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{{Short description|President of the United States from 1945 to 1953}}
{{Redirect|Harry Truman|other uses|Harry Truman (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
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| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= Radio report to the American people on the Potsdam Conference (excerpt).ogg|title=Harry S. Truman's voice|type=speech|description=Excerpt from a radio broadcast regarding the [[Potsdam Conference]]<br />Recorded November 1948}}
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<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not remove the period (".") after Truman's middle initial without reading the entire article and discussing the change on the Talk page first. The consensus is currently uncertain. Thank you. -->
'''Harry S. Truman'''{{efn|name=initialS|Truman was given the initial ''S'' as a middle name. There is disagreement over whether the period after the S should be included or omitted, or if both forms are equally valid. Truman's own archived correspondence shows that he regularly used the period when writing his name.<ref name=LibraryPeriod>{{cite web | publisher = Harry S. Truman Library & Museum | title = Use of the Period After the 'S' in Harry S. Truman's Name | url = https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/trivia/use-of-period-after-s-truman-name | access-date = April 13, 2021}}</ref>}} (May 8, 1884{{spaced ndash}}December 26, 1972) was the 33rd [[president of the United States]], serving from 1945 to 1953. A member of the [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he previously served as a [[United States senator]] from [[Missouri]] from 1935 to 1945 and briefly as the 34th [[vice president of the United States|vice president]] in 1945 under [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Assuming the presidency after Roosevelt's death, Truman implemented the [[Marshall Plan]] in the wake of [[World War II]] to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the [[Truman Doctrine]] and [[NATO]] to contain the expansion of [[Soviet communism]]. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the [[conservative coalition]] that dominated the [[United States Congress|Congress]].
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Truman presided over the onset of the [[Cold War]] in 1947. He oversaw the [[Berlin Airlift]] and Marshall Plan in 1948. With the involvement of the US in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–1953, [[South Korea]] repelled the invasion by [[North Korea]]. Domestically, the postwar economic challenges such as strikes and inflation created a mixed reaction over the effectiveness of his administration. In 1948, he proposed Congress pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. Congress refused, so Truman issued Executive Order 9980 and [[Executive Order 9981]], which prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and desegregated the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Armed Forces]].
Investigations revealed [[Corruption in the United States|corruption]] in parts of the Truman administration, and this became a major campaign issue in the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 presidential election]], although they did not implicate Truman himself. He was eligible for reelection in 1952 but, with poor polling, he chose not to run. Truman went into a retirement marked by the founding of [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum|his presidential library]] and the publication of his memoirs. It was long thought that his retirement years were financially difficult for Truman, resulting in Congress establishing a pension for former presidents, but evidence eventually emerged that he amassed considerable wealth, some of it while still president. When he left office, Truman's administration was heavily criticized. Despite this controversy,
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John Truman was a farmer and livestock dealer. The family lived in Lamar until Harry was ten months old, when they moved to a farm near [[Harrisonville, Missouri]]. They next moved to [[Belton, Missouri|Belton]] and in 1887 to his grandparents' {{convert|600|acre|ha|adj=on}} farm in [[Grandview, Missouri|Grandview]].{{sfn|Truman Library, Birth|2012}} When Truman was six, his parents moved to [[Independence, Missouri]], so he could attend the [[Presbyterian]] Church Sunday School. He did not attend a conventional school until he was eight years old.{{sfn|McCullough|1992|pp=37, 77, 1112}} While living in Independence, he served as a [[Shabbos goy]] for Jewish neighbors, doing tasks for them on [[Shabbat]] that their religion prevented them from doing on that day.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Devine, Michael J.|title=Harry S. Truman, the State of Israel, and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East|date=2009|publisher=Truman State Univ Press|isbn=978-1-935503-80-4|page=93}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Schultz, Joseph P.|title=Mid-America's Promise: A Profile of Kansas City Jewry|date=1982|publisher=Jewish Community Foundation of Greater Kansas City|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=San Francisco Jewish Bulletin, Volume 129|publisher=Jewish Community Publications|year=1979|page=v}}</ref>
