSTOR]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>▼
▲In 1787, two Catholics, [[Daniel Carroll]] of the Irish O'Carrolls and Irish born [[Thomas Fitzsimons]], helped draft the new [[United States Constitution]].{{sfn|Maynard|1941|pp=145–146}} John Carroll was appointed by the Vatican as Prefect Apostolic, making him superior of the missionary church in the thirteen states. He formulated the first plans for Georgetown University and became the first American bishop in 1789.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Catherine |last1=O'Donnell |title=John Carroll and the Origins of an American Catholic Church, 1783–1815 |journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]] |volume=68 |number=1 |date=January 2011 |pages=101–126 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.1.0101 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.1.0101 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture
===19th century (1800–1900)===▼
{{Main|19th century history of the Catholic Church in the United States}}
[[File:St Patrick's cathedral NY.jpg|thumb|The [[nave]] of the [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in [[New York City]], completed in 1878]]
▲
▲During the 19th century, territories previously belonging to the Catholic [[Spanish Empire]] became part of the United States, starting with [[Florida]] in the 1820s.<ref>Gannon, "''The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513–1870''", University of Florida Press, 1983</ref> Most of the Spanish American territories with a Catholic heritage became independent during the early 19th century, this included [[Mexico]] on the border of the United States. The United States subsequently annexed parts of Mexico, starting with [[Texas]] in the 1840s and after the end of the [[Mexican–American War]] an area known as the [[Mexican Cession]], including what would become the states of [[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], most of [[Arizona]], the rest of New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.<ref name="BLM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929200726/http://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf|url-status=dead |title=Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781–1867|archive-date=September 29, 2006}}</ref> To an even greater extent than the French, the Spanish had named many settlements in the colonial period after Catholic saints or in reference to Catholic religious symbolism, names that they would retain after becoming part of the United States, especially in California ([[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]], [[San Diego]], [[Sacramento]], [[San Bernardino]], [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]], [[San Juan Capistrano]], [[San Luis Obispo]] and numerous others), as well as Texas ([[San Antonio]], [[San Juan, Texas|San Juan]], [[San Marcos, Texas|San Marcos]] and [[San Angelo, Texas|San Angelo]]), New Mexico ([[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]) and Florida ([[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]]).<ref name="cities"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spanish Place Names in the USA: from Colonial to Mainstream |url=https://www.academia.edu/6760370 |publisher=Pascale Smorag |last1=Smorag |first1=Pascale |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414034805/https://www.academia.edu/6760370 |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref>
The number of Catholics surged starting in the 1840s as [[German Americans|German]], [[Irish Americans|Irish]], and other European Catholics came in large numbers. After 1890, [[Italian Americans|Italians]] and [[Polish Americans|Poles]] formed the largest numbers of new Catholics, but many countries in Europe contributed, as did Quebec. By 1850, Catholics had become the country's largest single denomination. Between 1860 and 1890, their population tripled to seven million.
====Catholic revival====
[[File:Our Lady of Sorrows 080202 feedback.jpg|thumb|[[Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica|The Basilica of Our Lady of Sorrows]] in [[Chicago]]]]
▲[[File:St. Augustine - Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine - 20220626101741.jpg|thumb|18th century [[New Spain|New Spanish]] [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine]] in [[St. Augustine, Florida]]]]
Historian [[John McGreevy]] identifies a major Catholic revival that swept across Europe, North America, and South America in the early 19th century. It was nurtured in the world of Catholic urban neighborhoods, parishes, schools, and associations, whose members understood themselves as arrayed against, and morally superior to the wider American society. The Catholic Revival is called "Ultramontanism." It included a new emphasis on Thomistic theology for intellectuals. For parishioners it meant a much deeper piety that emphasized miracles, saints, and new devotions such as, compulsory Sunday attendance, regular confession and communion, praying the rosary, a devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and meatless Fridays. There was a deeper respect for bishops, and especially the Pope, with more direct control by the Vatican over selecting bishops and less autonomy for local parishes. There was a sharp increase in Mass attendance, religious vocations soared, especially among women.
