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{{Short description|Official script of the Serbian language}}
{{redirect|Serbian alphabet|the Serbian Latin alphabet|Gaj's Latin alphabet}}
</noinclude>{{Infobox writing system
| name = Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
| native_name = {{lang|sr|Српска ћирилица азбука<br>Srpska ćirilica azbuka|italic=no}}
| type = [[
| languages = [[Serbian
| time = 9th century – present
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]<ref>Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.</ref>
| fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam3 = [[Greek alphabet]] (partly [[Glagolitic alphabet]])
| fam4 = [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]]
| unicode = subset of [[Unicode Cyrillic|Cyrillic (U+0400...U+04FF)]]
| official script = [[Serbia]]
| iso15924 = Cyrl
|
| sample = Serbian Cyrilic alphabet Common.svg
| imagesize =
| caption = Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
}}
{{Contains special characters}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
The '''Serbian Cyrillic alphabet''' ({{lang-sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Српска ћирилица}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|Srpska ćirilica}}}}, {{IPA-sh|sr̩̂pskaː tɕirǐlitsa|pron}}) is a variation of the [[Cyrillic script]] used to write the [[Serbian language]],
Karadžić based his alphabet on the previous [[Slavonic-Serbian]] script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing [[
Karadžić's Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the [[Principality of Serbia]] in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the [[interwar period]]. Both alphabets were official in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] and later in the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]] since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In [[Serbia]], Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the [[Constitution of Serbia|constitution]] as the "[[official script]]", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Montenegro]], along with [[Gaj's Latin|Gaj's Latin alphabet]].
==Official use==
Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]], and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name="Alexander2006">{{cite book|author=Ronelle Alexander|title=Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Grammar: With Sociolinguistic Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HTdZ5rxJ-cC|date=15 August 2006|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-21193-6|pages=1–2}}</ref> Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",<ref name="Alexander2006"/> the Latin script is almost always used in the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]],<ref name="Alexander2006"/> whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in [[Republika Srpska]].<ref name="Alexander2006"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Tomasz Kamusella|title=The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzEqAQAAIAAJ|date=15 January 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-55070-4|quote=In addition, today, neither Bosniaks nor Croats, but only Serbs use Cyrillic in Bosnia.}}</ref> The [[Serbian language in Croatia]] is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked [[Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia|protests and vandalism]].
Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA414|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|pages=414–}}</ref> In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/planeta.300.html:558012-%D0%8B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5-%D1%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5|title=Ćeranje ćirilice iz Crne Gore|website=www.novosti.rs}}</ref> even though, according to a 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]] whereas 36% write in Cyrillic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/kultura/vesti.php?nav_category=1087&yyyy=2014&mm=12&dd=16&nav_id=936784|title=Ivan Klajn: Ćirilica će postati arhaično pismo|website=B92.net|date=16 December 2014 }}</ref>
==Modern alphabet==
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== Early history ==
{{see also|History of Serbia}}
[[File:Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Serbian Alphabet Serbian Language Serbian Literatue Saint Cyril and Metodius Illyrian joint.jpg|thumb|right|Description of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by [[Vatican Library|Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana]], attributed the script to [[Cyril and Methodius|Saint Cyril and Methodius]], 14th century]]
[[File:AlphabetiSerborum 1841.jpg|thumb|350px|right|'''Serbian Cyrillic''', from ''Comparative orthography of European languages''. Source: [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] "Srpske narodne pjesme" (''Serbian folk poems''), [[Vienna]], 1841]]▼
===Early Cyrillic===
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==Karadžić's reform==
[[File:Vuk Karadzic Kriehuber cropped.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić|Vuk Karadžić]].]]
▲
[[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] fled [[Serbia]] during the [[Serbian Revolution]] in 1813, to Vienna. There he met [[Jernej Kopitar]], a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and [[Sava Mrkalj]] helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized the alphabet in 1818 with the ''Serbian Dictionary''.
Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict [[Phoneme|phonemic]] principles on the [[Johann Christoph Adelung]]' model and [[Jan Hus]]' [[Czech alphabet]]. Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian [[Church Slavonic]], instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to the dialect of Eastern [[Herzegovina]] which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with [[Đuro Daničić]], the main Serbian signatory to the [[Vienna Literary Agreement]] of 1850 which, encouraged by [[Austria]]n authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Croatia]] today. Karadžić also translated the [[New Testament]] into Serbian, which was published in 1868.
He wrote several books; ''Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica'' and ''Pismenica serbskoga jezika'' in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from
The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/16/Kultura/1515582/Vek+i+po+od+smrti+Vuka+Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87a.html |title=Vek i po od smrti Vuka Karadžića |publisher=Radio-Television of Serbia |date=7 February 2014 |language=sr}}</ref>
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]]
Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ({{lang|ru|ъ}}) and soft sign ({{lang|ru|ь}}), particularly due to a lack of distinction between [[Iotation|iotated]] consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian {{lang|ru|Э}}, Ukrainian/Belarusian {{lang|ru|І}}, the semi-vowels {{lang|ru|Й}} or {{lang|ru|Ў}}, nor the iotated letters {{lang|ru|Я}} (Russian/Bulgarian {{lang|en|ya}}), {{lang|uk|Є}} (Ukrainian {{lang|en|ye}}), {{lang|ru|Ї}} ({{lang|en|yi}}), {{lang|ru|Ё}} (Russian {{lang|en|yo}}) or {{lang|ru|Ю}} ({{lang|en|yu}}), which are instead written as two separate letters: {{lang|sr|Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју}}. {{lang|sr|Ј}} can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of {{lang|ru|й}}. The letter {{lang|ru|Щ}} is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either {{lang|sr|ШЧ}}, {{lang|sr|ШЋ}} or {{lang|sr|ШТ}}.
Serbian [[italic type|italic]] and [[cursive]] forms of lowercase letters {{lang|ru|[[б]], [[г]], [[д]], [[п]]}}, and {{lang|ru|[[т]]}} (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: {{lang|sr|[[б]], [[г]], [[д]], [[п]]}}, and {{lang|sr|[[т]]}} (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peshikan |first1=Mitar |last2=Jerković |first2=Jovan |last3=Pižurica |first3=Mato |title=Pravopis srpskoga jezika |date=1994 |publisher=Matica Srpska |location=Beograd |isbn=86-363-0296-X |page=42 |ref=PravopisSrpskog}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik |date=2017 |publisher=Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov |location=Skopje |isbn=978-608-220-042-2 |page=3 |url=http://www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF |ref=MakedonskiPravopis}}</ref> That presents a challenge in [[Unicode]] modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adobe.com/devnet/font/pdfs/5013.Cyrillic_Font_Spec.pdf |title=Adobe Standard Cyrillic Font Specification - Technical Note #5013 |date=18 February 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206171502/http://www.adobe.com/devnet/font/pdfs/5013.Cyrillic_Font_Spec.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-06 |access-date=2010-08-19}}</ref> Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and a few other font houses{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic).
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* <code><nowiki><span lang="ru" style="font-style: italic">бгдпт</span></nowiki></code> produces in Russian language script: <span lang="ru" style="font-style: italic; font-size:120%; font-family:Calibri,Open Sans,sans-serif">бгдпт</span>.
Since [[Unicode]] unifies different glyphs in same characters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/ch02.pdf|title=Unicode 8.0.0 ch.02 p.14-15}}</ref> font support must be present to display the correct variant
{{clear}}
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==See also==
* [[Yugoslav braille]]
* [[Yugoslav manual alphabet]]
* [[Romanization of Serbian]]
* [[Serbian calligraphy]]
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==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/serbo-croat.htm Omniglot – Serbian and Croatian]
{{European calligraphy|state=collapsed}}
{{Cyrillization}}
{{Language orthographies}}
{{navboxes|
|list =
{{Languages of Serbia}}
{{Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet}}
[[Category:Cyrillic alphabets]]
[[Category:Serbian language]]
[[Category:Serbian literature]]
[[Category:9th-century introductions]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in Serbia]]
[[Category:Serbian language|Alphabet]]
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Western calligraphy]]
[[Category:Medieval scripts]]
[[Category:Palaeography]]
[[Category:Typography]]
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