Truman was interested in music, reading, history, and
After graduating from [[William Chrisman High School|Independence High School]] in 1901,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/student-resources/places/independence/columbian-school-ott-school-and-independence-hs|title=Columbian School, Ott School & Independence High School|website=trumanlibrary.gov|author=Anon|year=2021|publisher=[[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]]|quote= "Readers of good books are preparing themselves for leadership. Not all readers become leaders. But all leaders must be readers." (Post Presidential Papers, Desk File.)}}</ref> Truman took classes at Spalding's Commercial College, a Kansas City business school. He studied bookkeeping, shorthand, and typing but stopped after a year.{{sfn|Ferrell|1994|pp=25–26}}
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Truman was employed briefly in the mailroom of ''[[The Kansas City Star]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/student-resources/places/kansas-city/kansas-city-star-building |title=Harry S. Truman: Kansas City Star Building |website=Harry S. Truman Library |location=Independence, MO |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref> before making use of his business college experience to obtain a job as a timekeeper for construction crews on the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway]], which required him to sleep in workmen's camps along the rail lines.{{sfn |Truman Library, Job|2012}} Truman and his brother Vivian later worked as clerks at the [[National Bank of Commerce (Kansas City)|National Bank of Commerce]] in Kansas City.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/personal-papers/commerce-bancshares-inc-records |title=Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Records: Dates: 1903–1999 |year=2002 |website=Harry S. Truman Library |location=Independence, MO |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref>
In 1906, Truman returned to the Grandview farm, where he lived until entering the army in 1917.{{sfn | McCullough |1992|pp=67, 99}} During this period, he courted [[Bess Truman|Bess Wallace]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Geselbracht |first=Raymond H. |date=Winter 2007 |title=The First Proposal Or, What a Future President of the United States Did When He Was Rejected by the Woman He Loved |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/winter/proposal.html |magazine=Prologue Magazine |location=College Park, MD |publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration |ref={{sfnRef|Geselbracht}}}}</ref> He proposed in 1911, but she turned him down.{{sfn|Geselbracht}} Believing Wallace turned him down because he did not have much money, Truman later said he intended to propose again, but he wanted to have a better income than that earned by a farmer.{{sfn| McCullough | 1992 |pp= 78–79}}
Truman is the only president since [[William McKinley]] (elected in 1896) who did not earn a college degree.<ref>{{cite book |last=Danilov |first=Victor J. |date=2013 |title=Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWsrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=268 |isbn=978-0-8108-9185-2}}</ref> In addition to having briefly attended business college, from 1923 to 1925 he took night courses toward an [[bachelor of laws|LL.B.]] at the Kansas City Law School (now the [[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]) but dropped out after losing reelection as county judge.{{sfn | Hamby |1995|pp=17–18, 135}} He was informed by attorneys in the Kansas City area that his education and experience were probably sufficient to receive a license to practice law but did not pursue it because he won election as presiding judge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Richard Lawrence |date=1986 |title=Truman: The Rise to Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tF0aAQAAIAAJ&q=%22professional+courtesy%22 |location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=206 |isbn=978-0-07-042185-1}}</ref>
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[[File:Officers, 129th Field Artillery, at regimental headquarters at Château du Chesnay near Courcemont, France, March 1919. Cap - NARA - 530949.tif|thumb|left|Officers of the 129th Field Artillery, at regimental headquarters at Chateau le Chanay near Courcemont, France, March 1919. Captain Harry S. Truman is pictured in the second row, third from the right.]]