The bishops began standardizing discipline in the American Church with the convocation of the [[Plenary Councils of Baltimore]] in 1852, 1866 and 1884. These councils resulted in the promulgation of the [[Baltimore Catechism]] and the establishment of
Jesuit priests who had been expelled from Europe found a new base in the U.S. They founded numerous secondary schools and 28 colleges and universities,
In the 1890s, the [[Americanism (heresy)|''Americanism'' controversy]] roiled senior officials. The Vatican suspected there was too much liberalism in the American Church, and the result was a turn to conservative theology as the Irish bishops increasingly demonstrated their total loyalty to the Pope, and traces of liberal thought in the Catholic colleges were suppressed.<ref>James Hennessy, S.J., ''American Catholics: A history of the Roman Catholic community in the United States'' (1981) pp 194–203</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Thomas T. |last1=McAvoy |title=The Catholic Minority after the Americanist Controversy, 1899–1917: A Survey |journal=[[The Review of Politics]] |date=January 1959 |volume=21 |number=1 |pages=53–82 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/S0034670500021975 |jstor=1405340}}</ref> As part of this controversy, the founder of the [[Paulist Fathers]], Isaac Hecker, was accused by the French cleric {{ill|Charles Maignen|fr|Charles Maignen}} {{in lang|fr}} of subjectivism and [[crypto-Protestant]]ism.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/heckerstudiesess0000unse |title=Hecker Studies: Essays on the Thought of Isaac Hecker |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Farina |date=1983 |location=New York |publisher=[[Paulist Press]] |isbn=978-0-8091-2555-5 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Additionally some who sympathized with Hecker in France were accused of [[Isaac Hecker#Hecker and Americanism|Americanism]].
=====Nuns and sisters=====
{{main|Catholic sisters and nuns in the United States}}
[[File:GibbonsPhotoStanding.jpg|thumb|[[James Gibbons]] (1834–1921), cardinal [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|archbishop of Baltimore]], a widely respected American Catholics leader]]
[[Nun]]s and [[Religious sister (Catholic)|sisters]] played a major role in American religion, education, nursing and social work since the early 19th century. In Catholic Europe, convents were heavily endowed over the centuries, and were sponsored by the aristocracy. But there were very few rich American Catholics, and no aristocrats. Religious orders were founded by entrepreneurial women who saw a need and an opportunity, and were staffed by devout women from poor families. The numbers grew rapidly, from 900 sisters in 15 communities in 1840, 50,000 in 170 congregations in 1900, and 135,000 in 300 different congregations by 1930. Starting in 1820, the sisters always outnumbered the priests and brothers.<ref>James M. O'Toole, ''The Faithful: A History of Catholics in America'' (2008) p 104</ref> Their numbers peaked in 1965 at 180,000 then plunged to 56,000 in 2010. Many women left their orders, and few new members were added.<ref>Margaret M. McGuinness, ''Called to Serve'' (2013), ch 8</ref>
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===20th–21st centuries===
{{Main|20th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States}}
[[File:Bishop Fulton J. Sheen 1956.JPG|thumb|Bishop [[Fulton J. Sheen]]
In the era of intense emigration from the 1840s to 1914, bishops often set up separate parishes for major ethnic groups, from Ireland, Germany, Poland, French Canada and Italy. In Iowa, the development of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque|Archdiocese of Dubuque]], the work of [[Mathias Loras|Bishop Loras]] and the building of [[St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)|St. Raphael's Cathedral]], to meet the needs of Germans and Irish, is illustrative. Noteworthy, too, was the contribution of 400 Italian Jesuit expatriates who, between 1848 and 1919, planted dozens of institutions to serve the diverse population out West. By century's end, they had founded colleges (later to become universities) in San Francisco, Santa Clara, Denver, Seattle and Spokane to meet the cultural and religious needs of people of that region. They also ministered to miners in Colorado, to Native Peoples in several states, and to Hispanics in New Mexico, "building churches [in the latter state], publishing books and newspapers, and running schools in both the public and private sectors."<ref>Gerard McKevitt, ''Brokers of Culture: Italian Jesuits in the American West, 1846–1919'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), 1–11, 208–233.</ref>
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==Organization==
[[File:US Roman Catholic dioceses map.png|thumb|Provinces and dioceses of the Catholic Church in the U.S. Each color represents one of the 32 Latin Church provinces.]]▼
[[File:Gerald Farinas Holy Name Cathedral from Street.jpg|thumb|[[Holy Name Cathedral (Chicago)|Holy Name Cathedral]] in [[Chicago]], the mother church of one of the largest [[List of Catholic dioceses in the United States|Catholic dioceses]] in the United States]]▼
[[File:Cathedral of Our Lady of Angels, Los Angeles.JPG|thumb|The [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]], the head church of the [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles]] and second-largest Catholic church in the United States<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opendata.socrata.com/dataset/World-s-Largest-Cathedrals/sfaz-u3mt |title=World's Largest Cathedrals – Socrata |website=opendata.socrata.com|access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512110147/https://opendata.socrata.com/dataset/World-s-Largest-Cathedrals/sfaz-u3mt|archive-date=May 12, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]▼
{{See also|List of Catholic dioceses in the United States}}
▲[[File:US Roman Catholic dioceses map.png|thumb|Provinces and dioceses of the Catholic Church in the U.S.