Truman was honorably discharged from the Army as a [[Captain (United States)|captain]] on May 6, 1919.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sobel |first=Robert |date=1990 |title=Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch, 1774–1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire00sobe |url-access=registration |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire00sobe/page/358 358] |isbn=978-0-313-26593-8}}</ref> In 1920, he was appointed a [[Major (United States)|major]] in the [[Officers Reserve Corps]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/united-states-army-officers-reserve-corps-commission-harry-s-truman |title=United States Army Officers' Reserve Corps Commission for Harry S. Truman, March 20, 1920 |website=From Soldier to Senator: Harry S. Truman, 1918–1941 |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library and Museum |location=Independence, MO |access-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref> He became a [[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] in 1925 and a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] in 1932.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pullen |first=Randy |year=1999 |title=Twice the Citizen—And Then Some |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQIuAAAAYAAJ&q=%22harry+s.+truman%22 |journal=Army Reserve Magazine |location=Washington DC |publisher=U.S. Army Reserve |page=12 }}</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s he commanded 1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery Regiment, [[102nd Infantry Division (United States)|102nd Infantry Division]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Clay |first=Steven E. |date=2010 |title=US Army Order of Battle, 1919–1941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDnlMWhH9lgC&q=%22harry+s.+truman%22 |location=Ft. Leavenworth, KS |publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press |page=878|isbn=9780984190140 }}</ref> After promotion to colonel, Truman advanced to command of the
After his election to the U.S. Senate, Truman was transferred to the General Assignments Group, a holding unit for less active officers, although he had not been consulted in advance.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Army History: Truman, you're too old''</ref> Truman protested his reassignment, which led to his resumption of regimental command.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> He remained an active reservist until the early 1940s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddox |first=Robert James |date=2007 |title=Hiroshima in History: The Myths of Revisionism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2Zv3VD6ptQC&pg=PA77 |location=Columbia, MO |publisher=University of Missouri Press |page=77 |isbn=978-0-8262-1732-5}}</ref> Truman volunteered for active military service during [[World War II]], but was not accepted, partly because of age, and partly because President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] desired senators and congressmen who belonged to the military reserves to support the war effort by remaining in Congress, or by ending their active duty service and resuming their congressional seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hst-bio.htm |title=Biographical Sketch: Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States |website=Trumanlibrary.org |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library and Museum |access-date=May 27, 2016}}</ref> He was an inactive reservist from the early 1940s until retiring as a colonel in the then redesignated [[U.S. Army Reserve]] on January 20, 1953.<ref>Pullen, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQIuAAAAYAAJ&q=%22harry+s.+truman%22 Twice the Citizen]''</ref>
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In late 1940, Truman traveled to various military bases. The waste and profiteering he saw led him to use his chairmanship of the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services#Committee on Military Affairs, 1816–1947|Committee on Military Affairs]] Subcommittee on War Mobilization to start investigations into abuses while the nation prepared for war. A new special committee was set up under Truman to conduct a formal investigation; the White House supported this plan rather than weather a more hostile probe by the House of Representatives. The main mission of the committee was to expose and fight waste and corruption in the gigantic government wartime contracts.
Truman's initiative convinced Senate leaders of the necessity for the committee, which reflected his demands for honest and efficient administration and his distrust of big business and Wall Street. Truman managed the committee "with extraordinary skill" and usually achieved consensus, generating heavy media publicity that gave him a national reputation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael James Lacey|title=The Truman Presidency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfkuktI-JewC&pg=PA35|year=1991|pages=35–36|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521407731}}</ref>{{sfn|Dallek|2008|pp=12–14}} Activities of the Truman Committee ranged from criticizing the "[[dollar-a-year men]]" hired by the government, many of whom proved ineffective, to investigating a shoddily built New Jersey housing project for war workers.<ref>{{Citation | last = Herman | first = Arthur | title = Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II | pages = [https://archive.org/details/freedomsforgehow00herm/page/103 103, 118, 194, 198–199, 235–236, 275, 281, 303, 312] | publisher = Random House | place = New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-4000-6964-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/freedomsforgehow00herm/page/103 }}.</ref>{{sfn |''Life''|November 30, 1942}} In March 1944, Truman attempted to probe the expensive [[Manhattan Project]] but was persuaded by Secretary of War [[Henry L. Stimson]] to discontinue with the investigation.{{r|n=zuberi2001|r={{cite journal |last1=Zuberi |first1=Matin |title=Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |journal=Strategic Analysis |date=August 2001 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=623–662 |doi=10.1080/09700160108458986|s2cid=154800868 | issn = 0970-0161 }}|p=634}}
The committee reportedly saved as much as $15 billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|15|1940|r=-1}} billion in {{Inflation-year|US}}),{{sfn|McCullough|1992|pp=337–338|ps=: "Later estimates were that the Truman Committee saved the country as much as $15 billion."}}{{sfn | McDonald |1984|ps=: "This committee saved billions in taxpayers' money by helping eliminate waste and fraud."}}{{sfn|Daniels|1998|p=228|ps=: [[Jonathan W. Daniels]] quotes journalist [[Marquis Childs]] who wrote in November 1942 that the Truman Committee had "saved billions—yes, billions—of dollars."}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2009|p=301|ps=: "Over seven years (1941–1948) the committee heard from 1,798 witnesses during 432 public hearings. It published nearly two thousand pages of documents and saved perhaps $15 billion and thousands of lives by exposing faulty airplane and munitions production."}} and its activities put Truman on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.{{sfn | ''Time'' |2012}} According to the Senate's historical minutes, in leading the committee, "Truman erased his earlier public image as an errand-runner for Kansas City politicos", and "no senator ever gained greater political benefits from chairing a special investigating committee than did Missouri's Harry S. Truman."{{sfn |Senate Truman Committee|2012}}