▲[[File:Gerald Farinas Holy Name Cathedral from Street.jpg|thumb|[[Holy Name Cathedral (Chicago)|Holy Name Cathedral]] in [[Chicago]], the mother church of one of the largest [[List of Catholic dioceses in the United States|Catholic dioceses]] in the United States]]
▲[[File:Cathedral of Our Lady of Angels, Los Angeles.JPG|thumb|
[[File:Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral (Raleigh, North Carolina)|Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral]] in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], the fifth- largest [[cathedral]] in the United States<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbs17.com/news/local-news/raleighs-holy-name-of-jesus-cathedral-to-hold-first-mass-wednesday_20180307104522242/1016925839 |title=Raleigh's Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral holds first mass |last=Zarcone |first=Patrick |date=July 26, 2017 |website=WNCN |language=en-US |access-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411130744/https://www.cbs17.com/news/local-news/raleighs-holy-name-of-jesus-cathedral-to-hold-first-mass-wednesday_20180307104522242/1016925839 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
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The [[Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter]] was established January 1, 2012, to serve former Anglican groups and clergy in the United States who sought to become Catholic. Similar to a diocese though national in scope, the ordinariate is based in [[Houston]], Texas, and includes parishes and communities across the United States that are fully Catholic, while retaining elements of their Anglican heritage and traditions.
{{As of|
The central leadership body of the Catholic Church in the United States is the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]], made up of the hierarchy of [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]] (including [[archbishop]]s) of the United States and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]], although each bishop is independent in his own [[diocese]], answerable only to the [[Holy See]]. The USCCB elects a president to serve as their administrative head, but he is in no way the "head" of the church or of Catholics in the United States. In addition to the 195 dioceses and one [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Exarchate in the United States|exarchate]]<ref name=exarchate>On July 14, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI erected the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Exarchate in the United States]].</ref> represented in the USCCB, there are several dioceses in the nation's other four overseas dependencies. In the Commonwealth of [[Puerto Rico]], the bishops in the six dioceses (one [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] [[archdiocese]] and five suffragan dioceses) form their own [[episcopal conference]], the [[Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference]] (''Conferencia Episcopal Puertorriqueña'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Church in Puerto Rico |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/pr.html |last=Cheney |first=David M. |access-date=July 27, 2009 |archive-date=June 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606034539/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/pr.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The bishops in US [[insular area]]s in the [[Pacific Ocean]]—the Commonwealth of the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], the Territory of [[American Samoa]], and the Territory of [[Guam]]—are members of the [[Episcopal conference#Episcopal Conferences|Episcopal Conference of the Pacific]].
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<!--Please don't insert examples here. There is no point in listing every Catholic university in the United States here, as the complete list is at the cross-referenced "main" link below the header for this section.-->
According to the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities in 2011, there are approximately 230 Catholic universities and colleges in the United States with nearly 1 million students and some 65,000 professors.<ref>Jerry Filteau, "Higher education leaders commit to strengthening Catholic identity," NATIONAL CATHOLIC REPORTER, Vol 47, No. 9, February 18, 2011, 1</ref> In 2016, the number of tertiary schools fell to 227, while the number of students also fell to 798,006.<ref name="renodioc1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.renodiocese.org/documents/2016/9/2016%202017%20directory.pdf |title=Diocese of Reno, 2016–2017 Directory |page=72 |quote='Colleges and Universities [...] 217' and 'Total Students [...] 798,006' |access-date=March 17, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085655/https://renodiocese.org/documents/2016/9/2016%202017%20directory.pdf |archive-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref> The national university of the church, founded by the nation's bishops in 1887, is The [[Catholic University of America]] in Washington, D.C. The first Catholic college/university of higher learning established in the United States is [[Georgetown University]], founded in 1789.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/about/history |title=Georgetown University: History |website=Georgetown University |access-date=June 30, 2015 |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620204934/https://www.georgetown.edu/about/history |url-status=live}}</ref> The richest U.S. Catholic university is the [[University of Notre Dame]] (founded in 1842) with an endowment of over 20 billion in 2022.<ref>Christine Williamson, "Notre Dame's endowment skyrockets," ''Crain's Chicago Business'', Jan, 26, 2022</ref><!--Please don't insert examples here. There is no point in listing every Catholic university in the United States here, as the complete list is at the cross-referenced "main" link below the header for this section.--> In the
===Seminaries===
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===Catholic Charities===
{{
[[Catholic Charities]] is active as the largest voluntary social service networks in the United States. In 2009, it welcomed in [[New Jersey]] the 50,000th refugee to come to the United States from [[Myanmar|Burma]]. Likewise, the US Bishops' Migration and Refugee Services has resettled 14,846 refugees from Burma since 2006.<ref>"50,000th refugee settled," ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]'' July 24, 2009, 3.</ref> In 2010 Catholic Charities USA was one of only four charities among the top 400 charitable organizations to witness an increase in donations in 2009, according to a survey conducted by ''The Chronicle of Philanthropy.''<ref>Michael Sean Winters, "Catholic giving bucks national trend," The Tablet, October 23, 2010, 32.</ref>▼
▲[[Catholic Charities]] is active as the largest voluntary social service networks in the United States. In 2009, it welcomed in New Jersey the 50,000th refugee to come to the United States from [[Myanmar|Burma]]. Likewise, the US Bishops' Migration and Refugee Services has resettled 14,846 refugees from Burma since 2006.<ref>"50,000th refugee settled," ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]'' July 24, 2009, 3.</ref> In 2010 Catholic Charities USA was one of only four charities among the top 400 charitable organizations to witness an increase in donations in 2009, according to a survey conducted by ''The Chronicle of Philanthropy.''<ref>Michael Sean Winters, "Catholic giving bucks national trend," The Tablet, October 23, 2010, 32.</ref>
==Demographics==
[[File:Plurality Religious Denomination by U.S. State.svg|thumb|A map showing plurality religious denominations by state as of 2014, according to the [[Pew Research Center]]. [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] made up a plurality of the population in four of the nation's 50 states: [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Rhode Island]].
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
'''Protestant'''
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According to a more recent Pew Forum report which examined American religiosity in 2014 and compared it to 2007,<ref name=pew>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |publisher=Pew Research |date=May 12, 2015 |access-date=May 15, 2015 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410223438/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |url-status=live}}</ref> there were 50.9 million adult Catholics {{as of|2014|lc=y}} (excluding children under 18), forming about 20.8% of the U.S. population, down from 54.3 million and 23.9% in 2007. Pew also found that the Catholic population is aging, forming a higher percentage of the elderly population than the young, and retention rates are also worse among the young. About 41% of those "young" raised Catholic have left the faith (as opposed to 32% overall), about half of these to the unaffiliated population and the rest to evangelical, other Protestant faith communities, and non-Christian faith. Conversions to Catholicism are rare, with 89% of current Catholics being raised in the religion; 8% of current Catholics are ex-Protestants,<ref>"Statistics on Religion in America Report," Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 3/17/12</ref> 2% were raised unaffiliated, and 1% in other religions (Orthodox Christian, Mormon or other nontrinitarian, Buddhist, Muslim, etc.), with Jews and Hindus least likely to become Catholic of all the religious groups surveyed. Overall, Catholicism has by far the worst net conversion balance of any major religious group, with a high conversion rate out of the faith and a low rate into it; by contrast, most other religions have in- and out-conversion rates that roughly balance, whether high or low. This is credited to the more liberal stance of the church since [[Vatican II]], where conversion to Catholicism is no longer encouraged, and the de-emphasizing of basic Catholic religious beliefs in Catholic education. Still, according to the 2015 Pew Research Center, "the Catholic share of the population has been relatively stable over the long term, according to a variety of other surveys.