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In one of his first acts as vice president, Truman created some controversy when he attended the disgraced Pendergast's funeral. He brushed aside the criticism, saying simply, "He was always my friend and I have always been his."{{sfn|Oshinsky|2004|pp=365–380}} He had rarely discussed world affairs or domestic politics with Roosevelt; he was uninformed about major initiatives relating to the war and the top-secret [[Manhattan Project]], which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb.{{sfn|U.S. History|2012}} In an event that generated negative publicity for Truman, he was photographed with actress [[Lauren Bacall]] sitting atop the piano at the [[National Press Club (United States)|National Press Club]] as he played for soldiers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schwab|first=Nick|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2014/08/13/lauren-bacall-and-harry-trumans-piano-moment-led-to-bigger-things|title=Lauren Bacall and Harry Truman's Piano Moment Led to Bigger Things|work=US News|date=August 13, 2014|access-date=December 17, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Photograph of Harry S. Truman taking the oath of office as President of the United States in the Cabinet Room of the... - NARA - 199062.jpg|thumb|Vice President Truman was sworn in as [[President of the United States|president]] in [[Cabinet Room (White House)|Cabinet Room]] at the White House few hours following Roosevelt's death]]
Truman had been vice president for 82 days when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945.{{sfn|U.S. History|2012}} Truman, presiding over the Senate, as usual, had just adjourned the session for the day and was preparing to have a drink in [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Sam Rayburn]]'s [[Hideaway (U.S. Senate)|office]] when he received an urgent message to go immediately to the White House, where [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] told him that her husband had died after a massive [[cerebral hemorrhage]]. Truman asked her if there was anything he could do for her; she replied, "Is there anything we can do for {{em|you}}? For you are the one in trouble now!"{{sfn|Truman Library|2012h}}{{sfn|McCullough|1992|p=425}}{{sfn|Goodwin|1994|p=478}} He was [[First inauguration of Harry S. Truman|sworn in as president]] at 7:09 p.m. in the West Wing of the White House, by Chief Justice [[Harlan F. Stone]].<ref>Paul Ham, ''Hiroshima Nagasaki'', p. 68</ref>
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==== Approval rating falls; Republicans win Congress in 1946====
The president's approval rating dropped from 82 percent in the polls in January 1946 to 52 percent by June.{{sfn|McCoy|1984|pp=64–65}} This dissatisfaction led to large Democratic losses in the [[1946 United States elections|1946 midterm elections]], and Republicans took control of Congress for the first time since 1930. When Truman dropped to 32 percent in the polls, Democratic Arkansas Senator [[William Fulbright]] suggested that Truman resign; the president said he did not care what Senator "Halfbright" said.{{sfn|Dallek|2008|pp=48–50}}{{sfn|McCoy|1984|p=91}}
Truman cooperated closely with the Republican leaders on foreign policy but fought them bitterly on domestic issues. The power of the labor unions was significantly curtailed by the [[Taft–Hartley Act]] which was enacted [[veto override|over Truman's veto]]. Truman twice vetoed bills to lower income tax rates in 1947. Although the initial vetoes were sustained, Congress overrode his veto of a tax cut bill in 1948. In one notable instance of bipartisanship, Congress passed the [[Presidential Succession Act of 1947]], which replaced the secretary of state with the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate as successor to the president after the vice president.{{sfn|McCoy|1984|pp=96–102}}
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Charges that Soviet agents had infiltrated the government were believed by 78 percent of the people in 1946 and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower in 1952.{{sfn|Troy|2008|p=128}} Truman was reluctant to take a more radical stance, because he felt it could threaten civil liberties and add to a potential hysteria. At the same time, he felt political pressure to indicate a strong national security.{{sfn|McCoy|1984|pp=217}} It is unclear to what extent President Truman was briefed of the [[Venona project|Venona intercepts]], which discovered widespread evidence of Soviet espionage on the atom bomb project and afterward.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Did Truman Know about Venona?|url=https://fas.org/irp/eprint/truman-venona.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=fas.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Moynihan|first=Daniel Patrick|url=https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn|title=Secrecy: The American Experience|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-300-08079-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/secrecyamericane00moyn/page/70 70]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Truman continued his own loyalty program for some time while believing the issue of communist espionage was overstated.<ref name=":0" /> In 1949, Truman described American communist leaders, whom his administration [[Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders|was prosecuting]], as "traitors".{{sfn|McCoy|1984|pp=217}} Truman would later state in private conversations with friends that his creation of a loyalty program had been a "terrible" mistake.{{sfn|McCullough| 1992 |p= 553}}
In 1950, Truman vetoed the [[McCarran Internal Security Act]], which was passed by Congress just after the start of the Korean War and was aimed at controlling communists in America.{{sfn |McCoy|1984| pp =216–217, 234–235}} Truman called the Act, "the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press, and assembly since the [[Alien and Sedition Acts|Alien and Sedition Laws]] of 1798," a "mockery of the Bill of Rights" and a "long step toward totalitarianism".<ref name=trumanveto>{{cite web |url-status=dead |first1=Harry S. |last1=Truman
==== Blair House and assassination attempt ====
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===Politics===
[[File:Photograph of President John F. Kennedy, on his first full day in office, greeting former President Harry S. Truman... - NARA - 200436.jpg|thumb|Former President Truman greeting with President John F. Kennedy during his visit at the White House in Washington D.C.]]