<ref>"America's Changing Religious Landscape," Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015.</ref> By race, 59% of Catholics are non-Hispanic white, 34% Hispanic, 3% black, 3% Asian, and 2% mixed or Native American. Conversely, 19% of non-Hispanic whites were Catholic in 2014 (down from 22% in 2007), whereas 55% of Hispanics were (versus 58% in 2007). In 2015, Hispanics were 38%, while blacks and Asians were at 3% each.<ref name=manilatimes_afp>{{Cite news |title=Immigration boosting US Catholic numbers |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/immigration-boosting-us-catholic-numbers/220344/ |work=[[The Manila Times]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=January 20, 2016 |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129210848/http://www.manilatimes.net/immigration-boosting-us-catholic-numbers/220344/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"Religion in Latin American [and among the US Hispanic population]" Pew Research Center, Nov. 13, 2014.</ref> Because conversion away from Catholicism as well as dropping out of religion completely is presently occurring much more quickly among Hispanics than among Euro-American whites, Black (2.9% of US Catholic population)<ref>"'Act Justly, love goodness': Black Catholics in America," AMERICAMAGAZINE.ORG</ref> and Asian-American Catholics, it is doubtful they will outnumber the latter three categories of Catholics in the foreseeable future. Pew Research Center predicts that by 2050 (when the Hispanic population will be 128 million),<ref>pewresearch.org>hispanic>2008/02/11> us-population-projection</ref> only 40% of "third generation Latinos" will be Catholic, with 22% becoming Protestant, 24% becoming unaffiliated, and the remainder, other.<ref>Elizabeth Diaz, "The Rise of Evangelicos," TIME, July 4, 2013. 24.</ref> This corresponds to a sharp decline in the Catholic percentage among self-identified Democrats, who are more likely to be nonwhite than Republicans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/11/03/u-s-public-becoming-less-religious/ |title=U.S. Public Becoming Less Religious | Pew Research Center |date=2015-11-03 |access-date=May 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130142/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/11/03/u-s-public-becoming-less-religious/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In one study, three authors found that around 10% of US Catholics are "Secularists," "meaning that their religious identification is purely nominal."<ref>Kenneth Woodward, "Beyond the Gummed Labels," ''Commonweal'', June 2021, 49–50. Woodward reviews the book, ''Secular Surge'', by David E, Campell, Geoffey C. Layman, and John C. Green (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021)</ref>
===By state (2017)===
[[File:Comber Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Little Flower (Coral Gables, Florida)|Church of the Little Flower]] in [[Coral Gables, Florida]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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Catholicism has had a significant political impact on the United States, and the religion has historically been associated with [[left-wing politics]] and the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Since the 1970s, Catholics are often being regarded as [[swing vote]]rs.<ref name="Kinder2012"/>
The 1840s saw Catholics began to identify with the Democrats against the [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]]-influenced [[
== Criticism by Pope Francis ==
In 2023 Pope Francis criticized the Catholic Church in the United States as reactionary, saying that ideology had replaced faith in some parts of it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Francis calls US Catholic Church 'reactionary' – DW – 08/28/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pope-francis-calls-us-catholic-church-reactionary/a-66647198 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope says there is a 'strong reactionary' element in U.S. Catholic Church {{!}} USCCB |url=https://www.usccb.org/news/2023/pope-says-there-strong-reactionary-element-us-catholic-church |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.usccb.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Pope Francis blasts "backwards" U.S. conservatives, "reactionary attitude" in U.S. church - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-criticizes-us-conservatives-church/ |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In November 2023 the Pope removed a conservative Texas bishop, [[Joseph Strickland|Joseph E. Strickland]] of Tyler, Texas
==Some notable American Catholics==
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* [[National Shrine of The Divine Mercy (Stockbridge, Massachusetts)]]
* [[National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa]] (Doylestown, Pennsylvania)
* [[National Shrine Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes]] (Emmitsburg, Maryland)
* [[Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe]] (La Crosse, Wisconsin)
* [[National Shrine of St. Francis of Assisi]] (San Francisco, California)
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===Surveys===
* {{Cite book |last1=Carey |first1=Patrick W. |title=Catholics in America: A history |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-275-98255-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/catholicsinameri0000care_i0l2 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBIoAH4ko3kC&dq=catholics&pg=PP15 online]; emphasis on biographies
* D'Antonio, William V. ''American Catholics today: New realities of their faith and their church'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
* Dolan, Jay P. ''In Search of an American Catholicism: A History of Religion and Culture in Tension'' (2003)
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