[[File:Photograph of Harry S. Truman and JFK in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Former President Truman sits with President [[John F. Kennedy]] in the Oval Office at White House]]
Truman supported Adlai Stevenson's second bid for the White House in 1956, although he had initially favored Democratic governor [[W. Averell Harriman]] of New York.{{sfn|Ohio State|2012}} He continued to campaign for Democratic senatorial candidates for many years.{{sfn|Truman Library|1965}}
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[[File:TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg|thumb|Wreath by Truman's casket, December 27, 1972]]
[[File:Harry S. and Bess Truman graves July 2007.jpg|thumb|Graves of Harry S. Truman and Bess Truman in Independence, Missouri.]]
On December 5, 1972, Truman was admitted to Kansas City's [[Research Medical Center|Research Hospital and Medical Center]] with [[pneumonia]]. He developed [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome|multiple organ failure]], fell into a coma, and died at 7:50 a.m. on December 26, at the age of 88.<ref name="CBSRadioNews1972">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ej-jLWxg-4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/4Ej-jLWxg-4| archive-date=November 14, 2021 | url-status=live|title=6:00 p.m.|work=CBS Radio News|publisher=CBS|access-date=December 27, 2017|date=December 25, 1972|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{sfn|Truman Library|2012i}}
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A [[statue of Harry S. Truman]] was installed in the U.S. Capitol, in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 2022, as part of the [[National Statuary Hall Collection]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueroa |first=Ariana |date=September 29, 2022 |title=Statue of Missouri's Harry S. Truman dedicated at the U.S. Capitol |url=https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2022/09/29/statue-of-missouris-harry-s-truman-dedicated-at-the-u-s-capitol/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=[[Nebraska Examiner]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930201257/https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2022/09/29/statue-of-missouris-harry-s-truman-dedicated-at-the-u-s-capitol/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
On the 70th anniversary of the Korean War armistice in 2023, South Korea erected a statue of Truman in Dabu-dong, [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]] to commemorate
Other sites associated with Truman include:
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== See also ==
* [[Electoral history of Harry S. Truman]]
* [[Harry Truman (song)|"Harry Truman"]], a 1975 hit song by the band [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]]
* [[Truman National Security Project]]▼
* [[Truman Day]]▼
* [[List of members of the American Legion]]
* [[List of presidents of the United States]]
* [[
▲* [[Truman Day]]
▲* [[Truman National Security Project]]
== Notes ==
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[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:American anti-fascists]]
[[Category:American Christian Zionists]]▼
[[Category:American Freemasons]]
[[Category:American people of the Korean War]]
▲[[Category:American Zionists]]
[[Category:Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway people]]
[[Category:Burials in Missouri]]
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[[Category:Masonic Grand Masters]]
[[Category:Members of Sons of Confederate Veterans]]
[[Category:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution]]▼
[[Category:Members of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks]]
[[Category:Missouri Democrats]]
[[Category:Missouri National Guard personnel]]▼
[[Category:National Guard (United States) officers]]
[[Category:Pendergast era]]
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[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Solomon Bublick Award recipients]]
▲[[Category:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Time Person of the Year]]
[[Category:Truman family]]
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[[Category:William Chrisman High School alumni]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
▲[[Category:Missouri National Guard personnel]]
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